Photograph Sequential Series Research Articles

Nutrient Disorders of ‘Orchestra Pink’ Gloxinia

To produce popular floriculture crops, such as gloxinia (Sinningia speciosa), growers must be equipped with cultural information including the ability to recognize and characterize disorders. Diagnostic criteria for nutrient disorders of gloxinia are absent from current literature. Therefore, gloxinia plants were grown in silica-sand culture to induce, characterize, and photograph symptoms of nutritional disorders. Control plants received a complete modified Hoagland’s all-nitrate solution, whereas nutrient-deficient treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula minus a single nutrient. Boron toxicity was induced by increasing the element 10-fold higher than the complete nutrient formula. We monitored plants continuously to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders and critical tissue concentrations are presented. Of 13 treatments, 10 exhibited symptomology; copper, molybdenum, and zinc remained asymptomatic. Symptoms of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, and sulfur deficiencies, plus boron toxicity manifested early; therefore, these disorders may be more likely problems encountered by growers. Unique symptoms were observed on plants grown in nitrogen, potassium, sulfur, and iron deficient and boron toxic conditions.

CHARACTERIZATION OF NUTRIENT DISORDERS OF DAHLIA × HYBRID 'MAXI MORELIA'

Dahlia A— hybrida ‘Maxi Morelia’ plants were grown in silica sand culture to induce and photograph symptoms of nutritional disorders. Plants were grown with a complete modified Hoagland’s all nitrate solution: (macronutrients in mM) 15 NO3-N, 1.0 PO4-P, 6.0 K, 5.0 Ca, 2.0 Mg, and 2.0 SO4-S, plus µM concentrations of micronutrients, 72 Fe, 18 Mn, 3 Cu, 3 Zn, 45 B, and 0.1 Mo. The nutrient deficiency treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula minus one of the nutrients. Reagent grade chemicals and deionized water of 18-mega ohms purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. Boron toxicity was also induced by increasing the element 10A— higher than the complete nutrient formula. The plants were automatically irrigated. The solution drained from the bottom of the pot and was captured for reuse. A complete replacement of nutrient solutions was done weekly. Plants were monitored daily to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders and critical tissue concentrations are presented.

CHARACTERIZATION OF NUTRIENT DISORDERS OF SENECIO CINERARIA 'SILVER MIST'

Senecio cineraria ‘Silver Mist’ plants were grown in silica sand culture to induce and photograph nutritional disorder symptoms. Plants were grown with a complete modified Hoagland’s all nitrate solution: (macronutrients in mM) 15 NO3-N, 1.0 PO4-P, 6.0 K, 5.0 Ca, 2.0 Mg, and 2.0 SO4-S, plus µM concentrations of micronutrients, 72 Fe, 18 Mn, 3 Cu, 3 Zn, 45 B, and 0.1 Mo. The nutrient deficiency treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula minus one of the nutrients. Reagent grade chemicals and deionized water of 18-mega ohms purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. Boron toxicity was also induced by increasing the element 10A— higher than the complete nutrient formula. The plants were automatically irrigated. The solution drained from the bottom of the pot and was captured for reuse. A complete replacement of nutrient solutions was done weekly. Plants were monitored daily to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders and critical tissue concentrations are presented.

CHARACTERIZATION OF NUTRIENT DISORDERS OF FUCHSIA × HYBRID 'GARTENMEISTER BONSTEDT'

Fuchsia A— hybrida ‘Gartenmeister Bonstedt’ plants were grown in silica sand culture to induce and photograph nutritional disorder symptoms. Plants were grown with a complete modified Hoagland's all nitrate solution: (macronutrients in mM) 15 NO3-N, 1.0 PO4-P, 6.0 K, 5.0 Ca, 2.0 Mg, and 2.0 SO4-S, plus µM concentrations of micronutrients, 72 Fe, 18 Mn, 3 Cu, 3 Zn, 45 B, and 0.1 Mo. The nutrient deficiency treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula minus one of the nutrients. Reagent grade chemicals and deionized water of 18-mega ohms purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. Boron toxicity was also induced by increasing the element 10A— higher than the complete nutrient formula. The plants were automatically irrigated. The solution drained from the bottom of the pot and was captured for reuse. A complete replacement of nutrient solutions was done weekly. Plants were monitored daily to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders is presented.

CHARACTERIZATION OF NUTRIENT DISORDERS OF GAZANIA RIGENS 'DAYBREAK WHITE'

Gazania rigens ‘Daybreak White’ plants were grown in silica sand culture to induce and photograph symptoms of nutritional disorders. Plants were grown with a complete modified Hoagland’s all nitrate solution: (macronutrients in mM) 15 NO3-N, 1.0 PO4-P, 6.0 K, 5.0 Ca, 2.0 Mg, and 2.0 SO4-S, plus µM concentrations of micronutrients, 72 Fe, 18 Mn, 3 Cu, 3 Zn, 45 B, and 0.1 Mo. The treatments causing nutrient deficient symptoms were induced with a complete nutrient formula minus one of the nutrients. Boron toxicity was also induced by increasing the element 10× higher than the complete nutrient formula. Reagent grade chemicals and deionized water of 18-mega ohms purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. The plants were automatically irrigated. The solution drained from the bottom of the pot and was captured for reuse. A complete replacement of nutrient solutions was done weekly. Plants were monitored daily to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders and critical tissue concentrations are presented. Out of the thirteen treatments, eleven exhibited symptoms. Deficiency symptoms of N, S, and Ca were first to manifest. Should nutritional disorders arise growers should first consider these three problems when trying to determine the possible cause.

Nutrient Disorders of ‘Evolution’ Mealy-cup Sage

To produce floriculture crops like mealy-cup sage (Salvia farinacea), growers must be equipped with cultural information including the ability to recognize and characterize nutrient disorders. ‘Evolution’ mealy-cup sage plants were grown in silica-sand culture to induce, describe, and photograph symptoms of nutritional disorders. Plants received a complete modified Hoagland's all-nitrate solution of (macronutrient concentrations in millimoles) 15 nitrate-nitrogen (N), 1.0 phosphorus (P), 6.0 potassium (K), 5.0 calcium (Ca), 2.0 magnesium (Mg), and 2.0 sulfur (S) plus (micronutrient concentrations in micromoles) 72 iron (Fe), 18 manganese (Mn), 3 copper (Cu), 3 zinc (Zn), 45 boron (B), and 0.1 molybdenum (Mo). Nutrient-deficient treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula minus one of the nutrients. The B-toxicity treatment was induced by increasing the element 10-fold higher than the complete nutrient formula. Reagent-grade chemicals and deionized (DI) water of 18 million ohms per centimeter purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. We monitored plants daily to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders and corresponding tissue concentrations were determined. Out of 13 treatments, 12 exhibited symptomology; Mo was asymptomatic. Symptoms of N, P, S, Ca, and K deficiencies and B toxicity manifested early; therefore, these disorders may be more likely problems encountered by growers. Unique symptoms were observed on plants grown under N-, Cu-, and Zn-deficient conditions. Necrosis was a common symptom observed, but use of other diagnostic criteria about location on the plant and progression of the disorder can aid growers in diagnosing nutrient disorders of mealy-cup sage.

NUTRIENT DISORDER SYMPTOMOLOGY AND FOLIAR CONCENTRATIONS OF CLERODENDRUM THOMSONIAE

Clerodendrum thomsoniae plants were grown in silica sand culture to induce and photograph nutritional disorder symptoms. Plants were grown with a complete modified Hoagland's all nitrate solution. The nutrient deficiency treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula minus one of the nutrients. Boron toxicity was also induced by increasing the element ten times higher than the complete nutrient formula. Reagent grade chemicals and deionized water of 18-mega ohms purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. The plants were automatically irrigated and the solution drained from the bottom of the pot and captured for reuse. The nutrient solutions were completely replaced weekly. Plants were monitored daily to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders and critical tissue concentrations are presented. Plants were harvested for nutrient analysis when initial symptoms were expressed. Nutrient deficiency symptoms were described and foliar nutrient concentrations provided.

CHARACTERIZATION OF NUTRIENT DISORDERS OF PRIMULA ACAULIS 'DANOVA ROSE'

Primula acaulis ‘Danova Rose’ plants were grown in silica sand culture to induce and photograph nutritional disorder symptoms. Plants were grown with a complete modified Hoagland’s all nitrate solution: (macronutrients in mM) 15 NO3-N, 1.0 PO4-P, 6.0 K, 5.0 Ca, 2.0 Mg, and 2.0 SO4-S, plus mM concentrations of micronutrients, 72 Fe, 18 Mn, 3 Cu, 3 Zn, 45 B and 0.1 Mo. The nutrient deficiency treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula minus one of the nutrients. Reagent grade chemicals and deionized water of 18-mega ohms purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. Boron toxicity was also induced by increasing the element 10× higher than the complete nutrient formula. The plants were automatically irrigated. The solution was drained from the bottom of the pot and captured for reuse. A complete replacement of nutrient solutions was done weekly. Plants were monitored daily to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders and critical tissue concentrations are presented.

CHARACTERIZATION OF NUTRIENT DISORDERS OF POT ROSE 'KARINA PARADE'

Pot rose cultivar ‘Karina Parade’ plants were grown in silica sand culture to induce and photograph nutritional disorder symptoms. Plants were grown with a complete modified Hoagland’s all nitrate solution: (macronutrients in mM) 15 NO3-N, 1.0 PO4-P, 6.0 K, 5.0 Ca, 2.0 Mg and 2.0 SO4-S, plus mM concentrations of micronutrients, 72 Fe, 18 Mn, 3 Cu, 3 Zn, 45 B and 0.1 Mo. The nutrient deficiency treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula and a complete minus one of the nutrients. Reagent grade chemicals and deionized water of 18-mega ohms purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. Boron toxicity symptoms were also induced by increasing the element 10× higher than the complete nutrient formula. The plants were automatically irrigated every 2 hours and the solution drained from the bottom of the pot and recaptured for use. A complete replacement of nutrient solutions was done weekly. Plants were monitored daily to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders and critical tissue concentrations are presented.

CHARACTERIZATION OF NUTRIENT DISORDERS OF PERICALLIS × HYBRID 'JESTER PURE BLUE'

Pericallis × hybrid ‘Jester Pure Blue’ plants were grown in silica sand culture to induce and photograph nutritional disorder symptoms. Plants were grown with a complete modified Hoagland’s all nitrate solution: (macronutrients in mM) 15 NO3-N, 1.0 PO4-P, 6.0 K, 5.0 Ca, 2.0 Mg and 2.0 SO4-S, plus μM concentrations of micronutrients, 72 Fe, 18 Mn, 3 Cu, 3 Zn, 45 B and 0.1 Mo. The nutrient deficiency treatments were induced with a complete nutrient formula minus one of the nutrients. Reagent grade chemicals and deionized water of 18 mega ohms purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. Boron toxicity was also induced by increasing the element 10× higher than the complete nutrient formula. The plants were automatically irrigated. The solution drained from the bottom of the pot and was captured for reuse. A complete replacement of nutrient solutions was done weekly. Plants were monitored daily to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders and critical tissue concentrations are presented.

CHARACTERIZATION OF NUTRIENT DISORDERS OF GERBERA HYBRID 'FESTIVAL LIGHT EYE PINK'

Gerbera hybrid 'Festival Light Eye Pink' plants were grown in silica sand culture to induce and photograph nutritional disorder symptoms. Plants were grown with a complete modified Hoagland's all nitrate solution: (macronutrients in mM) 15 NO 3 -N, 1.0 PO 4 -P, 6.0 K, 5.0 Ca, 2.0 Mg, and 2.0 SO 4 -S, plus μM concentrations of micronutrients, 72 Fe, 18 Mn, 3 Cu, 3 Zn, 45.0 B, and 0.1 Mo. The nutrient deficiency treatments were induced that included a complete nutrient formula and a complete minus one of the nutrients. Reagent grade chemicals and deionized water of 18-mega ohms purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. Boron toxicity symptoms were also induced by increasing the element 10× higher than the complete nutrient formula. The plants were automatically irrigated every 2 hours and the solution drained from the bottom of the pot and recaptured for use. A complete replacement of nutrient solutions was done weekly. Plants were monitored daily to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders and critical tissue concentrations are presented.

CHARACTERIZATION OF NUTRIENT DISORDERS OF LETTUCE IN SILICA SAND CULTURE

Lactuca sativa cv. 'SVR6006' plants were grown in silica sand culture to induce and photograph nutritional disorder symptoms. Plants were grown with a complete modified Hoagland's all nitrate solution: (macronutrients in mM) 15 N0 3 -N, 1.0 PO 4 -P, 6.0 K, 5.0 Ca, 2.0 Mg, and 2.0 SO 4 -S, plus μM concentrations of micronutrients, 72 Fe, 18 Mn, 3 Cu, 3 Zn, 45 B, and 0.1 Mo. A control group was grown using a complete nutrient formula containing all essential nutrients. Each nutrient deficiency treatment was induced using a complete nutrient formula that lacked only one of the essential nutrients. Reagent grade chemicals and deionized water of 0.18 dS/m purity were used to formulate treatment solutions. Nutrient toxicity of boron was also induced by increasing the element 10X higher than the complete nutrient formula. The plants were automatically irrigated every 2 hours and the solution drained from the bottom of the pot and recaptured for use. A complete replacement of nutrient solutions was done weekly. Plants were monitored daily to document and photograph sequential series of symptoms as they developed. Typical symptomology of nutrient disorders are presented.