Photographic Detection Research Articles

Life-size photograph transparencies: a method for the photographic detection and documentation of recovery from facial paralysis.

We describe a simple and objective practical method for the detection of recovery from facial paralysis by multiple photographic assessments. The photographs are printed as life-size transparencies representing maximal effort. Each time the patient attends for review the new transparency is overlapped on the previous one and the difference can be detected easily. The prints are filed with the patient's notes for future reference. To achieve this system a specific photographic protocol is mandatory in order to avoid technical artefacts. We believe that this system avoids many of the complexities of other grading systems and is very suitable for use at outpatient follow-up.

Bioluminescent Analysis of β-Galactosidase and Its Application for Immunoassay and DNA-Probes

Abstract Bioluminescent method for β-galactosidase assay is proposed with sensitivity as high as 0.25 fmol/1 with the help of bioluminogenic substrate – firefly luciferin derivative. Method was applied to immunoassay of foot-and-mouth disease viral antigen and biotinylated DNA-probe analysis with the help of β-galactoside labelled conjugates. Methods proved to be very sensitive, rapid and simple in performance. Photographic detection and reprobing of the samples are possible.

The construction, detection and use of bioluminescent Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii strains

A. CRESSWELL, L. SKOT AND A.R. COOKSON. 1994. The gene encoding the firefly luciferase enzyme (luc) was introduced to Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii strains with a view to using the resulting bioluminescent strains to study the survival of genetically-engineered rhizobia in soil microcosms. The genetically-engineered micro-organisms (GEMs) behaved similarly to their parent strains with respect to growth rate in laboratory media and in their symbiotic performance with their host plants. No gene transfer could be detected in laboratory mating experiments. When inoculated onto a non-sterile soil the population of the GEM declined sharply from an initial cell density of 2 times 1077 g-1 soil to approach a stable cell density of approximately 3 times 102 g-1 after 150 d. Direct photography of bioluminescent rhizobia enabled the detection of colonies as small as 0.1 mm in diameter without the need for transferring colonies onto filter paper. When a Rhizobium strain carrying the luc marker on a plasmid was used as inoculant it was possible to visualize differences in colonization of the rhizosphere of white clover and ryegrass by contact print and colour transparency films. The photographic detection methods described here demonstrate the possibilities of using bioluminescent rhizobia for assessing their survival in soil, and for looking at rhizosphere populations which may be an important site for potential gene transfer.

Measurement of oscillator strengths of the principal series of calcium.

Measurements of oscillator strengths for the principal series of calcium 4${\mathit{s}}^{2}$ $^{1}$${\mathit{S}}_{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}4snp $^{1}$${\mathit{P}}_{1}$ (11\ensuremath{\le}n\ensuremath{\le}25) are reported. The data were acquired using the magneto-optical spectroscopic technique, utilizing the linearly polarized light emitted by the 2.5-GeV electron accelerator, a 7-T superconducting magnet, and a 3-m-high dispersion spectrograph with photographic detection. A quantum-defect plot of the density of the oscillator strengths of discrete transitions yields the photoionization cross section at threshold as 2.04\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.20 Mb, in agreement with earlier measurements.

Factors Affecting the Photographic Detection Rate of Grizzly Bears in the Swan Mountains, Montana

Factors Affecting the Photographic Detection Rate of Grizzly Bears in the Swan Mountains, Montana

Ultraviolet luminescence from latent fingerprints

Illumination of latent fingerprints on white paper using 266-nm radiation from a Nd:YAG laser and photographic detection of their ultraviolet fluorescence, produces images with good ridge detail. The detection rate was 69% in a survey of fingerprints from 34 people compared with only 23% using an argon-ion laser at 514 nm. Prolonged exposure to UV light decreased the inherent UV fluorescence intensity but no adverse effects were observed on subsequent treatment with 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one or ninhydrin.

X-ray diffraction of bent crystals in Bragg geometry. I. Perfect-crystal modelling

X-ray reflectivity, widths, centroid shifts and profiles for curved perfect crystals are calculated from a model. The crystal is approximated by a stack of perfect-crystal lamellae or blocks with a gradually changing (mean) orientation. A computer program has been developed to calculate the above quantities in the Johann geometry for the composite crystal from the dynamic theory of diffraction. Focusing and defocusing aberrations and the use of photographic detection methods are included. Correction of omissions from earlier theory and modelling is noted, together with observed effects. Incoherent scattering can give dramatic changes in diffracted intensities and significant shifts of final parameters. Effects of depth penetration on shifts, cosine ratios and other parameters are included. Assumptions of the model and implementation are detailed. It is shown that interference effects between waves of roughly equal amplitudes require use of lamellar thicknesses greater than those corresponding to the Darwin range. Internal tests demonstrate agreement with the literature at extremes. The theory is applied to first- and fourth-order spectra in differential Lyman α wavelength measurements. Results for pentaerythritol 002 crystals are presented. Paper II of this series extends this model to non-ideally imperfect crystals and other crystals of interest and discusses experimental agreement.

Rapid enhanced chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for ferritin monitored using instant photographic film

A rapid chemiluminescent enzyme immunometric assay (EIA) for serum ferritin has been developed which combines a halophenol-enhanced chemiluminescent assay for the peroxidase label with photographic detection (20 000 ASA instant film) of light emission. Assays were performed using a microtitre plate as the so lid support and a specially designed camera luminometer to measure light emission from individual antibody coated wells. The assay operates as a threshold test: above a certain serum ferritin concentration the film was fully or partially exposed whilst below this level the film remained unexposed. The effect of incubation time and temperature were investigated and two rapid immunoassays were developed. In one, a 10-min incubation with sample and with conjugate detected 1 ng (10 μg 1 −1) of ferritin, whilst in the other, 3-min incubations at ambient temperature detected 40 ng (400 μg 1 −1) of ferritin. These assays were reliable, produced a permanent photographic record of the results and the fastest assay was completed in less than 10 min.

Photographic Detection of Sub-Picomole Fluorescers by Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence Reaction

Femtomole fluorescers such as perylene or 5, 12-bis(phenylethynyl)naphthacence (PEN) were detected photographicallythrough the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence reaction (CL). With the use of X-ray film, the CL emissions from 9.6× 10-14mol fluorescers were recorded as black-and-white spots, while they are recorded as color spots on color films such as instant color films (ISO 80-100) or high speed 35mm roll films (ISO 400 and 3200) with the detection limit of 9.6× 10-13mol. This technique has been applied to the detection of albumin labeled with fluorescer. As little as 0.30μg of pyrene labeled bovine serum albumin or 2.4μg of tetramethylrhodamine labeled albumin was detected by this technique.

On the photographic detection of novae: a specific case in Libra

Comparing ESO GPO astrograph plates taken in September 1990 at La Silla with the Palomar Sky Survey from 1955, a nova was ostensibly discovered at α=15h07m31s, δ=−1°44'01.6″ (equinox 1950.0). Its magnitudes in 1955 estimated from the Palomar plates are m B =16. m 9 and m R =17. m . Finally (March 1991), it was identified as a high redshift (z∼0.3) galaxy (Rafanelli, private communication) by spectroscopic means.

Computer-planned synchrotron white X-ray topography

Universal computer methods for planning the geometry of crystal topography experiments in white synchrotron radiation with photographic detection are proposed. A method of simulating a polychromatic X-ray photograph and predicting the quality of diffraction topographs for crystals of any structure and at any exposure geometry as well as an optimization method of object topography in set reflection are described. Planning of transmission topography is illustrated using the example of a silicon crystal.

Photographic Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide and Glucose by Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence

A simple, rapid chcmiluminescent photographic method was developed for the assay of hydrogen peroxide or glucose using a camera luminometer. Some chemiluminogenic reagents were tested regarding their ability by using a visual method. 4,4′-Oxalyl-bis[(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imino]trimethulene-bis(4-methylmorpholinium)trifluoromethane-sulfonate (MPTQ) was found to be a suitable oxamide for the photographic method. Pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrim-idines, dipyridamole (DP), 2,4,6,8-tetramorpholinopyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine (MP) and 2,4,6,8-tetrathiomorpholino-pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine (TMP) were effective enhancers, as were perylene and Rhodamine B, on the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescent reaction examined. Fifty picomoles of hydrogen peroxide per 200 μl on a micro-titer plate well could be detected as a white spot on instant film. Glucose was detected after being enzymatically oxidized to hydrogen peroxide with glucose oxidase. The detection limit of glucose was 100 pmol per well using MPTQ and MP as chemiluminogenic reagents. By the proposed method, glucose in 50 μl of 100-fold diluted human serum could be detected.

The Double Nucleus Galaxies MKN 423 and MKN 739

Long slit spectroscopy and imaging of Mkn 423 and Mkn 739 have been performed at the 2.2 m and 3.5 m telescopes of the Calar Alto Observatory using both CCD and photographic detectors. Low and medium resolution spectra (1.8Å, 3.5Å, 6.0Å) together with V images have permitted to demonstrate the merging nature of Mkn 423 and the double structure of the NLR of its Seyfert component. This last feature has been found also in the NLR of the Seyfert component of Mkn 739, a double system the two components of which are counterrotating.

High-resolution VUV absorption spectroscopy with the 6-VOPE facility (invited)

A high-resolution VUV spectroscopic facility, called 6-VOPE, which consists of a 6.65-m vertical dispersion off-plane Eagle spectrometer and a zero-dispersion-type tandem concave grating predisperser system, was designed and installed at the Photon Factory. This facility attained a resolving power of >2.5×105 at ∼79 nm in the photographic detection mode and >1.5×105 at ∼88 nm in the photoelectric detection mode—the highest resolving power ever demonstrated, in both detection modes, for this spectral region. The nature and the level of the focused stray light in the 6-VOPE facility is discussed. Some examples of absorption spectra are presented to show the capability of the 6-VOPE facility.

Detection of Diabetic Macular Edema: Ophthalmoscopy Versus Photography—Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 5

Clinical and photographic methods were used to assess retinopathy during the examinations of diabetic patients enrolled in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). In analyzing available data from eyes randomly selected for deferral of treatment, the authors compare the clinical detection (including contact lens biomicroscopy) with photographic detection (30° stereoscopic color fundus photographs) of diabetic macular edema. Based on clinical detection, 53% (1778 patients) had hard exudates within 1 disc diameter (DD) of the center of macula,, 56% (1868 patients) had retinal thickening within this region, and 31% (1027 patients) had thickening at the center of macula. These analyses show agreements of 83, 78, and 83% between retinal specialists and photographic graders when assessing these three characteristics, respectively. Agreement was 81 % in the detection of macular edema for which treatment is indicated (clinically significant macular edema). Each method has its advantages but in general there was close agreement between these methods, particularly for clinically significant macular edema, which supports the reliability of each method.

Talbot’S Technologies: Photographic Depiction, Detection, and Reproduction

Talbot’S Technologies: Photographic Depiction, Detection, and Reproduction

Applications of Fourier Transform Spectrometry in the Ultraviolet, Visible, and Near-IR

Abstract Although Fourier transform spectrometry is now synonymous with infrared spectroscopy, its first applications were in the visible simply because the eye was the only available detector in those early years. Connes [l] has given a particularly readable synopsis of the early history of interferometry in which he traces its beginnings to Fizeau and Foucault and their studies of the solar spectrum in the mid-1800s. Even in those early days using available, optical components, Fizeau built an interferometer capable of reproducibly detecting 1/20th of a fringe of mirror movement in the visible. This system was also used to measure the first infrared interferogram of the sun (using photographic detection). Michelson, in the late 19th century was attempting to improve on Fizeau's measurements when he began his now famous work which resulted in the discovery that the Balmer line of hydrogen was actually a doublet instead of the singlet produced by dispersive spectrometers. He was the first to link spectroscopy with interferometry although he did not realize that the Fourier transform was necessary for the complete reconstruction of the spectrum from the interferogram This was pointed out quickly, however, by Lord Rayleigh.

Correction of Gain and Optical Throughput Variations in a Two-Dimensional Imaging Spectrometer

Imaging spectrometry is a field which has demonstrated remarkable growth in recent years. The driving force behind the interest in this field is the additional information made available when both spatially and spectrally resolved signals are collected simultaneously. In the past, these data have tyically been collected sequentially (point by point) or by means of photographic detection. However, several imaging spectrometers have recently been described which permit collection of spatially-resolved, wavelength-specific images with multidimensional detector arrays (e.g., vidicon tubes, photodiode arrays, charge-transfer detectors, etc.). These spectrometers allow an image to be acquired much more rapidly than was previously possible, and therefore enable new experiments which previously were difficult or impossible to perform. Unfortunately, these spectrometers also suffer from their own unique set of problems, including variations in the optical throughput of the spectrometer as a function of spatial position in the image plane (e.g., vignetting), and differences in pixel sensitivity on the detector array. In the most extreme case, these problems can overwhelm the signal and cause them to be unusable.

Talbot's Technologies: Photographic Depiction, Detection, and Reproduction

Talbot's Technologies: Photographic Depiction, Detection, and Reproduction

Clinical applications of luminescent assays for enzymes and enzyme labels

A wide range of luminescent assays for enzyme labels has been developed. The clinical application of luminescent assays for horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, xanthine oxidase, beta-D galactosidase, and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase is discussed. The enzyme luminescent methods provide improved sensitivity compared with colorimetric and fluorimetric assays. A new reagent, dioxetane phosphate, has provided a simple and extremely sensitive assay for alkaline phosphatase. The available instruments and new photographic detection techniques for luminescent assays are briefly discussed.