Photodiode Sensor Research Articles

Otomatisasi Tracking Panel Surya Berbasis Arduino Uno dalam Penggunaan Energi Alternatif

Automation of tracking solar panels has been made using LDR sensors, photodiodes and photodiode arrays. This research was conducted to find out which system with sensors used in solar panel tracking systems. The tracking system consists of four sensors that are placed parallel to the panel and drive system using a servo motor. The sensor and servo motor control system is performed using an Arduino microcontroller. Based on the results of the study, tracking systems using LDR sensors have an accuracy of 95.18%, tracking systems using photodiode sensors have an accuracy of 90.72%, and tracking systems using photodiode array sensors have an accuracy of 94.51%. These results indicate an accurate system is a system using the LDR sensor. However, the power consumption of the system with a LDR is quite large, which is 0.7 watts compared to the system power consumption with a photodiode of 0.63 watts and a system with a photodiode array of 0.59 watts. A good system is a tracking system using a photodiode array sensor because it has a slightly lower accuracy than the LDR but has more efficient power consumption. This study also compares the system output power without tracking and tracking systems. The use of tracking systems makes the panel output power increase by 0.22 watts compared to static systems.

Photosensing properties of ruthenium(II) complex-based photodiode

Ru(II) complex containing 2,6-di(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine ligand was synthesized to prepare organic-based photodiode. After forming the back contact with aluminum metal on p-Si by thermal evaporation, Al/Ru(II) complex/p-Si heterojunction was constructed by inserting Ru(II) complex organic layer into Si substrate. The fundamental electrical parameters and photosensing properties of fabricated heterojunction were investigated by current–voltage and capacitance–voltage measurements under the dark and different light intensities. The studied device exhibits a good rectifying property with rectification ratio of 2.4 × 104 at ± 7 V. It is observed that the photosensing properties such as light sensitivity and photoconductive responsivity of the photodiode based on Ru(II) complex are strongly dependent on the illumination power. The transient measurements show that the heterojunction device has a good photo switching property in the application of the photodiode, photoconductor and photocapacitor. The obtained results declare that the fabricated Ru(II)-based heterojunction device can be used in the organic-based optoelectronic device applications as a photodiode, photosensor, and optical sensor.

Super-contrast-enhanced darkfield imaging of nano objects through null ellipsometry.

We rediscover the null ellipsometry principle for an outstanding image-contrast enhancement method for darkfield imaging. Simply by adding polarizers, compensators, and a photodiode sensor to a conventional darkfield imaging system and applying the null principle, Si nano-cylinder structures as small as D20nm (H20nm) on non-patterned wafer, and gap defects as small as 14.6nm and bridge defects as small as 21.9nm on 40nm line and 40nm space patterns (H40nm), which are invisible in conventional darkfield imaging, can be distinguished from scattered noise. To the best of our knowledge, no method has been successful for identifying such small non-metal (silicon) nanoscale objects with such low magnification (×20) optics.

Arduino-based Catfish Seed Counter Read on Mobile Devices

The calculation of catfish seeds is done conventionally, by sorting the size of seed catfish using a tub hollow then manually calculate the number of seeds. Because the development of catfish is often not the same, in which some fish seeds grow faster than others, so the farmers have to sort the fish seed according to its size. On the other hand, if the size of the fish is relatively the same, sorting fish is done to avoid the possibility of large fish eats smaller fish. With these problems, a tool is developed to sort the fish seed by size. Sorting technique is done mechanically using a hole line trajectory with small, medium and large size. The prototype is made using hole sizes with diameters of 6, 8 and 10 mm. After sorted by the size, calculation is done on each size group by utilizing an electronic circuit using photodiode sensor. The calculations were performed using Arduino Uno based on information from the photodiode sensor, and the results are displayed on the LCD. To make it easier to see the results of the calculation then the calculation results are also shown on the smartphone. By using the ESP8266 Wi-Fi module, the calculated data is sent to the server to be read using application on the smartphone. Test results showed that the process of sorting the seeds of fish based on the size went accordingly and the seeds are classified according to size. Moreover, the test of electronic calculation yielding the percentage of small fish seed count error 0%, medium 1%, and big 0,64%, so that the average error is 0,56%.

Development of Smart Infusion Control and Monitoring System (SICoMS) Based Web and Android Application

This study aims to develop an automatic system of tools infusion that can monitor the condition of the infusion volume and monitor the condition of droplets performed remotely using web technology and Android applications. The test activities of SICoMS is testing heavy on the loadcell sensor, HX711 module testing, testing of droplets on the photodiode sensor, data communications testing, web, and Android testing. SICoMS design has been made simple with two main functions are remote monitoring for the condition of the contents/detection volume of infusion fluids and drips or absence of intravenous fluids. The status intravenous fluid volume used by patients divided into three categories namely: Safe: intravenous fluid condition > 10%; Standby: the condition of the infusion liquid 5%-10% and Empty: 0% condition intravenous fluids. Heavy testing the infusion bag with three different volume of 500 mL, 100 mL and 25 mL generate accurate results that are displayed on SICoMS application. At the time of infusion fluid is completely discharged, the red indicator on the display flashes SICoMS application and buzzer at the infusion apparatus will beep to inform the patient’s family/patient.

Prototype Robot Waiter at Fast Food Restaurants

Abstract - On this day basic human needs are increasing. One example of this can be seen in terms of food, which until now has always been a major need. Fast food restaurants are in great demand by the public because cooking does not require a long time and so that many benefit from the presence of fast food restaurants. To improve service at fast food restaurants espesially for a waiter to efficient in providing food to customers we need research to be carried out on the design and implementation of robot servant prototypes in fast food restaurants automatically. This paper discusses the design and implementation of a prototype robot introduction of food at fast food restaurants automatically. The design begins with a prototype robot intended food delivery to customers in fast food restaurants. This robot moves with three wheels (2 front wheels are connected to the DC motor and the first freewheel that is behind) that moves through the track or line of trajectory to deliver food to the customer table. In addition, it is made also prototype restaurant accidentally in your own design and size that has been adjusted so as to simulate a fast-food restaurant. Prototype robot consists of several key components including the photodiode, push button switches, 3x4 matrix keypad, microcontroller AVR ATmega), DC motor driver and DC motor. The photodiode, push button switches and a 3x4 matrix keypad input (input) of the robotic system that will be processed by the microcontroller AVR ATmega 16 and will produce output (output) in the form of control of output devices such as motor driver DC. In this test, this robot can waiter function properly. For one time delivering food it takes 42 seconds to 1.13 minute. There was a time difference from the results of the trial due to a technical error from the robot while on the track.Keywords: ATmega16, Proportional Integral Derivative (PID), Photodiode Sensors, Robot Waiter

Miniature Uncooled and Unchopped Fiber Optic Infrared Thermometer for Application to Cutting Tool Temperature Measurement.

A new infrared thermometer, sensitive to wavelengths between 3 μm and 3.5 μm, has been developed. It is based on an Indium Arsenide Antimony (InAsSb) photodiode, a transimpedance amplifier, and a sapphire fiber optic cable. The thermometer used an uncooled photodiode sensor and received infrared radiation that did not undergo any form of optical chopping, thereby, minimizing the physical size of the device and affording its attachment to a milling machine tool holder. The thermometer is intended for applications requiring that the electronics are located remotely from high-temperature conditions incurred during machining but also affording the potential for use in other harsh conditions. Other example applications include: processes involving chemical reactions and abrasion or fluids that would otherwise present problems for invasive contact sensors to achieve reliable and accurate measurements. The prototype thermometer was capable of measuring temperatures between 200 °C and 1000 °C with sapphire fiber optic cable coupling to high temperature conditions. Future versions of the device will afford temperature measurements on a milling machine cutting tool and could substitute for the standard method of embedding thermocouple wires into the cutting tool inserts. Similarly, other objects within harsh conditions could be measured using these techniques and accelerate developments of the thermometer to suit particular applications.

Movement artefact removal from NIRS signal using multi-channel IMU data

BackgroundThe non-invasive nature of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) makes it a widely accepted method for blood oxygenation measurement in various parts of the human body. One of the main challenges in this method lies in the successful removal of movement artefacts in the detected signal. In this respect, multi-channel inertia measurement unit (IMU) containing accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer can be used for better modelling of movement artefact than using accelerometer only, which as a result, movement artefact can be more accurately removed.MethodsA wearable two-channel continuous wave NIRS system, incorporating an IMU sensor which contain accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer in it, was developed to record NIRS signal along with the simultaneous recording of movement artefacts related signal using the IMU. Four healthy subjects volunteered in the recording of the NIRS signals. During the recording from the first two subject, movement artefacts were simulated in one of the NIRS channels by tapping the photodiode sensor nearby. The corresponding IMU data for the simulated movement artefacts were used to estimate the artefacts in the corrupted signal by autoregressive with exogenous input method and subtracted from the corrupted signal to remove the artefacts in the NIRS signal. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improvement was used to evaluate the performance of the movement artefacts removal process. The performance of the movement artefacts estimation and removal were compared using accelerometer only, accelerometer and gyroscope, and accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer data from IMU sensor to estimate the artefact in NIRS reading. For the remaining two subjects the NIRS signal was recorded by natural movement artefacts impact and the results of artefacts removal was compared using accelerometer only, accelerometer and gyroscope, and accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer data from IMU sensor to estimate the artefact in NIRS reading.ResultsThe quantitative and qualitative results revealed that the SNR improvement increases with the number of IMU channels used in the artefacts estimation, and there were approximately 5–11 dB increase in SNR when nine channel IMU data were used rather than using only three channel accelerometer data only. The artefact removal from natural movements also demonstrated that the combination of gyroscope and magnetometer sensors with accelerometer provided better estimation and removal of the movement artefacts, which was revealed by the minimal change of the HbO2 and Hb level before, during and after movement artefacts occurred in the NIRS signal.ConclusionThe movement artefacts in NIRS can be more accurately estimated and removed by using accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetograph signals from an integrated IMU sensor than using accelerometer signal only.

PROTOTYPE PENGONTROLAN TITIK FOKUS PANEL SURYA TERHADAP ENERGI MATAHARI SECARA OTOMATIS PADA STMIK Amik Riau

A solar panel is a device that can convert solar energy into electricity. The use of solar energy sources can be utilized as street lighting and garden lights. Today many use of solar panels mounted in static (silent) positions in one direction at one focal point will not get the maximum power point of the sun and sunlight received by the solar panel slightly so that it is inefficient at the time of charging the battery.The amount of solar energy that can be absorbed depends on the absorption of sunlight. Absorption can be optimized by making solar panels can continue to face the sun. This system uses ATMEGA8535 microcontroller with one temperature sensor to detect high solar thermal temperature received by solar panels and four photodiode sensors as a detection of light reflection received. These sensors can be able to provide a dynamic solar panels that are automatic and optimal in absorbing sunlight. With the absence of the use of solar panels as the lighting of the garden lights in Stmik Amik Riau and still using electrical energy from PLN, the purpose of this study is to build a solar panel control device that is able to follow the movement of the direction of the arrival of sunlight so it will be optimal in absorbing sunlight.Keywords - Solar Panel, microcontroller, Temperature Sensor, Photodiode Sensor.

Prototype Mesin Pengantar Barang Otomatis Menggunakan Load Cell Berbasis Robot Line Follower

Overloaded condition in the product porter like hand pallet, hand stacker, forclift, and etc, can causes damage and terrible accident in the machine operator. This research aim to build a prototype of porter machine that can prevent overloaded condition through the reading of load cell and photo diode sensor to guide the line follower direction. Research and development methods are used with the systematic writing are background of study and problems, prototype design and validation, testing, taking and analysis of the data. Output of the research is a prototype of porter machine using load cell sensor based on line follower robot. The Result of the load cell reading is compared to SF-400 weigher, and found the difference amount 0.117%. The load testing data of automatic moving trigger is 1 gram until 2999 gram. The Overload condition warning is active while the load is more than 3000 gram. The data reading of the photo diode on the black line is running succesfully, however on the white line with orange color is found some error.

Prototype Pengontrolan Titik Fokus Panel Surya Terhadap Energi Matahari Secara Otomatis Pada STMIK Amik Riau

A solar panel is a device that can convert solar energy into electricity. The use of solar energy sources can be utilized as street lighting and garden lights. Today many use of solar panels mounted in static (silent) positions in one direction at one focal point will not get the maximum power point of the sun and sunlight received by the solar panel slightly so that it is inefficient at the time of charging the battery.The amount of solar energy that can be absorbed depends on the absorption of sunlight. Absorption can be optimized by making solar panels can continue to face the sun. This system uses ATMEGA8535 microcontroller with one temperature sensor to detect high solar thermal temperature received by solar panels and four photodiode sensors as a detection of light reflection received. These sensors can be able to provide a dynamic solar panels that are automatic and optimal in absorbing sunlight. With the absence of the use of solar panels as the lighting of the garden lights in Stmik Amik Riau and still using electrical energy from PLN, the purpose of this study is to build a solar panel control device that is able to follow the movement of the direction of the arrival of sunlight so it will be optimal in absorbing sunlight.Keywords: Solar Panel, microcontroller, Temperature Sensor, Photodiode Sensor

Development of digital viscometer based on sensor technology and microcontroller

The development of a digital Viscometer of fluid using photodiode and ultrasonic sensor has been done. The time taken of the ball to pass a distance in the fluid is controlled using two photodiode sensors. On the other hand, the ultrasonic sensor is used to measure the distance between the photodiode sensors. An Arduino microcontroller is used as data processing and interfacing with digital displays (LCD). The Viscometer system is validated by an expert and a valid criterion is obtained of 91.67%. Empirically, the measurement error of the system is obtained of 0.5%. Viscosity measurement is carried out on three types of fluid which are glycerine, oil and cooking oil. Based on the measured data, the viscosity of the glycerine, oil and cooking oil are 1.12 Pa s, 0.78 Pa s and 0.39 Pa s, respectively. The satisfy result show the digital Viscometer is promising to be used in industry and schools as a tool to improve the understanding of the viscosity concept of the student.

Optoelectronic Methods of IR-Photometry in Solving Thermal and Physical Problems

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Thermal Pyranometer Using the Open Hardware Arduino Platform

Thermal Pyranometers are very important devices for evaluating the intensity of solar radiation under different climatic conditions. These devices utilize thermal radiation for comparison and determination of their efficiency. Because of this wide use associated with the development of new technologies, a simple and low-cost version of thermal pyranometer has been studied, designed and manufactured. A blackened aluminum disk is used as a hot junction, and the cold junction is exposed to ambient air. The two terminals are connected to a digital amplifier with output signal directed to an Arduino board. A device calibration was performed by comparing the results with a commercial photodiode sensor. Statistical analysis of the calibration data considering a 99% confidence level leads to an estimated standard error of 20.8 W/m². An analysis of its response time also estimated from a dynamic model. This model uses a numerical solution of the energy balance on heat exchange between the aluminum disc and the environment. The instrument response time based on the average of the estimates obtained from the dynamic model is about 1.5 minutes. Based on these studies it was concluded that the characteristics of the sensor are adequate for most solar energy tests and the final cost of US $ 60.00 is much lower than the large majority of such commercial devices.

DESIGN OF DETECTION DEVICE FOR CU CONTAMINATED WATER USING RED DIODA LASER AND PHOTODIODA SENSOR

<p class="abstrak">The research on making detection system of Cu contaminated water based on red diode laser and photodiode sensor has been done. The purpose of this research was to know the characteristic of photodiode sensor, to make and to test the detection system of Cu contaminated water based on red diode laser and photodiode sensor. This research was conducted in five phases: characterization of photodiode sensor, making data acquisition system, processing and analyzing of training sample data, making of the detection system, and implementation of detection system on test samples. The results of research showed that photodiode sensor used in this research has transfer function of V = 0,0156 * I + 1,1897 with relation of input-output was very strong (r = 0,989); sensitivity was 0,0156 volts / lux; repeatability was 98,31 %; and saturation for the light intensity >200 lux. Meanwhile, the success rate of detection system implementation on Cu contaminated water was 97,5 %.</p>

Calculation of central blood pressure by analyzing the contour of the photoplethysmographic pulse measured at the finger with the pOpmètre® device

Analysis of the contour of the peripheral pulse to assess arterial properties was first described in the nineteenth century. The reference technique to estimate central blood pressure (CBP), non-invasively, is by analyzing the radial pressure pulse acquired using a tonometer and then to establish a transfer function relating the radial pressure to the CBP. An alternative technique utilizes a volume pulse. This may conveniently be acquired optically from a finger. This technique deserves further consideration because of its simplicity and ease of use. The objective is to establish a transfer function estimating the central blood pressure (CBP), calibrated with a brachial pressure cuff and using the parameters obtained with the contour analysis of the photoplethysmographic pulse measured at the finger with the pOpmètre ® system. We positioned the photodiode sensor on the finger, insuring that the sensor's lens is in contact with the finger. Brachial blood pressure measurements was performed with a standard cuff. The central blood pressure values measured with Sphygmocor used as the reference values. Multiple regression analysis was done to establish the transfer functions. Sixty-nine subjects were included: 24 healthy subjects and 45 patients with essential hypertension aged 33 ± 8 years and 59 ± 17 years respectively. The correlation between the estimated central systolic pressure (CSP) and the reference one, was good and significant ( r 2 = 0.91; P < 0.0001). A better correlation was found in terms of central diastolic pressure (CDP) ( r 2 = 0.92; P < 0.0001). The Bland and Altman analysis, mean difference was 4 mmHg P < 0.0001 (CSP) versus 3 mmHg P < 0.0001 (CDP), the standard deviation of the difference was 5 mmHg (CSP) versus 4 mmHg (CDP), classifying the estimation as good agreement. The estimation of the central blood pressure with the finger pulse qualifies as good agreement with the reference technique for the central systolic and diastolic pressure estimation.

Phytoplankton Concentration Measurements Base On Arduino Microcontroller

In this research is designing and manufacture Phytoplankton concentration measurements in liquid medium based on arduino microcontroller. The design works with by exploiting fluorescence phenomenon, by using Purple Light Emitting Diode (λ = 405 nm, P = 10 mW, frequency modulation 625 Hz) as a light source absorbed by phytoplankton, mesuring vessel, optical filters, and photodiodes. Data obtained of the photodiode sensor is then conducted data acquisition by arduino, the quantitiy of phytoplankton concentration will be displayed on the lcd. From testing to Phytopathton for the concentration range it was found that for the concentration range 102 - 106 cells / ml obtained a consistent relationship the intensity of fluorescence with the increase in cell concentration. Gradients obtained for high range concentration with R2 = 0.9632 lower than the low range concentration with R2 = 0.9642.

Using the Kalman Algorithm to Correct Data Errors of a 24-Bit Visible Spectrometer.

To reduce cost, increase resolution, and reduce errors due to changing light intensity of the VIS SPEC, a new technique is proposed which applies the Kalman algorithm along with a simple hardware setup and implementation. In real time, the SPEC automatically corrects spectral data errors resulting from an unstable light source by adding a photodiode sensor to monitor the changes in light source intensity. The Kalman algorithm is applied on the data to correct the errors. The light intensity instability is one of the sources of error considered in this work. The change in light intensity is due to the remaining lifetime, working time and physical mechanism of the halogen lamp, and/or battery and regulator stability. Coefficients and parameters for the processing are determined from MATLAB simulations based on two real types of datasets, which are mono-changing and multi-changing datasets, collected from the prototype SPEC. From the saved datasets, and based on the Kalman algorithm and other computer algorithms such as divide-and-conquer algorithm and greedy technique, the simulation program implements the search for process noise covariance, the correction function and its correction coefficients. These components, which will be implemented in the processor of the SPEC, Kalman algorithm and the light-source-monitoring sensor are essential to build the Kalman corrector. Through experimental results, the corrector can reduce the total error in the spectra on the order of 10 times; for certain typical local spectral data, it can reduce the error by up to 60 times. The experimental results prove that accuracy of the SPEC increases considerably by using the proposed Kalman corrector in the case of changes in light source intensity. The proposed Kalman technique can be applied to other applications to correct the errors due to slow changes in certain system components.

Design of Weft Detection System in The Stenter Machine

In order to build an effective automatic weft-straightening system, it is important for the sensing device to detect most the possible fabric styles, designs, colours and structures, an optical sensing system that detects the angular orientation of weft threads in a moving web of a textile has been built. It contains an adjustable light source, two lens systems and photodiode sensor array. The sensor array includes 13 radial pattern of photosensitive areas that each generate an electrical signal proportional to the total intensity of the light incident on the area. The moving shadow of a weft thread passing over the area will modulate the output signal. A signal processed circuit was built to do the I/V conversion, amplifying, hardware filtering. An embed micro control system then deals with the information of these signals, calculates the angle of the weft drew. Finally, the experiments were done, the results showed that the weft detection system can deal with the fabric weft skew up to 30° and has achieved good results in the application.

KARAKTERISASI SENSOR PHOTODIODA, DS18B20, DAN KONDUKTIVITAS PADA RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM DETEKSI KEKERUHAN DAN JUMLAH ZAT PADAT TERLARUT DALAM AIR

Abstract&#x0D; Drinking water worth consumption are those that should be odorless, tasteless, clean, the temperatures preferably below air temperature, and low amounts of dissolved solids. On this turbidity and total dissolved solid water system is required some sensor devices. The accuracy of the sensor is an important thing to support the effectiveness of the system. In this research, the calibration of ds18b20 sensor as temperature detector, photodiode sensor as turbidity detector, and conductivity sensor as a detector of dissolved solid (TDS) in water and using Arduino as a microcontroller. The characterization is done by comparing the sensor output with laboratory test equipment. The result of characterization means that each measurement sensor has a variation error that is photodiode sensor with relative error 3.13%, sensor ds18b20 1.77%, and conductivity sensor 2.42%.&#x0D; Keywords: temperature, turbidity, TDS, Arduino.