Photocatalytic Degradation Of Tetracycline Hydrochloride Research Articles

Constructing a Titanium Silicon Molecular Sieve-Based Z-Scheme Heterojunction with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity.

Titanium silicon molecular sieve (TS-1) is an oxidation catalyst that possesses a long lifetime of charge transfer excited state, high Ti utilization efficiency, large specific surface area, and good adsorption property; therefore, TS-1 acts as a Ti-based photocatalyst candidate. In this work, TS-1 coupled Bi2MoO6 (TS-1/BMO) photocatalysts were fabricated via a facile hydrothermal route. Interestingly, the optimized TS-1/BMO-1.0 catalyst exhibited a decent photodegradation property toward tetracycline hydrochloride (85.49% in 120 min) under the irradiation of full spectrum light, which were 4.38 and 1.76 times compared to TS-1 and BMO, respectively. The enhanced photodegradation property of the TS-1/BMO-1.0 catalyst could be attributed to the reinforced light-harvesting capacity of the photocatalyst, high charge mobility, and suitable band structure for tetracycline hydrochloride degradation. In addition, the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by the TS-1/BMO-1.0 catalyst was reasonably proposed based on the band structure, trapping, and ESR tests. This research provided feasible ideas for the design and construction of high-efficiency photocatalysts for contaminant degradation.

Harnessing intrinsic defect complexes for visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity in Delafossite CuAlO2

This study significantly enhances the photo(electro)catalytic capabilities of CuAlO2, a wide bandgap semiconductor, through targeted defect engineering. By employing a tailored solid-state reaction under a mixed oxygen-argon atmosphere, an intrinsic defect complex of [Oi+CuAl] into has been successfully integrated into CuAlO2, thereby expanding its light absorption to the visible spectrum. The optimized CuAlO2 sample, containing the [Oi+CuAl] complex, demonstrates a remarkable 2.13-fold increase in photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride under visible-light irradiation. The maximum incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency value is elevated from 0 to 3.27 %, and the photocatalytic water splitting hydrogen production rate is increased by 10.78-fold. Density functional theory calculations, in conjunction with experimental data, elucidate the role of the [Oi+CuAl] complex in facilitating visible-light absorption and improving the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. Under simulated sunlight, the modified CuAlO2 sample exhibits a substantial 2.26-fold enhancement in photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride, a photocurrent density increase from 0.80 to 8.20 µA·cm−2, and a 1.13-fold increase in photocatalytic hydrogen production rate compared to defect-free CuAlO2. This research underscores the potential of strategic defect engineering to enhance visible-light-driven photo(electro)catalysis in wide bandgap semiconductors.

Convenient interface engineering of hierarchical flower spherical Bi-MOF/Bi2WO6 heterostructures for high-performance visible light photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride

Convenient interface engineering of hierarchical flower spherical Bi-MOF/Bi2WO6 heterostructures for high-performance visible light photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride over Cd-CdS@g-C3N4 under visible light irradiation

Cadmium sulfide (CdS), known for its strong light absorption capability and narrow band gap, has been extensively employed in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollution. However, when be exposed to light, the surface lattice sulfur of CdS undergoes rapid oxidation due to photo-generated holes, resulting in significant photocorrosion. Therefore, enhancing the stability and suppressing the photocorrosion of catalyst are crucial. In this study, Cd metal-loaded Cd-CdS@g-C3N4 composite catalysts are developed. This design not only effectively mitigates the issue of CdS photocorrosion but also exhibits outstanding photocatalytic degradation performance. XRD analysis reveals that Cd-CdS exhibits stronger diffraction peaks compared to CdS, indicating enhanced crystallinity and catalyst stability. Utilizing Cd as a metallic mediator, a rapid charge transfer across the heterojunctions is facilitated, bestowing the catalyst with superior photocatalytic efficiency. Notably, Cd-CdS exhibited the best photocatalytic degradation performance when the mass ratio of Cd-CdS to g-C3N4 was 1:2. The composite catalytic degradation efficiency of tetracycline hydrochloride (20 g·L-1) by Cd-CdS@g-C3N4 after 20 minutes reached 86.3%, and this commendable degradation rate was maintained even after four cycles. This research provides a vital approach towards enhancing the stability of g-C3N4/CdS heterojunction photocatalysts.

Bandgap engineering of carbon nitride by formic acid assisted thermal treatment for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride

Carbon nitride had unique structure and electronic properties, and had wide application prospects in the field of photocatalysis. However, the rapid photogenerated carrier recombination efficiency and low photocatalytic activity limit its use. Defect construction was considered to be an effective strategy to improve the photocatalytic activity of carbon nitride. In this paper, nitrogen defective carbon nitride was prepared by formic acid assisted pyrolysis. The formic acid was used to regulate the top atoms and effectively shorten the band gap. Second, the gas released during pyrolysis contributed to the construction of porous structures. SEM, TEM, BET, XPS were used to confirm the presence of nitrogen defective sites. When it was used to photocatalyze the degradation of tetracycline, the main antibiotic pollutant in Dongting Lake, the degradation rate of 95.1 % was achieved in 60 min. Compared with conventional carbon nitride, the degradation rate constants were 0.04751 min−1 and 0.02110 min−1, respectively. Compared with CN, the degradation rate constant of FCN-5 was increased 2.2 times. The photocatalytic degradation activity was verified by photochemical experiments. •O2– and 1O2 active radicals dominate the photocatalytic degradation process. The ecological safety of Dongting Lake water samples repaired by defective carbon nitride has been confirmed, and the toxicity of antibiotics to the germination and growth of legumes has been effectively alleviated. Five cycles of the experiments ensured that the material can be reused. The above work provided reference and basis for the development and design of defective carbon nitride for water body restoration in Dongting Lake basin.

Synthesis of highly conductive carbon quantum dot-enhanced Z-scheme BiOBr/g-C3N4 heterojunction for effective photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride

BiOBr can effectively mitigate the ecological and environmental problems caused by pollution with antibiotics, and its photocatalytic properties can be improved by utilizing heterojunction structures and cocatalysts. In this study, the Z-scheme heterojunction ternary photocatalyst BiOBr/g-C3N4/CQDs (BCCx) was obtained by using an uncomplicated electrostatic self-assembly process. The incorporation of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with high conductivity provided a conduit for charge transfer between g-C3N4 and BiOBr. The loading density of CQDs on BiOBr/g-C3N4 could be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the CQDs precursor in solution. The presence of CQDs enhanced the absorption of visible light and inhibited the synthesis of photogenerated charge carriers, thereby resulting in a synergistic effect on the Z-scheme heterojunction and improving the photocatalytic properties under visible light. In particular, BCC50 had the highest catalytic performance, with a tetracycline pollutant degradation efficiency of 100% within 60 min. The degradation efficiency remained above 95% even after repeated use in five cycles. The principles of semiconductor energy bands and internal electrostatic field generation are applied to explain the photocatalytic mechanism responsible for tetracycline degradation using BiOBr/g-C3N4/CQDs.

Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride using pure and copper-doped magnesium ferrite nanoparticles: Efficiency, kinetics and mechanism

This study presents the synthesis of Mg1-xCuxFe2O4 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5) nanoparticles (NPs) using the direct microwave combustion method (MCM) with L-arginine as the fuel source. The samples were characterised comprehensively using various analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), High resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet–visible (DRS-UV) range, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The cubic spinel structure was verified by X-ray diffraction analysis. It revealed an average crystallite size ranging from 15.8 to 26.6 nm. The oxidation states and elemental composition of Mg1-xCuxFe2O4 were evaluated using XPS analysis. Notably, the major absorption bands at 557 and 434 cm−1 corresponded to the tetrahedral (Mg2+ –O2−) and octahedral (Fe3+ –O2−) sites, respectively. HRSEM images showed agglomerated particles with elemental verification of Mg1-xCuxFe2O4. This was validated by EDX studies. The optical bandgap was determined by DRS-UV analysis. Functional groups were analyzed by FTIR spectra. Hysteresis loop measurements revealed the ferromagnetic properties of the obtained samples. Furthermore, the study evaluated the detailed mechanism of the photocatalytic degradation (PCD) of Mg0.7Cu0.3Fe2O4.

Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride using a BiVO4/MIL-88B(Fe) heterojunction

A type II heterostructured BiVO4/MIL-88B(Fe) composite was successfully synthesised for the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) by a simple hydrothermal method.

Construction of a SnS2/TiO2 S-scheme heterostructure photocatalyst for highly efficient photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride

A schematic diagram of the catalytic mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride pollutant by Sn2/TiO2 S-scheme heterostructure photocatalysts in water.

Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by hollow nanofiber Ag@ZnGa2O4/ZnO with synergistic effects of LSPR and S-scheme interface engineering

Compared with traditional photocatalytic materials, hollow nanofibers can show greatly improved photocatalytic efficiency due to their large specific surface area and more surface-active sites.

Preparation of AC-TiO2 by One-Step Activation Method and the Degradation Properties of Tetracycline Hydrochloride

A one-step activation technique for preparing activated carbon/titanium dioxide (AC-TiO2) photocatalyst was developed in this study, which achieved the expansion of activated carbon and the crystallization transition of titanium dioxide in one step. The properties of the generated materials were examined utilizing photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC). The optimized sample (10%AC-TiO2) has a photocatalytic efficiency of 99.8% in 60 minutes and a degradation efficiency of more than 90% after 5 cycles. According to the experiment results, the combination of AC with TiO2 at high temperatures can induce a considerable number of oxygen vacancies in TiO2, hence increasing the reaction activation site, resulting in improved photocatalytic performance. A strong C-Ti chemical bond can be formed between AC and TiO2. Simultaneously, using AC as the substrate decreases the aggregation problem induced by the small nano size of TiO2 and increases dispersion uniformity. The unique carbon structure with a amount of pore structure can considerably improve the catalystand#39;s adsorption efficacy. Because of the synergistic effect of adsorption-degradation and the perfect photocatalytic activity of TiO2, the composite photocatalyst has exceptional photocatalytic efficiency, opening new possibilities for TiO2 modification.

Bifunctional S-scheme CdSSe/Bi2WO6 heterojunction catalysts exhibit generalized boosting performance in photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride, photoelectrochemical and electrocatalytic hydrogen production

In this work, by a simple method of hydrothermal synthesis, the CdSSe/Bi2WO6 S-scheme heterojunction catalyst is successfully obtained and the results are verified by XPS, EPR, band structure, etc. The S-scheme heterojunction can maintain the strong redox potential energy position of both catalysts, and adjust the electron transfer path to improve the electron-hole separation efficiency, and thus improve the charge transfer efficiency. CdSSe has a high conduction band (−1.13 eV) and a narrow bandgap width (1.59 eV), exhibiting good light absorption characteristics and reduction ability; the valence band position of Bi2WO6 is much low (2.58 eV), indicating good oxidation activity. This heterojunction has excellent oxidation and reduction capabilities and exhibits multifunctional catalysts. Its photocatalytic degradation ability of tetracycline hydrochloride is 2.2 times that of the original CdSSe, while its photoelectrochemical activity is 11 times that of CdSSe, reaching a photocurrent density of − 2.081 mA/cm2 at 0 V (vs. RHE). The electrocatalytic activity of its hydrogen evolution has also been enhanced. This study developed a design strategy for a novel bifunctional S-scheme heterojunction catalyst.

Construction of Z-scheme heterojunction LaCoO3 modified ZnO for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline under visible light irradiation

The Z-scheme LaCoO3/ZnO (LCZ) heterojunction photocatalyst was designed and prepared using the hydrothermal method. In the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride, LCZ exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity with a rate constant of 0.0179 min−1,which is 3.2 and 2.3 times higher than those of pure ZnO and LaCoO3, respectively. This study presents a promising approach with potential applications in the field of photocatalytic degradation. Further theoretical studies reveal that the existence of Z-scheme heterojunction can prevent the recombination of electron-hole pairs, leading to enhanced photocatalytic performance.

Design of Co-doped carbon nitride based on melem supramolecular assembly with enhanced photocatalytic activity toward tetracycline hydrochloride degradation

We design highly-active porous Co-doped carbon nitride (CN) rod by a facile thermal condensation of melem supramolecular assembly incorporated with Co species. The highly thermal-stable H-bonded melem supramolecule enables less and slow sublimation during the thermal condensation process, ensuring good microstructural integrality of the CN skeleton for the migration of photogenerated carriers. And the Co doping can further modulate the electronic, optical, and catalytic properties of the catalyst. The best-performing Co-doped CN catalyst demonstrates desirable performance toward the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (10.3 times higher than that of bulk CN) and good cycling stability maintaining 80.0 % after 5 reuses.

Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by ZnO/TiO2 composite photocatalyst

Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by ZnO/TiO2 composite photocatalyst

Symmetry breaking induced local electron rearrangement to enhance photocatalytic tetracycline hydrochloride oxidation and hydrogen evolution of carbon nitride

A symmetry breaking strategy was achieved by a sample doping approach and used to overcome the sluggish carrier transfer and insufficient light capture capacity of carbon nitride photocatalysts. The obtained local electronic structural reconstruction resulted in the generation of an intermediate energy level, which can regulate the band gap structure and boost the redox reaction progress. Furthermore, the DFT calculation results prove the electronic structure rearrangement brings adsorption characteristic changes for H2O and O2 molecules, leading to the variation of free radicals’ generation. Combing the advantages of band gap structure optimization and internal electron rearrangement, the phosphorus doped carbon nitride achieves a balance between light absorption properties and photocatalytic redox capacity, exhibiting stronger reduction capacity, high carrier separation efficiency, and optimized adsorption sites. Consequently, the phosphorus doped carbon nitride shows enhanced activities in photocatalytic tetracycline hydrochloride degradation (3.6-fold increase), peroxydisulfate activation (4.5-fold increase), and hydrogen generation (13.5-fold increase) compared to pristine carbon nitride. This research highlights the symmetry regulation strategy as a promising method for developing highly efficient multifunctional carbon nitride-based photocatalysts.

MXene derived Ti3C2/TiO2/Ag persistent photocatalyst with enhanced electron storage capacity for round-the-clock degradation of organic pollutant

Persistent photocatalysis has garnered significant attention due to its ability to sustain catalytic activity in dark by storing electrons. However, the practical application of persistent photocatalysis is hindered by limited electron storage capacity. Herein, we synthesized and demonstrated that Ti3C2/TiO2/Ag persistent photocatalyst has good electron storage capability. The electron storage capacity of Ti3C2/TiO2/Ag is up to 0.125 μmol/mg, which is 2.5 times that of Ti3C2/TiO2. The enhanced electron storage capacity resulted in improved dark-reaction activity because more electrons react with oxygen to form more radicals, as evidenced by degradation experiments of various organics. Especially, persistent photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride by Ti3C2/TiO2/Ag was achieved under natural outdoor conditions (from 2:00p.m. to 8:00p.m.). Additionally, the aid of oxidants such as peroxymonosulfate (PMS) can further improve the dark-reaction activity. TiO2/Ti3C2/Ag/PMS system exhibits excellent efficacy in removing tetracycline hydrochloride, oxytetracycline, rhodamine b, methyl orange, and methylene blue, with removal rates reaching 79.5 %, 81.4 %, 98.9 %, 99.1 %, and 99.2 %, respectively (15 min of light-reaction and 45 min of dark-reaction). This work provides a new strategy to enhance electron storage capacity and demonstrates that decoupling of light-reaction and dark-reaction may provide a new opportunity for photocatalytic removal of pollutants around the clock.

Refining the d-band center of S-scheme CdIn2S4/MnZnFe2O4 heterostructures by interfacial electric field with boosting photocatalytic performance

The low activity of photocatalysts is mainly due to inefficient charge separation and low production of the active species. To overcome this challenge, we constructed an S-scheme CdIn2S4/MnZnFe2O4 (CIS/MZFO) heterostructure, where the strong interface of the heterostructure leads to an upshift of the d-band center. CIS/MZFO shows higher charge transfer efficiency and oxygen adsorption/activation performance compared to CIS and MZFO separately, thereby increasing the production of ·O2− and h+ active species. As a result, it demonstrats efficient photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride. The optimized CIS/MZFO heterostructure also shows good tolerance to various factors, such as inorganic ions, organic acids, pH and real water environments. The heterostructure also exhibits excellent magnetic recyclability and stability. Additionally, we propose a photocatalytic degradation pathway for tetracycline hydrochloride and evaluate the ecological toxicity that may arise from intermediates. This study provides an effective approach for the design of advanced photocatalysts.

Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride by Mn/g-C3N4/BiPO4 and Ti/g-C3N4/BiPO4 Composites: Reactivity and Mechanism

The environmental pollution caused by antibiotics is becoming more serious. In this study, the Mn/BiPO4/g-C3N4 composite (Mn-BPC) and the Ti/g-C3N4/BiPO4 composite (Ti-BPC) were prepared by hydrothermal reaction method and solvent method, respectively, and applied to the degradation of tetracycline (TC) in an aqueous environment. The XRD and HRTEM results showed that these materials had the crystalline rod-like structure of BiPO4 and abundant carbon, nitrogen and carbon–oxygen surface functional groups. The degradation of TC by Ti-BPC and Mn-BPC were nearly 92% and 79%, respectively. The degradation processes of TC were well consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and R2 values were closer to 1. The trapping experiment showed that electron holes (h+) were the main reactive species for the degradation of tetracycline, OH· and O2− also have certain effects. Also, the possible photocatalytic degradation mechanism of Ti-BPC and Mn-BPC composites was thereby proposed. TC was firstly adsorbed on the surface of catalysts, and subsequently degraded by reactive species such as h+, OH· and O2− generated under visible light excitation. This study shows that the Ti-BPC and Mn-BPC photocatalysts have great potential in antibiotic degradation and can provide new ideas for antibiotic removal in aqueous environments.

Rapid synthesis of in situ nitrogen-doped ZnO nanoparticles for visible-light-driven photocatalytic removal of emerging contaminants

The effective functionalization of photocatalysts suitable for removing emerging contaminants poses a significant challenge. This study proposes a novel and rapid method for synthesizing in situ nitrogen-doped ZnO nanoparticles to address these limitations. Using a combustion synthesis scheme, we modified the urea-to-sucrose ratio and oxide precursors to characterize the catalysts systematically. The resulting material exhibited a remarkable 40% increase in visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) over undoped ZnO. A maximum photocatalytic efficiency of 74.7% (60 min) was achieved by incorporating 50% urea in the fuel, which provided N–ZnO with a size of 120 nm, a surface area of 26 m2/g, mesoporosity, and a bandgap of 2.89 eV. With the rapid synthesis, this work surpassed the values reported in the literature. Moreover, this study presents a pathway for catalyst regeneration, underscoring the significance of the method and its potential in photocatalysis.