Photo Materials Research Articles

UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES AS AN EFFECTIVE TOOL IN THE INSPECTION OF BRIDGE STRUCTURES

Statement of the problem. In today's world, technologies are rapidly being introduced into various spheres of our lives, providing new opportunities and increasing the efficiency of various processes. One such technology is unmanned aerial vehicles, which are gaining more and more popularity in the field of engineering and construction. Drones prove to be extremely useful in surveying bridge structures, where safety and efficiency are critical factors. The purpose of the article is to consider the advantages of using unmanned aerial vehicles in the process of inspecting bridge structures and their impact on improving the safety and productivity of this process, photo materials of the state of some bridge structures on the territory of Ukraine are given Conclusions. Conclusions. In the modern world, one of the most relevant ways to obtain information is unmanned aerial vehicles. Their use, with artificial intelligence technologies, is one of the most effective tools in the inspection of bridge structures. Together, they can quickly inspect the object and accurately determine the possible dimensions of damage according to the built three-dimensional model. The data obtained from the object of inspection allow you to manage resources and rationally plan the maintenance and repair of bridge structures. The quality and pace of inspection of both underwater and ground parts of bridge supports are improving. The UAV is capable of inspecting more than 70 km of the flight route in an hour. Drones are a very effective tool for surveying bridge structures, but it is important to be aware of their limitations and solve related problems based on the specific conditions and requirements of the project. It is easier to analyze and evaluate damaged structures as there is a real picture of the survey, taken from a height of some meters.

Covalent triazine frameworks materials for photo- and electro-catalysis

Covalent triazine frameworks materials for photo- and electro-catalysis

Carbon–carbon triple bond‐containing materials for photo(electro)catalytic solar hydrogen production

Carbon–carbon triple bond‐containing materials for photo(electro)catalytic solar hydrogen production

Quantification of alloy atomic composition sites in 2D ternary MoS2(1-x)Se2x and their role in persistent photoconductivity, enhanced photoresponse and photo-electrocatalysis

Engineering transition metal dichalcogenides-based semiconducting two-dimensional (2D) layered materials for photo(electro)chemical (PEC) hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by water splitting is an enduring challenge. Here, alloy-assisted photoconductivity and photoresponse from CVD-grown MoS2(1-x)Se2x (MSSE) 2D ternary atomic layered alloy-based photodetector device is presented for the realization of PEC HER. The explicit role of ‘S–Se’ and ‘Se2’ atomic alloy sites including chalcogen-induced vacancy defects on the photoconductivity/photoresponse and PEC HER performance of MSSE 2D alloy is investigated. Alloy formation, atomic site-by-site ‘Se’ composition and atomic structure are characterized using Raman/Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, high-angle annular dark field (HAADF)- scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) extensively and supported with Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) mapping. Further, the local density and concentration of S–Se, Se2 atomic sites and defects were quantitatively estimated using HAADF-STEM image analysis in correlation with AES and it is found between the range of ∼15–20 % in MSSE alloy. A 10-fold high photoresponsivity in the case of MSSE concerning as-grown MS having fast photocurrent growth time and the prolonged decay time originates from the ‘Se’ and this alloy assisted states to enhance the PEC performance of MSSE alloy. The enhanced PEC HER activity of MSSE alloy was identified in terms of overpotential and current density. In addition, increased density of states as a function of ‘Se’ alloying, shifts in a p-band centre and lowers ΔGH* according to density functional theory calculations, which makes MSSE alloy an efficient HER activity. Further, the PEC stability and presence of the ‘S–Se’ and ‘Se2’ alloying and their role towards HER have been correlated by the spectral line shape analysis of PL and Raman spectra from post-PEC HER catalysts. These experimental and theoretical findings establish the role of chalcogen, and transition metal-based 2D alloy, leading to the design of new PECs of engineered 2D atomic layer interfaces.

재당 고구려 유이민 출신 환관 연구

In this paper, I tried a new reading and interpretation of the Saseonui-il epitaph which has only been partially reviewed. Based on the studies, the thesis was developed after clarifying an eunuch diagonal line was a descendant of Goguryeo. First, the actual name of the Saseonui-il cemetery could not be seen, but some letters were not only newly read but also translated and annotated through various photo materials and rubbed copies. This indicates that Saseonui-il became a eunuch at a young age, and had a special relationship with several emperors while serving eight emperors. He was not a person who exercised power close to the like eunuch Wang Su-jing, an active at the same time, but he revealed that Saseonui-il must have enjoyed a position comparable to that. He also had a wife even an eunuch, and he had five sons and four daughters. All the sons were close to the political power, and four adopted daughters were married when he lived. He also lived a prosperous life and died at 65, providing a permanent resting place near Jangan. Second, when Saseonui-il died, his five sons asked Wang Sik, a scholar of the day and a secretary-general, to write the inscription, and left the writing to his mother-in-law, a prince of the time. Considering that they praised the inscription of the eunuch Saseonui-il and wrote the handwriting, it was confirmed that the influence of the sons of Saseonui-il was not small. Third, his contribution to the study of Goguryeo's refugee history significantly contributed to the study of the history of Goguryeo's refugees, as it shows the type of life of Goguryeo's refugees who moved to Tang. It must be a valuable resource for studying the history of migrants, especially as it informs the descendants of Goguryeo's refugees who were active in the imperial family even during the late Tang period. Finally, it was possible to examine in detail the life and political activities of eunuchs in the late Tang Dynasty through the name of the Saseonui-il cemetery. As a result, this study is expected to be of little help not only in Korea but also in the study of Chinese history. It is why we paid attention to the work of eunuchs, who were active in the late Tang Dynasty, along with Go Yeon-bok, a Goguryeo refugee and eunuchs who were active in the Tang Dynasty.

Controlled synthesis of Cadmium doped CuBi2O4 nanorods with rapid and synergistic visible light photocatalytic performance

The rise of nanotechnology has significantly influenced the synthesis of advanced photo materials and their various potential applications. In this study, newly advanced multicomponent photocatalyst was designed by a simple hydrothermal method i.e., CuBi2O4, Cd0.05Cu0.95Bi2O4, Cd0.1Cu0.90Bi2O4, and Cd0.15Cu0.85Bi2O4. These nanostructures were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. The synthesized nanostructure material was tested for decontaminating water polluted with Congo red, using visible light irradiation. Within 60 min of irradiation, Cd0.1Cu0.90Bi2O4 exhibited 91 % degradation of Congo red, while Cd0.05Cu0.95Bi2O4 and Cd0.15Cu0.85Bi2O4 showed degradation rates of 80 % and 86 % respectively. In contrast, the pure CuBi2O4 had a lower photo degradation rate of 70 % over 70 min of visible light irradiation. Among the synthesized materials, Cd0.1Cu0.90Bi2O4 demonstrated the highest efficiency, require the shortest time to achieve significant degradation. Additionally, the impact of various parameters such as dosage, initial concentration, hydrogen peroxide, and salts on the photo-catalytic degradation of the dye has been studied. Consequently, it can be concluded that the use of hierarchical porous Cd0.1Cu0.90Bi2O4 photocatalyst holds promising potential in wastewater remediation.

Understanding and Controlling Molecular Compositions and Properties in Mixed-Linker Porphyrin Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Porphyrin-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are attractive materials for photo- and thermally activated catalysis due to their unique structural features related to the porphyrin moiety, guest-accessible porosity, and high chemical tunability. In this study, we report the synthetic incorporation of nonplanar β-ethyl-functionalized porphyrin linkers into the framework structure of PCN-222, obtaining a solid-solution series of materials with different modified linker contents. Comprehensive analysis by a combination of characterization techniques, such as NMR, UV-vis and IR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and N2 sorption analysis, allows for the confirmation of linker incorporation. A detailed structural analysis of intrinsic material properties, such as the thermal response of the different materials, underlines the complexity of synthesizing and understanding such materials. This study presents a blueprint for synthesizing and analyzing porphyrin-based mixed-linker MOF systems and highlights the hurdles of characterizing such materials.

Quinacridone dyes: versatile molecules and materials for photo- and photoelectrochemical processes

We discuss the versatility of quinacridone pigment in photocatalysis, embracing water splitting, carbon dioxide reduction and organic synthesis. Applications include homogeneous catalysis, nanoparticles, covalent organic frameworks, photoelectrodes.

Review of methods of degassing of working fluids

The article discusses known methods of degassing working fluids. A brief description of known degassing methods is given, an analysis of their advantages and disadvantages is provided. Emphasis is placed on the ultrasonic method of degassing, which is implemented with the help of low-amplitude and high-amplitude ultrasonic emitters. Illustrative photo materials of an experimental study of the ultrasonic method of degassing with the involvement of piezoelectric transducers are presented. The need for additional work to increase the efficiency of ultrasonic degassing by means of an experimental study of the influence of the frequency, amplitude and intensity of ultrasonic oscillations on the degassing process is formulated.

Nb (V, Nb/V)-Doped TiO2 Films as New Transparent Conducting Oxides Synthesized by a Novel ALD Process: Effect of Dopant Content and Growing Conditions

Titanium oxide (TiO2) is a wide bandgap (3.0-3.4 eV) material that presents a high transparency in the visible range, a high refractive index, and an insulator behavior. In order to vary its structural, optical, and electronic properties with the objective to synthesize transparent conductive oxide (TCO) films, we have investigated several doping strategies. Due to their extra electron and atomic radius close to that of Ti, respectively larger for Nb or smaller for V, these are among the interesting potential dopants of TiO2. In this objective to synthesize TiO2-based TCO films, we have performed atomic layer deposition (ALD) with different concentrations of Nb dopants and by varying the growth conditions.Highly transparent and conducting Nb-doped TiO2 thin films were produced by a low-temperature (300 °C) new ALD process using titanium tetraisoproxide, niobium(V) ethoxide, and water as a reagent. The deposition was performed in a supercycle fashion, alternating Ti precursor and water cycles followed by Nb precursor and water cycles, which allowed controlling the dopant concentration. This study focused on non-annealed and annealed films under N2 and forming gas. The dopant concentration significantly affected the fabricated films' thickness, structure, morphology, composition, and optical and electrical properties. Indeed, the crystalline anatase phase was obtained before annealing for a low Nb content, while the films were found amorphous for a larger Nb content. The non-annealed film thickness and surface roughness decreased with increasing Nb doping, while the size of the anatase grains increased, and the films became amorphous. This progressive amorphization of the films with increasing Nb content was observed by several techniques (G-XRD, Raman, and FTIR). Surprisingly, films annealed at 600°C led to the formation of larger and more homogeneous grains than for non-annealed films. Moreover, the XRD, Raman, and FTIR results clearly indicated the substitution of Ti by Nb in the anatase structure. Furthermore, the XPS spectra showed that the amount of Ti and Nb in the Ti3+ and Nb4+ oxidation states increased with increasing the Nb content. These two latter points may explain the decrease in resistivity caused by the increase of density of shallow donor states in addition to the decrease of electrons scattering caused by the grain size increase. In addition, the film transmittance was increased up to 15% while the resistivity decreased to 10-3 Ω.cm leading to a TCO behavior. Using the figure of Merit (FoM) established over a wide spectral range from AM1.5g irradiance [*] giving the maximum photocurrent density of an ideal solar cell equipped with such TCO electrode, it showed an improvement by a factor of 8 by Nb doping, reaching a maximum of FoM for the film produced with a particular Nb doped rate of 0.33.Other strategies of TCO improvement were investigated, such as growing V-doped, and Nb&V co-doped TiO2 films by innovative dual and triple precursors ALD processes, respectively. Once more, the dopant kind and amount strongly impacted the growth rate, structure, morphology, optical and electrical properties of those two new kinds of doped TiO2 materials. The full study of Nb-doped TiO2 films will be presented, while the comparative results obtained for V-doped and Nb/V-doped materials will be introduced.The Nb-doped TiO2's TCO performances and future improvement based on V-doped, and Nb&V co-doped may pave the way for the use of those kinds of materials in solar radiation energy conversions as electrode or junction materials for Photovoltaic or photo(electro)catalytic systems.[*] J.A. Mendez-Gamboa, R. Castro-Rodriguez, I. V. Perez-Quintana, R.A. Medina-Esquivel, A. Martel-Arbelo, A figure of merit to evaluate transparent conductor oxides for solar cells using photonic flux density, Thin Solid Films. 599 (2016) 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2015. .12.038. Figure 1

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Опыт использования беспилотных летательных аппаратов для выявления мест размещения отходов в водоохранных зонах

Disposal of industrial and consumer waste in water protection zones of water bodies is a violation of water legislation of the Russian Federation. The use of materials obtained with the help of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) significantly expands the possibilities for determining stored waste. UAVs are used for prompt identification of unauthorized waste disposal sites within the boundaries of the water protection zones of the Tsimlyansk reservoir. The paper presents the possibilities of using orthophotoplans and photo materials obtained during field surveys carried out by the Russian Research Institute for the Integrated Use and Protection of Water Resources in 2019-2021. According to the research results, the largest accumulation of solid household waste is localized in the water protection zone of large cities and villages. The largest amount of waste stored in the water protection zone is located in the Dubovsky and Tsimplansk districts of the Rostov region, as well as in the Kalachyovsky district of the Volgograd region. Dumping sites detected with the help of UAVs based on the composition of the predominant waste were divided into five groups: solid household waste, construction waste, organic waste, metal, and waste of unknown composition. Up to 42 % of landfill waste in the water protection zone of the reservoir is solid domestic waste, at least 25 % of landfill sites are construction waste and 20 % are organ waste.

On the question of the use of the museum of the Ukrainian military medical academy and museums of the city of Kyiv in military-patriotic education

The creation of the military medical museum of the UVMA and the organization of a comprehensive study of the history of military medicine strengthened the scientific and cultural potential of the educational institution, created an atmosphere of involvement of the UVMA staff in the centuries-old traditions of military medicine in Ukraine, and gave a new impetus to the military and patriotic education of students. In addition, the creation of the museum made it possible to strengthen the representative functions of UVMA, create an additional factor of successful communication and establishment of business and professional contacts with colleagues in Ukraine and abroad, contributed to the organization of a meaningful cultural program for the stay of various delegations and individual officials at the academy. Museums of military and military medical educational institutions acquire special importance in the conditions of a full-scale war of the Russian Federation against Ukraine. The demand is put forward to them to truthfully reflect the military resistance of Ukraine for the preservation of its own state independence, which began in 2014, by various museum means. With the help of photo and video materials, documents, fragments of weapons, transformed into museum exhibits, it is necessary to depict the long, exhausting, tragic and at the same time heroic struggle of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which turned into a national war of Ukraine against Russian aggression from February 24, 2022. Relevance of research. In accordance with the current legislation of Ukraine, the educational process carried out in educational institutions combines three components: the educational process, the scientific process and the educational process. The educational process, as an important integral component of the educational process, is aimed at forming in those who study patriotism, respect for the state language and state symbols of Ukraine, a careful attitude to national, historical, cultural values, the cultural heritage of the Ukrainian people, the need in case of need to protect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine. This direction of educational activity acquires special importance in the conditions of a full-scale war between the Russian Federation and Ukraine. The valuable experience of the organization of medical support of the Armed Forces (AF) of Ukraine during the years of armed resistance to the military aggression of the Russian Federation should be highlighted in a museum exhibition. The need for military-patriotic education is determined by the requirements that the state and society apply to servicemen, the Military Oath and the Statutes of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Activities of military and patriotic education in higher military educational institutions of the Armed Forces of Ukraine are carried out in the format of lectures, discussions, meetings with veterans, organization of thematic exhibitions, museum expositions.The purpose of the study is aimed at a comprehensive analysis of materials that highlight the specific results of using the museum of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences and the museums of the city of Kyiv in the military and patriotic education of students. Materials and methods. The information base of the article consists of materials that highlight the impact of military-patriotic education activities on students of UVMA (excursions to museums of UVMA and the city of Kyiv, meetings with veterans of the medical service of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, prominent Ukrainian public and cultural figures, leaders and members of foreign delegations of military medical services NATO member countries, etc.). Current visual content (photo materials) is attached. The article uses general scientific methods - analysis-synthesis and special historical methods: historical-systemic and biographical.

Крепости Грачёвская и Мечётная Царицынской сторожевой линии на планах XVIII в. и аэрофотоснимках 1942–1943 годов

Introduction. The aim of the work is to establish the degree of consistency and graphical reliability of the information in existing manuscript plans of fortresses of Grachevskaya and Mechetnaya of the Tsaritsyn guard line drawn in the 18th century in comparison with their ruined remains which were recorded in the middle of the 20th century. One of the main tasks is to present new sources for the study of Tsaritsyn guard line: photo materials of 1942–1943 and a topographical plan. They reliably allow us to recognize not only about the exact location and configuration of the Mechetnaya and Grachevskaya fortresses, but also about their basic dimensions. The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that at present these sites no longer exist, and information about them has survived only in photographic or topographic form, which is introduced into scientific data for the first time. Methods and materials. The study is based on published material, archival manuscript plans from the 18th century, as well as aerial photographs from 1942–1943 and a topographical plan from the 1970s. Special technical methods of combining plans and maps with modern satellite imagery of terrain geo-information resources have allowed to compare these contemporaneous documents. Analysis. A comparative analysis of the size, shape and location of the fortresses of Grachevskaya and Mechetnaya, as well as some other sections of Tsaritsyn guard line, has been made. The article provides a comparative analysis of manuscript plans of 18th century fortresses, aerial photographs and other cartographic materials of the middle of the 20th century. Results. The use of photographs and satellite images, measurements of linear dimensions and calculations made it possible to establish the most accurate dimensional characteristics of the fortresses. The main conclusion of the research is the established fact that the plan of 1769–1770 of the fortresses of Grachevskaya and Mechetnaya, drawn by P.B. Inokhodtsev, is distinguished by quite a high degree of graphic correspondence with the ruined remains of these fortifications, fixed on the aerial photography of 1942–1943 and other materials from the 1960s and 1970s.

Historical Places on the Territory of Turkestan Associated with Ahmed Yasawi

The article deals with the mausoleums and burial places associated with the name of Akhmet Yasawi, located in the protected area of the mausoleum of Khoja Akhmet Yasawi in the city of Turkestan, the characteristics of the mausoleums of that period, as well as issues related to the construction of mausoleums in Central Asia. When considering these issues, the object of the study, attention was drawn to the results of researches in the 19th–20th centuries and the latest archaeological research. The mausoleums and burial places associated with Akhmet Yasawi, located near the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi, have a spiritual continuity with the mausoleums and burial places of the Kazakhs of the early period, and the nature of their construction. The studies and scientific conclusions concerning the settlements of the descendants of Azret Sultan and the settlements of the 12th century on the territory of Yassy were compared and analyzed. A comparative analysis was carried out of information from folk legends, scientific data of the 18th-19th–20th centuries, scientific articles about the students, descendants of Yasawi in the work of Ahmed Yasawi «Divani Hikmet», material values ​​in the environment of their residences and burials, and their relationship with ancient spiritual and cultural values of the Kazakh people. Photo materials of the period of the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century of the graves, mosques of Ahmed Yasawi's students: Bab Arab, Undemes Ata, Baba Mashin, as well as the bridge of 1910–1915, located near Azret Sultan, are given. At the same time, data are provided on the study of the territory in which the descendants of Khoja Akhmet Yasawi lived, as well as the land of Suri, where his son Ibrahim was killed. Article tells about the role in serving the people and the burial place of Imam Marguzi, who in the XII century came to Yasy to compete in knowledge, but lost in the competition and became a student of Hazrat Sultan.

МЕТОДИ ДЕСТРУКТИВНОГО ВПЛИВУ ТА ЗАХИСТУ КОНТЕНТУ В СОЦІАЛЬНИХ МЕРЕЖАХ

The work is devoted to the topical issue of protection of society from destructive influences in social networks. It has been proven that in order to prevent such influences, it is necessary to evaluate not only the materials contained in texts, audio and video content, but also the tone of the information disseminated in them. Tonality is one of the characteristics of thought or emotion and is currently used as the main parameter for classifying texts by thematic categories. This is due to the convenience and efficiency of classification according to this principle and greatly simplifies other tasks for the classification of text posts. Formed categories of tonal assessment. The possibility of assessing mood by one-dimensional or multidimensional parameter is proved. The possibility of using two approaches to classify the tonality of the text is shown. The first is the automatic analysis of digital texts by computers with elements of machine learning or teacher training. The second - with the help of dictionaries (thesauri) connected to the program. The shortcomings that occur in automatic systems for determining the key are given. A new algorithm for automatic complexes is proposed. It is noted that if the quality of the text analysis system is assessed by how well it agrees with a person's opinion on the emotional assessment of the studied text, then such indicators as accuracy and completeness can be used. Calculations of these parameters are given. When considering a publication presented in the form of an image, it is necessary to take into account the parameters of brightness, contrast, and color combinations, as these indicators can potentially be used by distributors of destructive content to attract the attention of the network. users. It is noted that the photo materials may contain various radical signs and symbols that may relate to the propaganda of a particular prohibited organization or ideology. The analysis of possible methods of influence on consciousness of the user by social networks is carried out.

THE CLINICAL CASE OF GENERALIZED CONGENITAL HERPESVIRUS INFECTION IN NEWBORNS, AS A RESULT OF PRIMARY ASYMPTOMATIC INFECTION OF THE MOTHER WITH HSV TYPE 2 DURING PREGNANCY

The article presents a clinical case of generalized congenital herpesvirus infection with manifestation on the fourth day of life due to asymptomatic primary infection of the mother with HSV type 2 during pregnancy, complicated by early neonatal bacterial sepsis. The features of the clinic, diagnostics, principles of treatment and follow-up data of the child are presented. Clinical manifestation of congenital herpes infection took place on the 4th day of life. Laboratory confirmed by the detection of DNA of the herpes simplex virus type 2 in the blood, followed by determination of the quantitative level of this indicator and subsequent clinical and laboratory dynamics. Cancellation of specific therapy after 21 days due to the end of the course. Continuation up to 1 year 2 months of a course of specific mmunosuppressive therapy with acyclovir with increased therapy in case of recurrence of local manifestations. At the age of 1 year and 2 months, the withdrawal of specific immunosuppressive therapy. During the next year of life, 4 episodes of recurrence of herpes infection, in the form of local skin lesions. The child was vaccinated according to the calendar, additional vaccination against chickenpox, hepatitis A, pneumococcus, rotavirus infection, seasonal flu. Now the child is 2.4 years old. The child's condition is satisfactory. Development by age. The publication of materials was agreed with the Bioethics Commission of the National Bohomolets Medical University. All anamnestic data, examination results and photo materials were published upon written consent of the parents of the newborn child.Conclusions. Neonatal herpes infection can lead to significant morbidity, mortality, and adverse long-term outcomes. Despiteadequate therapy, vesicular rash recurrences in the first years of life are very common. Given the high rate of herpes simplex virus infection in the population, especially in pregnant women, all children should be considered potentially prone to herpes infection. Determination of maternal immune status, early diagnosis of clinical signs with verification of the causative agent, and timely and adequate specific antiviral therapy are essential to improve prognosis and reduce disability in later years of life.

Effective Charge Carrier Utilization of BiVO4 for Solar Overall Water Splitting.

Solar energy-driven overall water splitting (OWS) is an attractive way for generating clean and renewable green hydrogen. One key challenge is the construction of OWS systems with high solar energy conversion efficiencies, in which how to manipulate photoexcited charge carriers to efficiently participate in the reaction is the top priority. In recent years, bismuth vanadate (BiVO4 ) has emerged as one of the most promising materials for photo(electro)catalytic OWS and considerable progress has been achieved. In this review, recent advances of BiVO4 -constituted OWS systems in both photoelectrocatalytic and photocatalytic approaches are presented in a mainline of effective charge carrier utilization. Various strategies for improved charge carrier utilization, including band structure engineering, improving charge separation, reducing charge recombination, and accelerating reaction kinetics, are summarized and analyzed in detail. Finally, perspective and outlook on further exploring the application potential of BiVO4 are proposed.

Citizen Science, taxonomy and grass snakes: iNaturalist helps to clarify variation of coloration and pattern in Natrix natrix subspecies

Abstract We used a dataset of georeferenced photos of 5,751 grass snakes from iNaturalist to evaluate subspecific variation of Natrix natrix in coloration and pattern. Our results provide evidence that all four genetically delineated subspecies differ morphologically, although unstriped individuals of N. n. vulgaris are difficult to tell apart from the nominotypical subspecies. The iNaturalist dataset shows that the frequency of dark body coloration increases from south to north and from west to east. This trend is both concordant with taxonomic variation (the easternmost subspecies, N. n. scutata, being the darkest taxon) and variation within the same subspecies (in N. n. natrix and N. n. scutata more northern populations harbor more dark or melanistic individuals than more southern populations). Although available characters were limited to coloration and pattern traits, our study suggests that photo material from iNaturalist and similar platforms can be a valuable data source for studies on morphological variation. However, investigations using such databases can only supplement, but not replace, studies using museum material because only then measureable, meristic and genetic characters will be accessible.

Preparation of Ca0.1Cu0.90Bi2O4 heterojunction with improved visible light photocatalytic performance of congo red: Kinetics and degradation mechanisms

Progression in nano technology enormously influence on the synthesis of highly proficient photo materials and investigate their applications in diverse fields. The CuBi2O4 and Ca0.05Cu0.95Bi2O4, Ca0.1Cu0.90Bi2O4, and Ca0.15Cu0.95Bi2O4 microspheres were prepared by one-step simple hydrothermal method. All the synthesized nanostructures were comprehensively characterized by different spectroscopic techniques. The composite was used in treating water contaminated by azo dye Congo red under visible light irradiation. The pure CuBi2O4 showed 46% of congo red degradation within 70 min of irradiation, while Ca0.1Cu0.95Bi2O4 showed 82% of photo degradation within 70 min of irradiation. Among all the synthesized materials the Ca0.1Cu0.95Bi2O4 showed best efficiency with high degradation constant using lest time. Meanwhile, the photocatalytic study of dye was studied under six operational parameters such as effect of dosage, initial concentration, pH, H2O2 and inorganic salts. The maximum photocatalytic activity was obtained 94% within 60 min of irradiation in the presence of 0.6 mL of H2O2. The obvious enhanced photocatalytic efficiency of Ca0.1Cu0.95Bi2O4 should be attributed to uniform dispersion and floating behaviour of the well-designed photocatalyst. As a result, the Ca0.1Cu0.95Bi2O4 photocatalyst with hierarchical porous structure would open an avenue for the treatment of wastewater.