Photocatalytic Degradation Of Norfloxacin Research Articles

Immobilized Z-scheme Ag|AgBr/Ag/FeTiO3 nanocomposite film photocatalyst for visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin with simultaneous hydrogen evolution and mechanism perspective

A novel immobilized Z-scheme Ag|AgBr/Ag/FeTiO3 nanocomposite film photocatalytic system was constructed, and applied within the photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin with simultaneous hydrogen evolution under visible light. The photocatalytic performance of Z-scheme Ag|AgBr/Ag/FeTiO3 nanocomposite film was estimated. A series of factors affecting the photocatalytic activity of Ag|AgBr/Ag/FeTiO3 were investigated. The possible mechanism of the immobilized Z-scheme Ag|AgBr/Ag/FeTiO3 nanocomposite photocatalytic system was proposed. The results reveal that the Ag|AgBr/Ag/FeTiO3 system exhibits superior photocatalytic activity, due to the surface plasmon resonance effect produced by the Ag nanoparticles and the high separation efficiency of electron-hole pairs caused by the Z-scheme photocatalytic system. Importantly, the Z-scheme Ag|AgBr/Ag/FeTiO3 composite film is immobilized on the carrier, which facilitates the recycling and reuse of photocatalysts. The degradation extent of norfloxacin can reach 90.16%, and the hydrogen production can achieve 304.08 µmol within 180 min. Moreover, after five cycles, the Ag|AgBr/Ag/FeTiO3 photocatalyst possesses preeminent stability. During photocatalytic degradation, the hydroxyl radical plays a dominant role. Therefore, the immobilized Z-scheme Ag|AgBr/Ag/FeTiO3 photocatalytic technology holds good application value in the purification of antibiotics wastewater and the simultaneous hydrogen production.

Fabrication of an S-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalyst MoS2/PANI with Greatly Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance.

As a promising catalyst, MoS2 has been widely studied owing to its high chemical reactivity, excellent electrical carrier mobility, good optical properties, and narrow band gap. However, the high recombination rate of photoinduced charge carriers limits its practical application in photocatalysis. In this study, MoS2 was coupled with PANI to fabricate an S-scheme heterojunction MoS2/PANI. The synthesized products were characterized systematically, and their photocatalytic properties were evaluated by photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) and rhodamine B (RhB). The obtained results indicated that the fabricated MoS2/PANI inorganic-organic heterojunction displayed tremendously enhanced photocatalytic activity. The degradation efficiencies for 60 mg L-1 of NOR and RhB are 86 and 100% under the simulated sunlight irradiation for 1 h with 10 mg of catalyst, which are 13 and 47 times higher than those of pure MoS2, respectively. Interestingly, it is superior to the previously reported related materials. The remarkably enhanced photocatalytic activity of MoS2 is assigned to the high charge conductivity feature of PANI and the formed S-scheme heterojunction that result in a steric separation of holes and electrons and conserve the initial powerful redox ability of the parent catalysts. This study provides a facile method to greatly improve the photocatalytic activity of MoS2 and facilitates its application for highly efficient removal of organic pollutants, such as antibiotic drugs and organic dyes, utilizing solar energy.

Construction of Ag2CO3/ZnFe2O4/bentonite Z-type heterojunction photocatalyst and efficient degradation of norfloxacin

A novel Ag2CO3/ZnFe2O4/bentonite composite photocatalyst with a Z-type heterojunction was prepared using a solvothermal-in situ precipitation method. Under optimal conditions, with a mass ratio of ZnFe2O4 to bentonite at 1:1.5 and a mass ratio of Ag2CO3 to ZnFe2O4/bentonite at 1:3, the removal rate of norfloxacin (NOR) solution at 30 mg/L by Ag2CO3/ZnFe2O4/bentonite under visible light irradiation was found to be as high as 94.40% At the same time, the photocatalyst has good universality and reuse stability. The experimental results of photocatalyst characterization and mechanism exploration demonstrate that the photocatalytic activity of Ag2CO3/ZnFe2O4/bentonite is significantly enhanced, which can be attributed to the effective separation of electron-hole pairs, improvement in visible light absorption capacity, and enhancement of adsorption properties. The radical capture experiments revealed that h+ played a pivotal role in the photocatalytic degradation of NOR by Ag2CO3/ZnFe2O4/bentonite, while ·O2− and ·OH acted as secondary factors. Ultimately, a Z-type heterojunction electron transfer mechanism was proposed. This study proposes the Ag2CO3/ZnFe2O4/bentonite photocatalysts with excellent stability for the treatment of NOR.

Construction of TiO2/BiOCl S-Scheme heterojunction and photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin

TiO2/BiOCl heterojunction photocatalysts with different Ti/Bi weight ratios were synthesized by hydrothermal method and used for the photodegradation of norfloxacin (NOF). The as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized. The influences of temperature, catalyst dosage, initial NOF concentration and pH on the photodegradation performance were examined. Based on the results of HPLC-MS, intermediates and possible degradation pathways for NOF degradation were proposed. Based on TOC and 3D EEMs analysis, the mineralization ability of TiO2/BiOCl composites on NOF molecules was investigated. Finally, the possible mechanism for the enhancement of photocatalytic activity of TiO2/BiOCl photocatalyst was presented based on the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, experimental results of radical trapping and analysis of the charge transfer scheme under the internal electric field (IEF) formed in the heterostructure.

Coupling of surface oxygen vacancies and structural engineering on ZnIn2S4/Bi2MoO6 for efficient norfloxacin degradation

The synergistic effects of surface oxygen vacancies (OVS) and ultrathin 2D structures offer promising prospects for improving photoelectric conversion efficiency by enhancing the transport efficiency of photogenerated charge carriers. Herein, we designed a unique honeycomb structure composite of Bi2MoO6-OVS/ZnIn2S4, contains both ultrathin 2D ZnIn2S4 nanosheets and a rich content of OVS. This composite exhibited excellent efficiency in the photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin (NFX). The ultrathin ZnIn2S4 nanosheets as "electron collectors", trapping electrons and accelerating carrier transport. Density functional theory calculations confirmed the significant utilization efficiency of photoexcited charge carriers using 20%-BM@ZIS (Bi2MOO6-OVS proportion: 20%) by introducing OVS. In the NFX degradation experiment, 20%-BM@ZIS achieved a 97.1% conversion rate of NFX, which was 4.201, 2.092, and 3.375 times higher than the pristine Bi2MoO6, Bi2MoO6-OVS, and ZnIn2S4, respectively. The combination of OVS and ultrathin 2D materials is expected to shed new light upon the eco-friendly and rational design of efficient materials for converting solar light into chemical energy and also providing an effective solution for the efficient degradation of norfloxacin.

Construction of zinc-oxygen double vacancies BiOCl/ZnS Z-scheme heterojunction and photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin

Defect (vacancy) engineering can modulate the catalyst surface atoms and electrons, which is a low-cost and effective modification strategy for Z-scheme heterojunction. In this paper, metal and non-metal double vacancies (VZn+O) Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts (BiOCl/ZnS−VZn+O) were synthesized for the degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) for the first time. The results show that the built-in electric field of BiOCl/ZnS−VZn+O catalyst induces the directional migration of photogenerated carriers, which greatly improves the carrier migration and separation efficiency. The introduced nonmetallic (O) vacancies can lower the conduction band of BiOCl, while the metallic (Zn) vacancies can enhance the valence band of ZnS. Due to the synergistic efficiency formed by the double vacancies and Z-scheme heterojunction, BiOCl/ZnS−VZn+O showed excellent performance in photodegradation of NOR (97.9% degradation rate of 20 mg/L NOR in 50 min photodegradation). In addition, the mechanism of action, intermediates and degradation pathways of photodegradation were discussed in detail.

Hydrothermal nanoarchitectonics of Z-scheme g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 heterojunction with enhanced adsorption and photocatalytic activity for fluoroquinolone antibiotics removal: Kinetics, mechanism and degradation pathway

The heterogeneous photocatalysis provided a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach for rapid elimination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in water, but the low specific surface area and adsorption capacity of traditional photocatalysts restricted their interfacial reactions with contaminants. Herein, a novel g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 photocatalyst with remarkable adsorption capacity was synthesized through hydrothermal method. The characterization analysis demonstrated that layered g-C3N4 were uniformly assembled on Bi2WO6 microsphere surface and formed tight g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 heterojunction. Compared to the pure g-C3N4 and Bi2WO6, g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 had larger specific surface area, and the adsorption efficiency to norfloxacin (NOR) and levofloxacin (LEV) could reach 54.53% and 43.73% under 40-min dark condition. The adsorption behavior was consistent with pseudo-second-order model, demonstrating that the adsorption process was mainly dominated by chemical adsorption. The NOR and LEV removal efficiency increased to 85.75% and 85.82% after 120-min visible-light irradiation. The enhanced photocatalytic activities were ascribed to the improved visible-light utilization and suppressed carriers recombination owing to the formation of Z-scheme heterojunction. Holes and •O2- played major roles during the photocatalytic degradation of NOR and LEV. Three main degradation pathways of NOR were proposed, and the acute toxicity and bioaccumulation of its intermediates declined after photocatalytic degradation.

Sequential combination of photocatalysis and microalgae technology for promoting the degradation and detoxification of typical antibiotics

Antibiotic contamination has become the primary environmental concern due to its potential to induce the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). To obtain the efficient antibiotic removal approach, the combination of photocatalysis and microalgae technology for the efficient removal and reducing environmental risk of three typical antibiotics (norfloxacin, oxytetracycline and sulfamethoxazole) was demonstrated in this study. The g-C3N4 material, with advantages of low cost, simple synthesizing, nontoxic, and wider spectral absorption, was selected and synthesized by an easy thermal polymerization process of urea. Characterization results showed that the prepared material exhibited a typical structure of g-C3N4 and irregular nanosheet structure with the large BET surface area and mesoporous structure. The irradiation wavelength and solution pH showed great influences on the photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin over g-C3N4 nanosheets. •O2–, h+, and •OH generated by the photocatalysis of g-C3N4 nanosheets were confirmed based on energy band results and electron spin resonance detection, while •O2– was the main contributor to the antibiotics degradation in accordance with scavenging experiments. Many NOR photocatalytic products were identified and degradation pathway was proposed. Due to the formation of many unmineralized products, the acute toxicity of NOR photocatalytic reaction solution was increased. And then, the introduction of microalgae promoted the degradation of some photocatalytic degradation products of NOR, but only Chlorella pyrenoidosa treatment resulted in the decrease of toxicity of NOR reaction solution. This study provides useful information on the application of the combination of photocatalysis and microalgae technology for removal of antibiotics.

Solar-light-driven Z-scheme CaF2:Yb3+,Er3+@ZnTiO3/Au/CdS photocatalyst with efficient charge transfer and light utilization for enhanced norfloxacin degradation with simultaneous hydrogen evolution

A novel Z-scheme CaF2:Yb3+,Er3+@ZnTiO3/Au/CdS photocatalyst has been prepared. In this system, an excellent up-conversion luminescent agent, CaF2:Yb3+,Er3+, is introduced to broaden the light response range. The Au surface plasmon resonance effect endows the system with highly efficient charge transfer. The photocatalytic activity of the Z-scheme CaF2:Yb3+,Er3+@ZnTiO3/Au/CdS photocatalyst has been evaluated in the degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) with simultaneous hydrogen production. Some influencing factors, such as solar light irradiation time, sacrificial agent concentration, and number of reuse cycles, are discussed. The emission spectrum and energy conversion mechanism of CaF2:Yb3+,Er3+ have also been studied. The prepared photocatalyst facilitated a significant degree of degradation (92.05%) of NOR and considerable hydrogen production (513.39 μmol/g) under solar light irradiation for 5.0 h. Moreover, it showed high stability in photocatalytic NOR degradation with simultaneous hydrogen production over five cycles. A possible mechanism for photocatalytic degradation of NOR with simultaneous hydrogen production promoted by the Z-scheme CaF2:Yb3+,Er3+@ZnTiO3/Au/CdS photocatalyst is proposed.

Research on Photodegradation of Norfloxacin by Modified Carbon Nitrogen Compounds

Photocatalysis is an economical and reliable method for degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants. Under mild conditions, the photocatalyst can absorb optical energy and accelerate the photo degradation of pollutants. As a new type of non-metallic semiconductor catalyst, graphite phase carbon nitride(g-C3N4) has many excellent properties such as low band gap, large specific surface area and so on. Norfloxacin (NOR) is a synthetic antibiotic with many good properties such as high antibacterial activity and low toxicity. Because of its wide application in medical treatment and animal breeding, it has caused great pollution to the environment. In this paper, the performance of g-C3N4 and the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of NOR are analyzed. Several effective modification methods are described, and several problems that need to be solved in current research are put forward.

Novel Two-Dimensional AgInS2/SnS2/RGO Dual Heterojunctions: High Spatial Charge and Toxicity Evaluation

A single semiconductor employed into photo(electro)catalysis is not sufficient for charge carrier separation. Designing a multiple heterojunction system is a practical method for photo(electro)catalysis. Herein, novel two-dimensional AgInS2/SnS2/RGO (AISR) photocatalysts with multiple junctions were prepared by a simple hydrothermal method. The synthesized AISR heterojunctions showed superior photoelectrochemical performance and photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin, with a high degradation rate reaching 95%. More importantly, the toxicity of photocatalytic products decreased within the reaction process. High spatial separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs was evidenced by optical and photoelectrochemical characterizations. Furthermore, a laser flash photolysis technique was carried on investigating the lifetime of the charge carrier of the fabricated dual heterostructures. In addition, sulfur and oxygen vacancies existed in AISR heterojunctions could largely constrain the recombination of electron-hole pairs. Density functional theory calculations were carried out to analyze the mechanism of photoinduced interfacial redox reactions, showing that reduced graphene oxide and AgInS2 act as electron and hole trappers in the photocatalytic reaction, respectively. Due to the interfacial electric field formed from AISR dual heterojunctions, the effective spatial charge separation and transfer contributed to the boosting photo(electro)catalytic performance.

Photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin under UV, visible and solar light using ceria nanoparticles

Heterogeneous photocatalysis using ceria (CeO2) is one of the promising methods for the removal of antibiotics residuals from water bodies. In this work, we synthesized pure ceria nanoparticles in ultrasmall dimension by simple precipitation method starting from cerium nitrate for the removal of norfloxacin (NOF) which is a widely used antibiotic. Three different ceria catalysts were prepared by varying the concentration of the precipitating agent NH3. The samples were characterized by XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, XPS, DR UV–vis spectroscopy, SEM and TEM. Photocatalytic degradation of NOF was studied under UV, visible and solar light irradiation. The effect of irradiation time, catalyst weight, solution volume and antibiotic concentration on photocatalytic activity were studied under UV light. Maximum degradation of 98.9% of NOF, was obtained with ceria synthesized by the addition of 2 M NH3 to the precursor solution.

Photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin using N-doped TiO2: Optimization, mechanism, identification of intermediates and toxicity evaluation

In this study, the photocatalytic degradation of Norfloxacin (NOR) has been studied using N-doped TiO2 (N–TiO2) under visible light irradiation, which was synthesized from a self-owned patent recipe and procedure. Subsequently, a three-factor five-level model, which was based on the central composite design (CCD), was developed to determine the optimal NOR concentration, N–TiO2 dosage, and initial pH in practical use. Meanwhile, the degradation pathway was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS). Moreover, the toxicity of degradation intermediates was determined using the bacterium Escherichia coli so as to evaluate the health risk of the photocatalytic treated influent. The synthesized N–TiO2 nanoparticles were spherical, and the grain sizes were distributed from approximately 12 nm–20 nm, with a specific surface area of 148.52 m2/g. The light absorption is range from the ultraviolet region to the visible light region since the band gap was reduced to 2.92eV. It was demonstrated from the response surface method results that the initial NOR of 6.03 mg/L, N–TiO2 dose of 0.54 g/L, and pH of 6.37 could be the proposed optimal degradation conditions, which resulted in a 99.53% removal of NOR within 30 min under visible light irradiation. Two possible degradation pathways were proposed, including the replacement of F atoms by hydroxyl radicals, piperazinyl ring cleavage, hydroxylation, and decarboxylation. In the acute toxicity test, the toxicity declined 55% after photocatalytic treatment for 60 min. The results show the feasibility and novelty for photocatalytic treatment of antibiotics by N–TiO2 photocatalyst.

Antimicrobial, Cytotoxicity and Photocatalytic Degradation of Norfloxacin Using Kleinia grandiflora Mediated Silver Nanoparticles

Synthesis of nanomaterials through green and eco-friendly approaches which are free from toxic chemicals is an emerging interest in the field of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Plant-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) gained importance because of its non-toxic, eco-friendly and potential for biomedical applications. The present study explored the synthesis of AgNPs using Kleinia grandiflora leaf extract (KGLE) as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized via UV–Vis spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The biosynthesized AgNPs were found to be spherical in shape and particle size in the range of 20–50 nm. Besides, the synthesized AgNPs showed significant antimicrobial efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus niger as well as considerable cytotoxicity towards Dalton’s lymphoma ascites cells with 100% inhibition at the concentration of 200 µg/mL of Ag-NPs. Furthermore, the photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin under visible light irradiation explored the better reducing ability after 80 min of exposure time It is envisioned that KGLE mediated synthesized AgNPs may have a better antimicrobial, cytotoxic and photocatalytic agent in future.

Photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin and its intermediate degradation products using nitrogen‐doped activated carbon–CuS nanocomposite assisted by visible irradiation

We have synthesized a nitrogen‐doped activated carbon (NAC) derived from oak using KOH and N2 thermal treatment at 400 °C as well as CuS nanoparticles. The NAC was decorated with the synthesized CuS to apply as a photocatalyst for degradation of norfloxacin (NOR). Before its application for photodegradation, the adsorbent/photocatalyst structural properties were investigated using X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The photocatalytic degradation of NOR was successfully done under visible light using NAC–CuS. The results revealed that the investigated fluoroquinolone degraded very efficiently and pseudo‐first‐order kinetics was adopted for the photodegradation process. In addition, isothermal studies showed that the adsorption process in darkness followed the Langmuir model. The degradation characteristics of the NAC–CuS photocatalyst were studied for 120 min and 15 h under visible light for degradation of NOR, exhibiting a good efficiency for NOR removal. During 120 min of degradation, some intermediate degradation products that can be considered as secondary pollutants were produced. Then, to degrade these pollutants the radiation time was increased up to 15 h. The results displayed a perfect degradation of NOR and its secondary pollutants. The effective variables including pH, degradation time and photocatalyst dosage were optimized and studied in a multivariate method using Design Expert 7. Determination of photodegradation products was carried out using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results are of significance for estimating the environmental fate of NOR in aqueous media.

Construction of novel Z-scheme Ag/FeTiO3/Ag/BiFeO3 photocatalyst with enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance for degradation of norfloxacin

A novel Z-scheme Ag/FeTiO3/Ag/BiFeO3 with excellent visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance was constructed using sol-gel method followed by a photo-reduction process, and applied in the photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin (NFX) in solution under visible light irradiation. The photocatalytic activities of Ag/FeTiO3/Ag/BiFeO3 and FeTiO3/BiFeO3 nanocomposites were compared. The effects of wt.% content of Ag, the mass ratio (FeTiO3:BiFeO3), and light irradiation time on the photocatalytic activities were assessed. The mechanism on Z-scheme Ag/FeTiO3/Ag/BiFeO3 photocatalytic degradation was also proposed. The results show that Ag/FeTiO3/Ag/BiFeO3 has higher photocatalytic activity than FeTiO3/BiFeO3, and the loading of Ag improves the photocatalytic activity of catalysts. The photocatalytic degradation extent reaches 96.5% within 150 min, when using Ag/FeTiO3/Ag/BiFeO3 at 2.0 wt% Ag (FeTiO3:BiFeO3 = 1.0:0.5). In addition, Ag/FeTiO3/Ag/BiFeO3 can be reused with excellent photocatalytic stability. The study reveals that the active species such as hydroxyl radicals (OH), holes (h+) and superoxide radicals (O2−) are generated during the photocatalytic process using Ag/FeTiO3/Ag/BiFeO3. These results on the enhanced photocatalytic activity are attributed to the synergistic photocatalytic effects of FeTiO3 and BiFeO3 with narrow band gaps mediated by Ag. Hence, the Z-scheme Ag/FeTiO3/Ag/BiFeO3 photocatalytic system demonstrates great promise in treating antibiotics in water and wastewater using solar energy.

Effect of bismuth tungstate with different hierarchical architectures on photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin under visible light

Abstract The photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin by bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6) with different hierarchical architectures was investigated under visible light irradiation. Bi2WO6 was prepared by hydrothermal method with the reaction solution pH ranging from 4 to11. The relatively ultrathin Bi2WO6 nanoflakes prepared at pH 4 showed excellent adsorption and photodegradation efficiency towards norfloxacin. The characterization results showed that Bi2WO6 prepared at pH 4 had a larger specific area and faster photo-generated carrier separation rate. The decay rate reached the maximum in weak alkaline reaction solution, which could be attributed to the presence of moderate OH− anions. The present study demonstrated that the smaller size of Bi2WO6 could be an efficient photocatalyst on the degradation of norfloxacin in the aquatic environment.

Photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin on different TiO2−X polymorphs under visible light in water

Reduced TiO2 (TiO2−X) materials with different crystallographic structures were prepared and characterized.

Conjugated Microspheres FeTCPP–TDI–TiO2 with Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance for Antibiotics Degradation Under Visible Light Irradiation

Toluene disocyanate (TDI) was used as a bridging molecule, a bridge bonding conjugated microsphere (FeTCPP–TDI–TiO2) was successfully prepared by grafting tetra-(carboxyphenyl) porphyrin iron (FeTCPP) on the surface of TiO2 microspheres. The FT-IR spectra revealed that the hydroxyl group (–OH) of TiO2 microspheres surface and the carboxyl group (–COOH) of FeTCPP reacted respectively with the active isocyanato groups (–NCO) of TDI to form a surface conjugated microsphere FeTCPP–TDI–TiO2. The UV–vis DRS analysis demonstrated that the formation of FeTCPP–TDI–TiO2 extended remarkably the photoresponse of as-prepared samples to visible light region. The photocatalytic activity of FeTCPP–TDI–TiO2 was evaluated using the photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin (NFC), tetracycline (TC) and sulfapyridine (SPY) antibiotics in aqueous solution under visible-light irradiation. The results showed that, TDI, as a bond unit, was used to form a steady chemical bridging bond linking between FeTCPP and the surface of TiO2 microspheres, and the prepared catalyst exhibited higher photocatalytic activity under visible-light irradiation for antibiotics degradation in comparison with P25. The degradation of antibiotics all followed the pseudo first-order reaction model under visible light irradiation, and the degradation mechanisms of NFC, TC and SPY were also proposed.

Optimization and Modeling of Photocatalytic Removal of Norfloxacin Using Tungsten Bismuth Loaded Carbon Iron Complexes Based on Response Surface Methodology

Photocatalytic degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) (10 mg/L) was studied using tungsten bismuth loaded carbon iron complexes (C/Fe–Bi2WO6) under simulated solar light (SSL) irradiation in a cylindrical reactor. Three experimental parameters were chosen as independent variables: pH, C/Fe–Bi2WO6 concentration, and H2O2 concentration. A central composite experimental design (CCD) was used to establish a quadratic model as a functional relationship between the removal efficiency of NOR and the three independent variables. The optimal values of operating parameters under the related constraint conditions were found at a pH of 7.10, a C/Fe–Bi2WO6 concentration of 0.78 g/L, and a H2O2 concentration of 227 mg/L. Under the optimal conditions, the removal efficiency of NOR reached 91.66%. Regression analysis with an R2 value of 0.9728 indicated a good correlation between the experimental results and the predicted values.