Photo Irradiation Research Articles

Synthesis of Cu-SnO<sub>3</sub> NCs by Photo Irradiation Method for Removal Tartrazine Dye Yellow in Aqueous Solutions

Background: Copper tin oxide (Cu-SnO3) is a cheap and easily accessible tunable that has a 2.5-5 eV bandgap. It is a desirable semi-conductor because of these components for a number of applications, including transparent conducting oxides, transistors, solar cells and photocatalytic. Objective: The aim of this research is to increase the rate of yellow dye removal percentage efficiency by using Photo Irradiation Method that rate was determined between (59 to 76) % by the simple chemical method. Methods: Photo irradiation method used to synthesis Cu-SnO3 from precursor materials, the solution is irradiated by photocell for 30min with cooling (5°C) then drop sodium hydroxide (4 g in 100 ml) then washed, isolated by centrifugation for 20 minutes, grinding the dried powder and calcinated at (450 °C). Results: The crystallite size and the crystal structure of Cu-SnO3 NPs are (43-8.2) nm with a tetragonal structure. Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) results displayed the formation of spherical and semispherical and an average size of (35.97 - 74.43) nm. The optical energy gap value (Eg) is 5 eV. It is clear from the disappearance of tartrazine’s yellow hue in an aqueous solution that the combination was shaken at 298 K and 185 rpm. Conclusions: Prove that the removal percentage process by a photo-irradiation method is more effective than other used methods.

Photoactivation of sulfite by FeTiO3 for organic pollutant degradation: Performance and mechanism

In recent years, the exploration of sulfite (S(IV))-based advanced oxidation processes has attracted increasing attention due to its high performance in the degradation of aqueous organic contaminants. In this study, we investigated the activation of S(IV) by ilmenite (FeTiO3) under photo irradiation using phenol as a substrate. The FeTiO3/S(IV)/photo system demonstrated a remarkable phenol removal rate, achieving 81.4 % degradation within 30 min under optimal conditions. The photocatalytic mechanism involves the generation of electron-hole pairs in FeTiO3, with photogenerated holes activating the adsorbed S(IV) on the catalyst’s surface to produce various free radicals, among which SO4− is identified as the primary active species. Density functional theory calculations further suggest that electron transfer between ilmenite and S(IV) may occur via a Fe-O-S bridge. Additionally, the approach demonstrates satisfactory reusability of the photocatalyst and consistent effectiveness in real-water matrices. This study contributes to the development of more efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly water treatment strategies by providing a deeper understanding of the proposed FeTiO3/S(IV)/photo system.

Characteristics and degradation mechanisms of polychlorinated naphthalenes in surface soil in Yangtze River Delta, China

Both thermal and environmental processes are significant factors influencing the existing characteristics, e.g., congener distributions, and existing levels, of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the environment. Soil plays an important role in the life cycle of PCNs, but degradation of PCNs in soils has never been reported. In this study, we collected surface soil samples from 13 cities in the Yangtze River Delta, which is one of the most crowded areas of China and analyzed the samples for 75 PCNs. The long-range transportation from polluted areas was the major source for PCNs in remote areas, but the PCN profiles in remote areas reported in our previous studies were different from those in human settlement in this study, indicating there is a transformation of PCNs after emissions from anthropogenic activities. Two experiments were then designed to reveal the degradation mechanisms, including influencing factors, products, and pathways, of PCNs in surface soils. Based on the experiments, we found that the major factor driving the losses of PCNs in surface soils was volatilization, followed by photo irradiation and microbial metabolism. Under photo-irradiation, the PCN structures would be destroyed through a process of dechlorination followed by oxidation. In addition, the dechlorination pathways of PCNs have been established and found to be significantly influenced by the structure-related parameters.

Photo-modulated activation of organic bases enabling microencapsulation and on-demand reactivity

A method is developed for facile encapsulation of reactive organic bases with potential application for autonomous damage detection and self-healing polymers. Highly reactive chemicals such as bases and acids are challenging to encapsulate by traditional oil-water emulsion techniques due to unfavorable physical and chemical interactions. In this work, reactivity of the bases is temporarily masked with photo-removable protecting groups, and the resulting inactive payloads are encapsulated via an in situ emulsion-templated interfacial polymerization method. The encapsulated payloads are then activated to restore the organic bases via photo irradiation, either before or after being released from the core-shell carriers. The efficacy of the photo-activated capsules is demonstrated by a damage-triggered, pH-induced color change in polymeric coatings and by recovery of adhesive strength of a damaged interface. Given the wide range of potential photo-deprotection chemistries, this encapsulation scheme provides a simple but powerful method for storage and targeted delivery of a broad variety of reactive chemicals, promoting design of diverse autonomous functionalities in polymeric materials.

Exploring the phototoxicity of GSH-resistant 2-(5,6-dichloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)quinoline-based Ir(III)-PTA complexes in MDA-MB-231 cancer cells.

Metal complexes play a crucial role in photo-activated chemotherapy (PACT), which has recently been used to treat specific disorders. Triple-negative breast cancer has an enormously high rate of relapse due to the existence and survival of cancer stem cells (CSCs) characterized by increased amounts of glutathione (GSH). Hence, designing a phototoxic molecule is an enticing area of research to combat triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) via GSH depletion and DNA photocleavage. Herein, we focus on the application of PTA and non-PTA Ir(III) complexes for phototoxicity in the absence and presence of GSH against MDA-MB-231 TNBC cells. Between these two complexes, [Cp*IrIII(DD)PTA]·2Cl (DDIRP) exhibited better phototoxicity (IC50 ∼ 2.80 ± 0.52 μM) compared to the non-PTA complex [Cp*IrIII(DD)Cl]·Cl (DDIR) against TNBC cells because of the high GSH resistance power of the complex DDIRP. The significant potency of the complex DDIRP under photo irradiation in both normoxia and hypoxia conditions can be attributed to selective transportation, high cellular permeability and uptake towards the nucleus, GSH depletion by GSH-GSSG conversion, the ability of strong DNA binding including intercalation, and oxidative stress. The strong affinity to serum albumin, which serves as a carrier protein, aids in the transport of the complex to its target site while preventing glutathione (GSH) deactivation. Consequently, the complex DDIRP was developed as a suitable phototoxic complex in selective cancer therapy, ruling over the usual chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin and the PDT drug Photofrin. The ability of ROS generation under hypoxic conditions delivers this complex as a hypoxia-efficient selective metallodrug for the treatment of TNBC.

Effect of Photo Irradiation on the Anaerobic Digestion of Waste Sewage Sludge-Reduced Methane and Hydrogen Sulfide Productions

Since a large amount of sewage sludge (WSS) is generated daily, exploring effective methods for utilizing WSS is necessary. Although a photo-fermentation system sometimes alters the characteristics of microbial functions, there have been no attempts to perform photo-fermentation using WSS, which is regularly treated via dark fermentation. In this study, the effect of photo-fermentation (photo-irradiation) on anaerobic digestion using WSS was revealed. Photo-irradiation during the anaerobic digestion of WSS significantly reduced the amount of methane and hydrogen sulfide. Methane production was also reduced 5.6-fold at 13 days under light conditions, whereas hydrogen sulfide was consumed almost completely at 6 days. However, it was shown that the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in WSS under light treatment increased. Photo-irradiation also stimulated the growth of green sulfur bacteria and induced anoxygenic photosynthesis, via which process the fermented samples turned green in a manner that was correlated with their consumption of hydrogen sulfide. The production of organic acids was lowered in the samples that were irradiated using light. Finally, dark/light switching fermentation was only able to reduce hydrogen sulfide while methane production remained the same. The amounts of methane and hydrogen sulfide were 35 mmol/g VS, and they were undetected at 58 days in photo-irradiated samples compared to the control samples that produced 37 mmol/g VS of methane and 15 ppm/g VS of hydrogen sulfide.

Photo-induced surface oxygen vacancy in hierarchical nanoarchitectonics g-C3N4/BiOCOOH to boost photocatalytic CO2 reduction

Photocatalytic CO2 conversion into chemical production and valuable solar fuel has been regarded as a prospective strategy for tackling with the issue of the global warming and energy crisis. A superior photocatalytic system employing heterojunction or oxygen vacancy (OVs) can facilitate efficient charge separation and transfer carriers. In this work, well-designed g-C3N4/BiOCOOH heterojunction microflowers assembly incorporated with abundant oxygen vacancy have been successfully synthesized via a mild photo irradiation treatment method. The BiOCOOH coupled with different amounts of g-C3N4 has an obviously impact on photocatalytic CO2 reduction into CO and CH4. Intriguingly, the as-obtained photo-induced oxygen vacancy g-C3N4/BiOCOOH-10 (CNB-10) show further enhanced CO yield towards photocatalytic CO2 reduction compared with pristine g-C3N4/BiOCOOH. Based on comprehensive characterization, the photo induced plenty of OVs in g-C3N4/BiOCOOH via UV light irradiation for 10 min could promote CO2 adsorption capacity as well as separation and transfer of photo-induced carriers, and significantly boost catalytic activity toward CO2 photoreduction. The elevated CO2 photoreduction activity of CNB-10 could be ascribed to the synergic effect of oxygen vacancy and S-scheme heterojunction structure on efficient carrier utilization and visible light absorption. This work can offer new perspectives and guidelines for the rational design of catalysts with satisfactory performance of CO2 reduction.

Synthesis and application of iron sulfide−based materials to activate persulfates for wastewater remediation: a review

Rapid industrial development has led to excessive levels of various contaminants in natural water, which poses a challenge to the innovation of environmental remediation technology. In recent years, iron sulfide and its modified materials have attracted extensive attention in environmental remediation due to their high activity in advanced oxidation processes and widespread existence in anoxic environment. This paper reviewed the latest advances of the synthesis methods for iron sulfide and modified FeS. In addition, the application of persulfate activation by iron sulfide materials (FeS, FeSx, S−ZVI, FeS@Carbon materials and MFexSy) for contaminants remediation is also reviewed, and the enhancement of this system by photo irradiation, ultrasound, and microwave have also been concluded. Additionally, the interaction mechanism of iron sulfide and persulfate with contaminants was reviewed. Based on the above contents, we concluded that the long−term stability of iron sulfide, the toxicity to organisms of iron sulfide materials in the treated water, and the combination of FeS/PS with other assisted technologies should be focused in future.

Hybrid energy harvesting systems for self-powered sustainable water purification by harnessing ambient energy.

The development of self-powered water purification technologies for decentralized applications is crucial for ensuring the provision of drinking water in resource-limited regions. The elimination of the dependence on external energy inputs and the attainment of self-powered status significantly expands the applicability of the treatment system in real-world scenarios. Hybrid energy harvesters, which convert multiple ambient energies simultaneously, show the potential to drive self-powered water purification facilities under fluctuating actual conditions. Here, we propose recent advancements in hybrid energy systems that simultaneously harvest various ambient energies (e.g., photo irradiation, flow kinetic, thermal, and vibration) to drive water purification processes. The mechanisms of various energy harvesters and point-of-use water purification treatments are first outlined. Then we summarize the hybrid energy harvesters that can drive water purification treatment. These hybrid energy harvesters are based on the mechanisms of mechanical and photovoltaic, mechanical and thermal, and thermal and photovoltaic effects. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the potential for advancing beyond the current state-of-the-art of hybrid energy harvester-driven water treatment processes. Future endeavors should focus on improving catalyst efficiency and developing sustainable hybrid energy harvesters to drive self-powered treatments under unstable conditions (e.g., fluctuating temperatures and humidity).

Light and Solvent Effect on Isomerization and Excimer Formation of Pyrene—Schiff Base Conjugate Sensing Aromatic Analytes

AbstractPyrene is a fluorescent polycyclic aromatic compound and it will be fascinating whether its excimer complex can be used for sensing of aromatic analytes. So, (E)‐3,4,5‐tris(dodecyloxy)‐N'‐(pyren‐1‐ylmethylene) benzohydrazide (P@M) is synthesized. The E (trans)‐isomer of P@M exhibits bright fluorescence for excimer formation in non‐aromatic solvents for closeness of pyrene moieties of E‐P@M. Upon photo‐irradiation with λ = 254 nm E‐P@M changes to Z‐P@M (cis ‐isomer) at 10−4 M concentration in methyl cyclohexane (MCH) yielding diminished PL‐intensity. Interestingly, upon photo irradiation with λ = 365 nm, the Z‐isomer of P@M reverts to E‐isomer indicating that, E‐Z isomerization of P@M is reversible in nature. The UV–vis absorption band at 370 nm of E‐P@M in MCH at 10−4 M shifts to 344 nm for its Z‐isomer formation. The thick supramolecular aggregated morphology of E‐P@M changes to flowery needle like morphology after photo irradiation with λ = 254 nm. The fluorescent emission of E‐P@M in MCH is quickly quenched on addition of different aromatic analytes through both static and dynamic path way. In solid state E‐P@M also sense aromatic vapors efficiently via fluorescence quenching.

Photo-catalyst-free photomediated pinacol coupling of ketones/aldehydes by formate at room temperature

In this work, a highly effective metal-free and photo-catalyst-free method for the reductive coupling of carbonyl compounds to produce pinacols using formate under photoirradiation has been reported.

Determination of Picolinic Acid by HPLC Coupled With Postcolumn Photo Irradiation Using Zinc Acetate as a Fluorescent Derivatization Reagent.

For the fluorometric determination of picolinic acid in human serum, HPLC-postcolumn UV irradiation using zinc acetate has been developed. Picolinic acid in serum sample was separated on a Capcell Pak C18. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1 mol/L sodium phosphate solution (adjusted to pH 3.0) containing 3.0 mmol/L zinc acetate and 3.5 mmol/L trimethylamine, and delivered at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/minutes. In order to stabilize the retention time (6.5 minutes), a back pressure tube (0.4 m × 0.13 mm i.d.) was attached after the photoreaction tube. Column effluent was irradiated with ultraviolet light to produce fluorescence, excitation wavelength of 336 nm and emission wavelength of 448 nm. The calibration graph for picolinic acid showed linearity when the amount was in the range of 0.89 to 455 pmol, and the detection limit (S/N = 3) was determined to be 0.30 pmol. The pretreatment of serum sample consisted of deproteinized by perchloric acid, potassium hydroxide, and mobile phase. The mean recovery of picolinic acid from serum was 99.0%. Using this procedure, the concentration of picolinic acid in serum of a healthy subject was determined.

Photoinduced Carbene for Effective Photodynamic Therapy Against Hypoxic Cancer Cells

Photoinduced Carbene for Effective Photodynamic Therapy Against Hypoxic Cancer Cells

Photo-regulated self-assembly and photo-tailored drug-release kinetics from a polymeric supramolecular nanocage

In this work, a polymeric supramolecular nanocage was assembled from a host–guest superamphiphile composed by a comb-like poly-cyclodextrin and azo-functionalized prodrug. The design principle and preparation procedures were interpreted, while in vitro and in vivo experiments were undertaken to prove the concept. The nanocage can achieve a long circulation and slow drug-release kinetics, but the drug-release will be greatly accelerated upon transcutaneous photo irradiation. Hopefully, this work is useful in illustrating the construction of controllable drug-delivery systems employing non-invasive triggers.

Synthesis and Characterization of 2D-WS2 Incorporated Polyaniline Nanocomposites as Photo Catalyst for Methylene Blue Degradation.

2D-WS2 incorporated polyaniline nanocomposites (WS2-PANI) with varying WS2 loadings were synthesized by a facile in situ oxidative polymerization technique which effectively promoted photocatalytic waste-water remediation using methylene blue (MB) as the probe molecules. The physicochemical properties of WS2-PANI (1–5) nanocomposites were investigated using multifarious techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, BET surface area, TGA, FESEM, and HRTEM. An electron microscopy analysis that was performed using HRTEM analysis confirm the layered structure of WS2 with periodic planes (100) separated by 0.27 nm. The photocatalytic performance of the WS2-PANI (1–5) for MB degradation performed under UV photo irradiation clearly showed that 2 wt.% WS2-PANI outperformed other variants with 93% degradation MB within 90 min. Furthermore, the catalytic material was reusable for five cycles without a significant loss of the catalytic performance.

One-step preparation of SnO2-AuNPs as nanocomposites on photoelectrodes to enhance photoelectrochemical detection of nitrite and superoxide

The integration of plasmonic metal nanoparticles and semiconductors improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency. We describe here a simple method for preparing photoelectrodes modified with nanocomposites of tin oxide (SnO2) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). This preparation process is more convenient, economical, and efficient than the previous methods. The nanocomposite of SnO2-AuNPs on indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive glass electrodes enhanced photoelectric conversion and increased conductivity. The electrodes prepared with SnO2-AuNPs nanocomposites were used as photoanodes in photoelectrochemical methods for the determination of nitrite (NO2−) and superoxide radical (O2−). The detection of superoxide radicals was achieved by stoichiometric conversion of superoxide radicals to nitrite, which overcomes a common problem of chemical instability of superoxide radicals. The photoelectrochemical method for the determination of NO2− had a detection limit of 0.1 nmol/L and a linear dynamic range from 10−9 to 10−5 mol/L. The method was successfully used to assess the photochemical generation of O2− by irradiating a photosensitizer, rose bengal (RB). The photoelectrochemical responses increased with the concentration of the photosensitizer and the time of photo irradiation (532 nm) as expected.

Characterization and Cross‐Linking of a Novel Insect Cuticle‐Like Protein with Chitin and Graphene Binding Domains

Chitin and carbon nanotubes can both confer extraordinary physical properties upon polymers that contain them. However, these materials are also highly insoluble in most common organic solvents, making them difficult to utilize without first modifying or functionalizing them, which can alter their properties. Natural organisms produce peptides that utilize or demonstrate affinity for these materials, which can be exploited by designing a protein capable of binding to both chitin and carbon nanotubes and of cross‐linking to form a biopolymer.The conserved 65 amino acid motif called the extended Rebers and Riddiford (R&R) Consensus found in arthropod cuticle proteins has been experimentally confirmed to confer chitin‐binding ability to recombinant proteins that include it. Similarly, a phage‐derived 12 amino acid sequence (P1) has been shown to allow including recombinant proteins to coat and solubilize unfunctionalized carbon nanotubes. This work combines these segments in a single peptide along with flexible linker domains and cross‐linking domains derived from insect cuticle proteins to create a novel double‐binding cuticle protein (DBCP). Cross‐linking can be achieved through [Ru(bpy)3]2+‐mediated photo irradiation, a method showing increased promise for the creation of dityrosine cross‐links between organic molecules. This will allow ligand‐bound proteins to form a stable matrix, capturing chitin and carbon nanotubes to form a resilient biopolymer.DBCP gene was designed and synthesized for use in heterologous expression in BL21 E. coli. Western blotting will confirm the expression and purification of the target protein. Ligand binding ability will be confirmed by solubilization assays introducing ligands to concentrated protein in common solvents. FTIR will further confirm ligand binding ability and the nature of the bonds or attractions involved. Cross‐linking will be induced using [Ru(bpy)3]2+‐mediated photo irradiation.It is anticipated that use of the R&R consensus and P1 phage‐derived peptide in conjunction with resilin cross‐linking domains will create a recombinant protein capable of binding chitin and carbon nanotubes in addition to forming dityrosine cross‐links through [Ru(bpy)3]2+‐mediated photo irradiation, resulting in a more rigid biopolymer with than commonly produced protein hydrogels, expanding the range of possible use‐cases for laboratory‐derived biopolymers.

Synthesis of α-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles By Photolysis Method For Novel Dye-sensitized Solar Cell

The dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a cost-effective and simple-to-implement technology for future energy generation. It has a comparable power conversion efficiency (PCE) to traditional silicon solar cells while having lower material and production costs. α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized by photo irradiation method using complexes solution of iron. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Uv.visable spectroscopy. Results show that nanoparticles have a uniform rhombohedral shape with an 11 to 29 nm average size. The hematite nanoparticles were applied to fabricate a novel Dye solar cell, with an energy conversion efficiency of about 2.5 % by (ITO/ α-Fe2O3 Nps/ Dye (Rhodamine 6 G) /iodine / Ag film / ITO).

Novel Method to Synthesis Fe3O4 Nanoparticles For Novel Dye Solar Cell

In the present work, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized by photo irradiation method using complex solution of iron. The synthesized nanoparticles characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Uv.visable spectroscopy. Results show that nanoparticles have uniform cubic shape with average size of 15 to 24 nm. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles were applied to fabricate novel Dye solar cell which has energy conversion efficiency about 11.5 % by (ITO/ iron oxide NPs / Dye (Rhodamine 6 G) /iodine / Ag film/ ITO).

Of Fe2O3Nanoparticles By Photolysis Method For Novel Dye-sensitized Solar Cell

The dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a cost-effective and simple-to-implement technology for future energy generation. It has a comparable power conversion efficiency (PCE) to traditional silicon solar cells while having lower material and production costs. Fe2O3 nanoparticles were synthesized by photo irradiation method using complexes solution of iron. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Uv.visable spectroscopy. Results show that nanoparticles have a uniform rhombohedral shape with an 11 to 29 nm average size. The hematite nanoparticles were applied to fabricate a novel Dye solar cell, with an energy conversion efficiency of about 2.5 % by (ITO/ ?-Fe2O3 Nps/ Dye (Rhodamine 6 G) /iodine / Ag film / ITO).