Photographic Enlargements Research Articles

Proximal Luminal Volume and Fluid Reabsorption in the Rat Kidney1

AbstractThe relationship between proximal luminal volume and proximal salt and water reabsorption was studied in 21 non‐diuretic anesthetized male rats. Luminal diameters were measured in enlarged photographs of the surface of the capsulated kidney. Proximal reabsorption rates were estimated from Cin, which changed spontaneously in the range 0.4–1.6 ml/min g kidney weight (k.w.). Cin was further reduced in eight rats by compression of the renal artery. The mean proximal luminal diameter was 18.7 μ without compression of the renal artery and 19.6 μ during compression. There was no consistent relationship between estimated proximal reabsorption rate and proximal luminal diameter. It is concluded that proximal tubular volume was not the prime determinant of proximal salt and water reabsorption rate in rats under the conditions of these experiments.

Proximal Luminal Volume and Fluid Reabsorption in the Rat Kidney1

AbstractThe relationship between proximal luminal volume and proximal salt and water reabsorption was studied in 21 non‐diuretic anesthetized male rats. Luminal diameters were measured in enlarged photographs of the surface of the capsulated kidney. Proximal reabsorption rates were estimated from Cin, which changed spontaneously in the range 0.4–1.6 ml/min g kidney weight (k.w.). Cin was further reduced in eight rats by compression of the renal artery. The mean proximal luminal diameter was 18.7 μ without compression of the renal artery and 19.6 μ during compression. There was no consistent relationship between estimated proximal reabsorption rate and proximal luminal diameter. It is concluded that proximal tubular volume was not the prime determinant of proximal salt and water reabsorption rate in rats under the conditions of these experiments.

Embedded strain gages for the measurement of strains in rolling contact

The paper describes the use of the embedded-strain-gage technique for the measurement of the strain distribution below a circular surface of contact supporting normal and tangential forces while the bodies in contact are rolling together. A brief description is given of the method used for embedding strain gages at very small depths below the surface of a model sphere of epoxy resin. The rig used for pressing the model against another sphere of the same material, driving one of them and restraining the other, is also described together with the instrumentation. A preliminary series of static tests shows that the measured subsurface strains are in good agreement with Hertz's theory of contact. For tests under rolling conditions, the recorded results of a strain gage under different load levels are easily converted to a common nondimensional scale by photographic enlargement or reduction of the original recorded trace. A special Wheatstone-bridge configuration also permits the direct measurement of orthogonal shear strains by combining the output of the gages of embedded rectangular rosettes. Some typical results are given.

Proton Blocking in Cubic Crystals

Photographic recording of low-energy (∼100 keV) protons backscattered from thick bcc, fcc, and diamond cubic crystals has been used to obtain blocking patterns characteristic of crystal type. Photographs of blocking patterns symmetric about the [001] direction are presented, together with the corresponding standard linear (gnomonic) projections of the directions and planes of the crystals. The projections have been drawn to facilitate assignment of planar and directional indices corresponding to the lines and spots, respectively, of the blocking patterns for cubic crystals. Simple densitometric and visual measurements of the planar intensities and angular widths of the spots, as taken directly from nuclear emulsion film, or photographic enlargements, are shown to correlate with crystal structure.

ANALYSIS OF GENOME AND SPECIES RELATIONSHIPS IN THE POLYPLOID WHEATS BY PROTEIN ELECTROPHORESIS

Protein spectra from 4n and 6n species of Triticum were obtained by electrophoresis of seed extracts on polyacrylamide gels. Homologies among the species with regard to protein bands were tested by comparing each species with the standard T. dicoccum in a protein mixture spectrum. By reference to two pairs of homologous bands, each spectrum was then adjusted to the migration velocity of the standard by photographic enlargement. The homologies were found to be consistent with evidence from conventional methods regarding genome relationships among the Triticum polyploids. T. dicoccoides and other known AABB tetraploids showed nine fast‐moving albumin homologues, while T. timopheevi and other known AAGG tetraploids showed seven. The two genomic groups had five albumin bands in common. The hexaploid (AABBDD) subspecies showed 12 albumin homologues, 9 of which were also homologous with the 9 of the AABB tetraploids and 3 of which were attributed to the D‐genome donor. Differences among species within each of the tetraploid genomic groups and among the hexaploid subspecies were largely confined to the slow‐moving bands of the gliadin series.

Normal rate of formation of dentine in upper incisors of white rats

Seventy male rats were divided equally into control and experimental groups at weaning, and fed on diets containing 21.7 and 7.6 per cent protein respectively. Animals received injections of oxytetracycline hydrochloride and D.C.A.F. (2,4,bis)N,N′dicarboxyl methyl (amino methyl fluorescein) 2 and 1 weeks respectively before being killed. Five control and five experimental animals were killed after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9 and 12 months. The left halfmandible was embedded in acrylic and 100-μm serial transverse sections of the lower incisor tooth studied by fluorescent microscopy and photographed. Measurements between the labels taken from a constant reference point on standardized photographic enlargements recorded dentine growth during the week between injections. No statistically-significant difference between control and experimental incisor tooth growth was apparent (0.1 <p < 0.2). Correlation between dentine production and weight of animals was very low and the incisor tooth growth was not significantly affected by protein deficiency.

Conduction Disturbances Associated with Myocardial Infarction: Correlation of Pathologic and Electrocardiographic Data.

s1 May 1967Conduction Disturbances Associated with Myocardial Infarction: Correlation of Pathologic and Electrocardiographic Data.James R. Harper, M.D., Alexander Harley, M.D., Donald B. Hackel, M.D., E. Harvey Estes Jr., M.D.James R. Harper, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Alexander Harley, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Donald B. Hackel, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, E. Harvey Estes Jr., M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-66-5-1036_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptGraphic, three-dimensional representation of actual pathologic lesions can be correlated with a high degree of accuracy with electrocardiographic changes indicating abnormalities in the major conducting tissues. By integrating two methods of anatomic-pathologic study, reconstruction of the atrioventricular node, common bundle, and major bundle branches with scaled representation is possible. The first technique involves a study of the vascular anatomy of the interventricular septum by injections of barium-gelatin mixtures and using enlarged photographs of X rays of the region of the atrioventricular node. The second technique uses scanning of continuous serial sections through the conducting tissue taken at 7-µ intervals, placed... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Durham, North Carolina PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1967Volume 66, Issue 5Page: 1036-1036KeywordsElectrocardiographyLesionsMyocardial infarction Issue Published: 1 May 1967 PDF DownloadLoading ...

Direct Magnification Lymphography

Lymphography has j gained widespread acceptance as a method of diagnosing disease in abdominal and pelvic lymph nodes. However, the diagnostic accuracy of this procedure in neoplastic disease leaves much to be desired. Recent publications 1,2 have emphasized that a positive lymphographic diagnosis of neoplasm in the nodes may be confirmed histologically by 85% to 90% of cases. In cases with lymphograms not demonstrating neoplastic abnormalities, histologic examination will concur in only 65%. With regard to false-positive interpretations, normal variations in nodal architecture and fatty or fibrous filling defects may be misinterpreted. 3 With regard to falsenegative findings, actual neoplastic deposits in nodes may be too small for reliable detection. Because of these limitations, it was felt that a magnification technique would yield better definition of lymph node structure. Photographic enlargement of conventional x-ray films, however, fails to accomplish this because of the accompanying enlargement of penumbra effect and motion

A method of investigation of diaphragmatic movements and corresponding tidal volumes. A study in healthy males and females.

Hauge, Bodil Nexmand. A Method of Investigation of Diaphragmatic Movements and Corresponding Tidal Volumes. Scand. J, clin. Lab. Invest. 19 45–55, 1967. A new procedure for radiological examination of the diaphragmatic movements with simultaneous recording of the tidal volume by spirometry is described. The method makes it possible to investigate the vertical movements of the diaphragm both at rest and following standard exercise, as well as on maximal inspiration and expiration. The influence of photographic enlargement is calculated, and the accuracy of the method together with the reproducibility of the measurements, exemplified by duplicate examinations, are discussed.Using the technique described, the author investigated 20 healthy men and 13 healthy women. The investigation showed that the men and women had equally large diaphragmatic excursions at rest, following exercise and on maximal in- and expiration. There was some correlation between the vital capacity and the size of the corresponding vertical movement of the diaphragm, and between the tidal volumes and diaphragmatic movements at rest and following exercise.There was positive correlation between diaphragmatic movements at rest and following exercise, but no correlation between resting movements and maximal diaphragmatic movements.It is concluded that the technique has certain advantages over previously described methods of investigation of the diaphragmatic movement. Using a simple apparatus and with no discomfort to the patient, an objective numerical value is obtained of a single diaphragmatic movement and the corresponding tidal volume. The present study has shown that the diaphragmatic movements in men and women are of the same extent, and thus disproves the old clinical assumption of a sex difference in respiratory type.

Quantitative analysis of normal vectorcardiogram using the Frank lead system. Vectorcardiogram of the normal young Japanese male

Frank lead system, one of the corrected orthogonal VCG leads, was applied to 118 normal young men in order to establish standards and to clarify the process of the ventricular activation quantitatively. Materials and methods: The subjects used in this study were 1 18 normal young men, ranging from 1 8 to 30 years. The three planar projections of VCG were photographed simultaneously on 60×60mm X-ray films. Vector loops were interrupted by saw-toothed waves of 680cps, thus indicating the conduction speed and the rotating directions of the QRS loops. The three scalar ECG of FRANK system as well as the conventional 12 leads ECG were recorded with paper speed of 100mm per second. Vector loops were enlarged 6 times using the photographic enlarger and were traced on the section papers. Morphological observations of the vector loops were such as the directions of initial and terminal vectors of the QRS loops and the directions of inscription of QRS and T loops. Analytico-geometrical analysis of vector loops were performed using electric computer "OKITAC 5090, Type H", using orthogonal coordinates of each vectors. Scales for angles were shown in Fig. 1. The normal ranges were determined on the basis of 95 per cent and 98 per cent limits. The items of the quantitative parameters used in this study were as follows: 1 . Directions and magnitudes of maximum QRS and T vectors: Maximum vectors in each plane and the projections of the spatial maximum vectors on each plane were measured. Frontal plane; Magnitude: √(X2+Y2), Angle: tan-1X/Y Sagittal plane; Magnitude: √(Y2+Z2) Angle: tan-1Z/Y Horizontal plane : Magnitude : √(Z2+X2) Angle: tan-1Z/X Spatial magnitude: √(X2+Y2+Z2) 2. QRS-T angles and ratios: QRS-T angles in each plane were defined as algebral difference from the angle of maximum QRS vector to that of maximum T vector. The spatial QRS-T angles (θ) were calculated by the following formula:

Temperature coefficients of the electrical thresholds of taste sensations.

Each papilla in an enlarged photograph of the tip of the tongue was identified electrically as belonging to one of the four basic taste sensations. The temperature coefficient of the threshold for electrical stimulation was observed for single papillae. The results seem to divide the four basic taste sensations into two different groups: sour-salty and sweet-bitter. This is the same division that has been reported with other methods.

BRONCHIAL ARTERIAL PATTERNS IN PULMONARY METASTASIS.

Bronchial arteriography in vivo is now Ban accepted study in man (6), and various methods have been reported (2, 6, 7, 9, 10). The examination is of value and interest in congenital and acquired heart disease, in anomalies of blood supply to the lung, in chronic lung disease such as bronchiectasis, and in the determination of tumor vascularity. The method provides a direct avenue for treatment with chemotherapeutic agents. This report concerns the bronchial vascular pattern of metastatic lesions in specimens of human lungs and evaluates direct 10 × photographic enlargements (decaarteriography) of these vascular patterns. Anatomy Galen was the first to describe the bronchial arteries, but not until the nineteenth century was more interest given to the systemic circulation of the lung. In 1948, Cauldwell and his co-workers (1) described variations of the normal bronchial arteries in 150 cadavers. In their series, the variants of the arteries that commonly arise from the thoracic aorta at the level of the fifth to sixth thoracic vertebrae were classified into three main groups. These groups included: (a) the more common pairing of two arteries from the left and one from the right, (b) one artery arising from each side, and (c) two arteries from each side. The bronchial artery to the right lung may arise in common with an intercostal artery, usually the first aortic intercostal branch. Nutrition to the lung is supplied by the bronchial arteries. They supply the bronchial tree and interstitial framework as well as the vasa vasorurn of the pulmonary arteries and veins, and the esophagus, lymph nodes, and vagi. Precapillary arterial anastomoses, termed ‘Sperrarterien,’ have been described with the lesser circulation, i.e., pulmonary artery. Method and Material In the present studies, a modified technic based on the method of Cudkowicz and Armstrong (3) was performed on necropsy specimens of intact lung and mediastinal thoracic aorta. In removing the specimens from the cadavers, at least 2 to 3 inches of each intercostal artery branch were preserved. The ascending and distal thoracic aortas were cannulated and the major great vessels and intercostal arteries tied separately. Those major vessels not readily found were easily identified and occluded during perfusion with isotonic saline solution. The perfusion was continued until returns from the pulmonary veins were diluted. Pressure of perfusion did not exceed the recorded systolic blood pressure of the respective patient and usually equaled the maximum diastolic. A marked change in the lung volume during perfusion was not observed, and in later cases the lungs were inflated during the experiment. A “leak-proof” system maintained a perfusion pressure of from 70 to 100 mg Hg (mercury) to a maximum of fifteen to thirty seconds only while drain-off into the venous bed was constant. Recent necropsy preparations were preferred, but adequate results were also obtained with refrigerated specimens.

Mechanism for Stretch and Recovery Properties of Certain Stretch Fabrics1

The crimp in all-cotton, nylon, and polyester/spandex core stretch fabrics was ex amined by physical tests and by photographic enlargements of yarns and fibers removed from the fabrics. Measurements of total crimp and crimp due to yarn crossover indicate that yarn crossover crimp, external yarn crimp, has a major influence on the stretch and recovery properties of the comfort stretch fabrics having less than 30% stretch. Hysteresis curves show that faisetwisted nylon is significantly changed by weaving and subsequent finishing treatments. Nylon yarns raveled from stretch fabrics and filaments removed from the yarn show no evidence of residual effects of fatsetwisting if the fabric has less than 30% easy strech. The limited data obtained in this study indicate that interfiber friction may play a significant part in the stretch and recovery properties of all-cotton stretch fabrics. These data also suggest that fabric design and processing procedures that promote crossover yarn crimp are the areas most likely to improve the stretch and recovery properties of a comfort stretch cotton fabric.

A Technique for Preparing Watercolor Illustrations of Adult Lepidoptera1

In making color reproductions of tortricoid moths associated with the genera Malus and Crataegus, an enlarged photograph of a specimen reared from the larval stage is utilized. By means of half-body tracings a bilaterally symmetrical sketch with exact proportions can be prepared. Brush techniques for application of the gouache water colors so as to reproduce the scaled surface texture characteristic of these moths are described. Illustrative figures are provided.

Macrophotography of thick sections and gels with a regular photographic enlarger.

At present, we have a program at Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center for the gross mapping of histochemical localization of various enzymes in the squirrel monkey brain and spinal cord, to characterize various regions. For these studies, sections about 50 μ thick must be used. The preparations measure from 4 × 5 mm in transverse sections of spinal cord to 20 × 40 mm in sagittal sections of cerebral hemispheres. Because of their dimensions, an ordinary camera attached to a microscope or even a plate camera could not be used satisfactorily for photographing them. However, projection with a darkroom enlarger has given very satisfactory pictures.

AN APPLICATION OF THE RAYLEIGH OPTICS OF THE ULTRACENTRIFUGE TO MOLECULAR WEIGHT DETERMINATIONS BY THE ARCHIBALD METHOD.

For Archibald molecular weight calculations measurements are made along a single Rayleigh fringe. The displacement of the fringe measured as a function of the radial distance, x , is used to obtain the concentration gradient d c /d x by fitting a second-degree polynomial in x , extrapolating and differentiation. Good agreement with published values of the molecular weight was obtained with solutions of RNAase and of bovine serum albumin. Also described is a graphical method for obtaining d c /d x from a tangent to the fringe drawn upon a photographic enlargement.

Contour measurements of posterior teeth

Measurements of 1,000 teeth were made to obtain the maximal angular inclination of one proximal surface toward the other in the different types of posterior teeth. The measurements were made on photographic enlargements of longitudinal sections of the teeth.

Orthogqnal Projections of Stereomodel Molecules by Photography

This paper describes a photographic method of obtaining inexpensive, accurately scaled reproductions of stereomodel molecules. An orthogonal projection is built up by transferring to tracing paper the centres of atoms reproduced on photographic enlargements of a skeleton molecular model. The photographic system is selected so that the lens focal length and distance between lens and model are such that parallax errors are less than the intrinsic dimensional errors in the original model. The anti-vibration precautions method of focusing the optical system and type of film selected together with details of the processing and enlarging systems ore also given.

THE CHROMOSOMES OF THE OVARY OF THE HUMAN FETUS.

AbstractThe chief purpose of this paper is to show that the human fetal ovary is a rich source of large actively dividing cells. The material consisted of the ovaries from five stillborn, morphologically normal human fetuses; 150 mm negro; two, 160 mm white; an 800 gram white; and a term white. The ovaries of the first three fetuses were removed within several hours after birth; those from the last two were removed at autopsy, wrapped in cellophane, placed in an insulated container and mailed to me. These were prepared for study about 36 hours after autopsy. Smears and squashes were made according to modern methods, but no colchicine was used. The nuclei of the ova were very tough and did not respond well to the usual hypotonic technics. Best results were obtained from fragments of the ovary suspended in blood, smeared, dried in the air and stained with Wright's blood stain. Qualitative studies were made of the chromosomes, their shapes during prophase and metaphase of meiosis; and quantitative studies were made by planimetry of the areas of the squashed chromosomes as they occurred in enlarged photographs. The planimeter measurements of areas of squashed haploid chromosomes showed remarkable agreement in percentages of the total chromosome area included within each of the accepted seven classes of chromosomes from nucleus to nucleus. Sample karyotypes were made from nuclei of the five fetuses, but no unequivocal absolute numbers could be counted, because of the twisted condition of the chromosomes and the difficulty in identifying the smallest ones.

Methods for the enhancement of image detail and accentuation of structure in electron microscopy

Methods are described for increasing the amount of information obtainable from electron micrographs of virus particles. To obtain an increase in image contrast, and to render small detail more easily visible, a method of optical differentiation is employed. To obtain an increase in resolution above that which is on the original plate, two methods are used, both utilising the symmetry of the virus particle. The rotation technique which uses simple apparatus and a photographic enlarger, and a technique using a stroboscopic light source, are explained.