Phosphorus Values Research Articles

Growth and physiological response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed a fermented mixture of plant protein sources

This study aimed to assess the effects of diets containing a blend of plant protein sources (cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, and jojoba meal) fermented with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at three different levels (25 %, 50 %, and 75 %) instead of fishmeal (FM) on the growth performance, anti-nutritional factors content, and blood profile response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four experimental diet (33.6 % crude protein) and (18.61 MJ kg−1 gross energy) were formulated. The study included four diets: a control diet, FCSJM-25 %, FCSJM-50 %, FCSJM-75 % which replaced fishmeal based on protein content. Fries (3.53± 0.07 g) were randomly allocated into twelve glass aquaria (180 L capacity) in triplicate per each treatment (25 fish/ aquarium) for 90 days. After the 90-day feeding trial, the results showed that fish fed the control diet, FCSJM-25 %, and FCSJM-50 % had the highest final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, and average daily gain, whereas fish fed FCSJM-75 % had the lowest values for these parameters. The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in fish fed FCSJM-25 % or FCSJM-50 % (P < 0.05). The highest apparent protein digestibility was found in fish fed the control diet or FCSJM-25 %. Diets with FCSJM-25 % had the highest white blood cells (WBCs) values (P < 0.05). Control diet, FCSJM-25 %, and FCSJM-50 % resulted in the highest levels of complement component (C3), C4, growth hormone, and IgM (P < 0.05). However, control diet had the highest triglyceride and HDL levels, while fish fed FCSJM-25 % had the highest levels of LDL (P < 0.05). Fish fed a diet with FCSJM-50 % recorded the highest cholesterol content. The control or FCSJM-25 % diets showed the highest values of creatinine, phosphorus, and calcium (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in ALT, AST, and uric acid among the treatments. The study concluded that FM can be replaced with either FCSJM-25 % and FCSJM-50 % without affecting growth performance and feed utilization.

Hypocalcemia in the Immediate Postoperative Period Following Metabolic Bariatric Surgery - Hype or Harm?

Hypocalcemia post-metabolic bariatric surgery (MBS) is a known long-term complication after hypoabsorptive procedures. However, data on immediate postoperative calcium are limited. Our aim was to evaluate the prevalence of hypocalcemia on the 1st postoperative day after MBS and correlate it with potential associated factors. We analyzed data from all consecutive index MBS over 1 year. We collected data on demographics and on preoperative and postoperative values of serum calcium (TC), albumin, adjusted calcium (AC-Payne formula), magnesium, phosphorus, preoperative vitamin-D, and postoperative 24-h urine output, intravenous fluids (IVF), bolus intravenous furosemide, and creatine phosphokinase (CPK). Continuous data are expressed as means ± SD (range). Categorical data are presented as frequencies (%). Linear regression was implemented to designate potential correlations. The cohort included 86 patients (58.1% females). The mean preoperative TC was 9.4mg/dL ± 0.4 (8.5-10.5) and mean postoperative TC 7.8mg/dL ± 0.6 (6.3-9.3, 17.0% decrease). The mean preoperative AC was 10.1mg/dL ± 0.4 (9.2-11.2) and mean postoperative AC 8.5mg/dL ± 0.6 (7.0-10.0, 15.8% decrease). Seventy-three patients (84.8%) had abnormally low TC (< 8.5mg/dL), and 43 (50%) abnormally low AC. There was only weak correlation between postoperative TC and AC with magnesium (r = 0.258), phosphorus (r = 0.269), vitamin-D (-0.163), 24-h urine output (r = -0.168), IVF (r = -0.237), bolus furosemide (r = 0.155), and mean operative time (r = 0.010). In our cohort of patients, hypocalcemia was a real problem but we did not find any significant correlation with the examined factors. Further studies are warranted to validate our findings and investigate other potential correlations.

Effect of Adding NPK-Chitosan Fertilizer and Organic Matter on phosphorus and potassium content of Corn (Zea mays L.)

A field experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, University of Basrah's research station in Garmat Ali during 2022 agricultural season. The study aimed to investigate the impact of three types of fertilizers (commercial NPK as a control and two types of prepared NPK-Chitosan organic fertilizers) at four addition levels (0, 1, 1.5, and 2 ton ha-1) and two levels of organic matter (0% and 2.5%) on the availability of nitrogen and potassium in loam sandy soil and yield of corn (Zea mays L.). The results indicated a significant effect of fertilizer type on increasing Phosphorus and Potassium Content of corn plant. The highest values of Phosphorus and Potassium Content for corn were 6.15 and 47.07 gm kg-1 respectively for the added fertilizer type. The NPK-Chitosan fertilizer in a 1:3 coating ratio achieved the, 3.62 and 31.01 kg ha-1, respectively, followed by the treatment of NPK-Chitosan fertilizer with a 1:3 mixing ratio and a fertilizer level of 2 tons/ha, which yielded The results showed a significant effect of fertilizer level on increasing Phosphorus and Potassium Content of the corn plants. Phosphorus and Potassium Content increased with higher levels of added fertilizer. The level 2 achieved the highest values of Phosphorus and Potassium Content for the vegetative part corn plants, reaching 2 tons per hectare.4.22 and 37.91 gm kg-1, and with a significant difference from level 1 and 1.5 tons per hectare, level 2 also outperformed level 0 tons per hectare (the control treatment). Similarly, the organic matter showed a significant effect the results indicated a significant interaction between the type and level of fertilizer, as well as the level of added organic matter to the soil, on Phosphorus and Potassium Content of the yellow corn plants. The NPK-Chitosan fertilizer with a 1:3 coating ratio added at the level of 2 tons per hectare outperformed the other treatments, yielding the highest phosphour contentand grain yield.

Mortality predictors in earthquake victims admitted to intensive care unit in Kahramanmaraş earthquakes

BackgroundThe purpose of this study is to report the data for patients followed-up in our intensive care unit due to the 6th February 2023, earthquake in Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye, and to investigate parameters affecting mortality. MethodsThe demographic characteristics of patients followed-up in intensive care due to trauma following the earthquake, the treatments administered, developing complications, lengths of stay in the hospital and intensive care, and laboratory data were scanned retrospectively and recorded. These data were then compared between the surviving and non-surviving patients. ResultsTwenty-six patients, 13 (50 %) male, were followed-up in our intensive care, 24 (92 %) due to being buried under earthquake debris, and 2 (8 %) due to falling from heights. Increased Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) (p = 0.027), higher initial serum potassium (p = 0.043), higher initial serum phosphorus (p = 0.035), higher initial and peak serum magnesium (p = 0.004 and p = 0.001), lower initial and peak bicarbonate (p = 0.021 and p = 0.012) and higher initial and peak serum base deficit values (p = 0.012 and p = 0.009) were associated with mortality. In the subgroup with crush injuries, higher initial and peak serum potassium (p = 0.001 and p = 0.025), higher initial and peak serum magnesium (p = 0.005 and p = 0.004), lower initial and peak bicarbonate (p = 0.019 and p = 0.021) and higher initial and peak serum base deficit values (p = 0.017 and p = 0.025) were associated with mortality. Multiorgan dysfunction failure developed in nine patients, sepsis in seven, dissemine intravascular coagulation in four, and acute respiratory distress syndrome in two. Fasciotomy was performed on 2 (8 %) patients and amputation on 8 (31 %). Extremity injuries were most frequently observed. 10 (38.5 %) of the 12 (46 %) patients developing acute kidney injury required renal replacement therapy. 7 (27 %) patients died during follow-up. In logistic regression analysis, higher SOFA scores, lower initial bicarbonate and BE levels, higher serum initial potassium and magnesium levels were a risk factor for mortality. Higher SOFA scores, lower initial bicarbonate and base deficit and higher initial phosphorus values affected mortality in patients with crush syndrome. ConclusionNot only increased SOFA, serum potassium, serum phosphorus, and serum magnesium, but also decreased bicarbonate, and base deficit were associated with mortality in earthquake victims with crush syndrome in ICU.

#2733 Osteoporosis and CKD-MBD in hemodialysed patients: efficacy and safety of denosumab

Abstract Background and Aims Osteoporosis is a chronic progressive disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue which results in a rapid increase in fracture risk. Osteoporosis in hemodialysed patients with Chronic Kidney Disease – Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) is a debilitating clinical condition with complex therapeutic management. In fact, most of the drugs commonly used to counteract osteoporosis are generally contraindicated when Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is lower than 35 ml/min. Denosumab is approved for the treatment of osteoporosis and does not require dose adjustment in case of impaired renal function. For this reason, since 2014 this drug has been used by nephrologists for the treatment of osteoporotic patients also in hemodialysis. Although the interest and diffusion in this specialized clinical field are growing, only few data are still available in literature. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Denosumab in long-term therapies (up to 68 months of therapy) in hemodialysed patients. Method Since December 2013, a total of 22 hemodialysed patients have been treated with Denosumab annually (4) or semi-annually (18) for up to 68 consecutive months. During the treatment, we monitored the blood levels of calcium, phosphorus, PTH, beta-CrossLaps and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), T-SCORE and fracture risk (FR) using Qualitative UltraSonography (QUS) or Computerized Bone Mineralometry (CBM) every 30 months and every 2 years, respectively. Results 4/22 patients completed at least 48 months of follow-up, observing a substantial stability of the mean values of blood calcium (from 9.09 mg/dl to 8.63 mg/dl) and phosphorus (from 5.2 mg/dl to 4.1 mg/dl), against a reduction in the mean values of B-CrossLaps and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) (respectively from 2975.32 to 1452.75 pg/ml and from 32.09 to 14.58 mcg/L). Comparison of QUS exams demonstrated improved T-score (mean values from −4.71 to −4.17) and reduced fracture risk (mean value from 13% to 8%). The results of the CBMs confirmed the improvement of the bone disease at the lumbar spine (T-score from −3.8 to 2.8 after 2 years of treatment) and the substantial stability of the T-score at the femoral level (from −3.5 to −3.2 after 2 years of treatment). It should be noted that in our samples two patients achieved the longest observation period (68-month follow-up in continuous therapy), in which we observed improvement of the bone disease also at the femoral level compared to the start of treatment (T-score from −3.9 to −2.8 after 48 months of treatment). Only one fracture has been recorded. Conclusion The results obtained confirm efficacy and safety of Denosumab in reducing the risk of fractures, with the improvement of BMD and T-score at the lumbar spine using Computerized Bone Mineralometry (CBM). We underline that close biochemistry monitoring and careful evaluation of the therapeutic procedures before and after Denosumab administration helped us to minimise and promptly correct adverse effects due to hypocalcemia. In addition we are particularly satisfied to report in most patients a significant reduction of pain and an improvement of mobility. The results collected are consistent with acceptable safety and demonstrated efficacy of Denosumab in hemodialysis patients.

#2120 Impact on CKD classification and comorbidities using GFR estimated by European Kidney Function Consortium equation in kidney transplant recipients

Abstract Background and Aims In 2020, European Kidney Function Consortium (EKFC) proposed a new equation that estimates glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in European population. Few studies have compared EKFC with CKDEPI, particularly in kidney transplant (KT) recipients. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) classification by KDIGO is used not only by nephrologists who evaluate more parameters of kidney function, but also by every other specialist who are going to be guided mainly by this stage. Our objective is to compare EKFC equation and CKDEPI in classifying CKD in KT patients and its relationship with associated comorbidities. Method We conduct a retrospective observational study including all KT performed at our centre from 1993 to 2022 with survival greater than one year. We collect creatinine, haemoglobin (Hb), phosphorus (P−), potassium (K+), and bicarbonate (Bic) values at three months and one-year post-transplant. We define anaemia as Hb &amp;lt; 11 g/dl, hyperphosphataemia as serum P− &amp;gt; 4.5 mg/dl, hyperkalaemia as serum K+ &amp;gt; 5 mEq/ml, and acidosis as Bic &amp;lt; 22 mEq/L. We calculate estimated GFR (eGFR) using CKDEPI and EKFC equations, classify CKD stage according to KDIGO, and compare both results in terms of correlation and differences. We use Kappa Coefficient and Chi-Square by contingency tables, and ROC curves with homogeneity test for prediction of these comorbidities. We use SPSS and MedCalc as statistics programs. Results We include 968 KT, with median age at the time of transplant 52.75 year [41.25-61.27]. 294 KT (30.4%) are in women. Comorbidity frequencies are depicted in Table 1. ROC analysis shows no significant differences in predicting acidosis at one year, hyperphosphataemia at any time, hyperkalaemia at 3rd month, anaemia at any time, and composite event at any time. We find significant differences in favour to CKDEPI for acidosis at 3rd month (ΔAUC 0.00575 95% CI [0.00182-0.00969]; p = 0.0042) and for hyperkalaemia at one year (ΔAUC = 0.00853 [0.00161-0.0154]; p = 0.0157). Through contingency tables we compare classification into stages, finding very good agreement based on the Kappa coefficient (κ) but significant differences by Chi-Square. With κ = 0.905, EKFC reclassifies 70 patients, 7.23% overall, but not significantly down nor upstaging (31 vs 39). It reclassifies more men than women: 8.46% vs 4.42%. In 10-year age groups, the largest reclassification occurs in the 70-80 years group, a 17.07% with κ = 0.774, all cases upstaged. At one-year eGFR, contingency tables also show a very good agreement based on κ but significant differences by Chi-Square. EKFC reclassifies 83 KT (κ = 0.887), 8.57% overall. It reclassifies 7.48% women and 9.05% men. In 10-year age groups, the largest reclassification occurs in 20-30 years group with 17.24% (κ = 0.767) and 14.81% in 70-80 years (κ = 0.796). All patients in these groups were upstaged. We resume graphically the reclassification of the groups in Fig. 1, observing how EKFC upstages CKD (worsen CKD stage) in high eGFR stages, and downstages CKD in low eGFR stages. Conclusion Estimation of GFR in KT recipients using the new EKFC equation yields similar results to CKDEPI, showing very good agreement for CKD classification although there is a non-negligible percentage of reclassification, which may be clinically relevant in terms of treatment indications and diagnostic tests. It is to a worse CKD stage in high eGFR and to a better stage in low eGFR, and when EKFC reclassification percentage is greater—in the extreme ages of our cohort—it is always by upstaging. Except for minimal differences which we consider clinically inconsequential, we find no significant differences between both equations in discriminating presence of hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalaemia, anaemia or acidosis.

Interspecific Differences in the Effects of Calcium and Phosphorus Coprecipitation Induced by Submerged Plants on the Water-to-Phosphorus Cycle

The effects of submerged plant-induced calcium and phosphorus coprecipitation on the phosphorus cycle in aquatic environments and interspecific differences are still unclear. Herein, we selected Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Potamogeton crispus L. to construct a sediment–water-submerged plant system. We examined how phosphorus concentrations in the water, sediment, and plant ash changed over time with different phosphorus and calcium treatments and explored the effects of photosynthesis-induced calcium and phosphorus coprecipitation on water’s phosphorus cycle and variations between different submerged plant species. The main results were as follows: (1) The phosphorus reduction in the P. crispus system was less than that in the C. demersum system. (2) P. crispus had higher total ash phosphorus (TAP) values than C. demersum. (3) The sediment total phosphorus (STP) and its fractions with P. crispus were most affected by phosphorus concentration while those with C. demersum were most affected by time. Overall, the two submerged species exhibited different calcium and phosphorus coprecipitation levels and had distinct effects on the water-to-phosphorus cycle. When submerged plants are introduced to reduce and stabilize the phosphorus levels, plant interspecific differences in their induced calcium and phosphorus coprecipitation on water and phosphorus cycling must be fully assessed.

Impact of cropping intensity on soil nitrogen and phosphorus for sustainable agricultural management

Sustainable agriculture plays a critical role in maintaining environmental health and also promotes long-term food security and the preservation of natural resources. We therefore, examined the response of intensified cropping systems over four years across five diverse cropland ecosystems viz. Basmati rice-Wheat-Cowpea, Basmati Rice-Potato-Wheat-Mixed Fodder (Maize + Cowpea + Charni), Basmati Rice-KnolKhol-Potato-Greengram, Basmati Rice-Radish-Green onion-French bean vegetable-Okra, and Rice-Fenugreek-KnolKhol-Green Onion-Dry Onion-Black gram to assess the changes in substrate availability and fertilizer application on nitrogen and phosphorus pools. Soil samples were collected from three different depths (0–5 cm, 5–15 cm, and 15–30 cm) during the kharif season. Significant results were observed in the mean values of mineralizable nitrogen, total nitrogen, ammonical nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and soil microbial biomass nitrogen at the 0–5 cm depth, with the highest values recorded under Rice-Fenugreek-KnolKhol-Green Onion-Dry Onion-Black gram. At the soil depth of 0–5 cm, available phosphorus and labile organic phosphorus exhibited significant differences, with the highest values observed in Basmati Rice-Potato-Wheat-Mixed Fodder. Moderately labile phosphorus reached its maximum values under T2 at both 0–5 cm, and at 5–15 cm depths. The peak values of non-labile organic phosphorus were found in T4 (Basmati Rice-Radish-Green onion-French bean vegetable-Okra) at the 0–5 cm soil depth. On a regional scale, the results suggest that more diversified cropping systems hold promise as sustainable agricultural practices that support nitrogen and phosphorus retention, contributing to overall soil sustainability.

Influencing factors on regeneration and seedling survival prediction in Larix principis‐rupprechtii plantations in northern China

AbstractThe natural regeneration of forest ecosystems is crucial for their sustainability, but uncertainties have impeded the regeneration of some tree species. Identifying influencing factors and effective strategies to enhance seedling survival and growth is essential. We investigated factors affecting the natural regeneration of Larix principis‐rupprechtii and provided insights into seedling survival and growth. Eighteen artificial L. principis‐rupprechtii forest plots were established and monitored for 3 years. A logistic regression analysis and generalized linear models were used to investigate the influence of stand age, diameter at ground level, height, and other microhabitat factors on seedling regeneration. The microhabitat factors significantly influenced the overall L. principis‐rupprechtii regeneration density, as well as the density and growth of regenerated trees in different height classes. The area under the curve values for total nitrogen (0.796), total phosphorus (0.726), soil moisture (0.759), and litter thickness (0.633) were the highest, indicating a significant impact on the survival rate and mortality of the seedlings. Among these values, total nitrogen sensitivity (0.857) and specificity (0.810) were the highest, and the optimal threshold was 0.940. The survival rate decreased with increasing forest age, and the stands aged 4–7 years with a height of 1–2.5 m and a diameter at the ground level of approximately 2 cm constituted a relatively vulnerable and critical set of conditions for the survival of L. principis‐rupprechtii seedlings. The model showed that at 12 years old, L. principis‐rupprechtii trees were no longer vulnerable to mortality. The Kaplan–Meier model predicted future seedling survival through the construction of the comprehensive influence value and the measured seedling survival number. The model can be used to evaluate the survival rate for the final regeneration of a species, and targeted artificial seeding or replanting can improve the proportion of seedlings that survive. Our findings contribute to elucidating the factors affecting the natural regeneration of forest species and provide valuable insights for the development of effective regeneration strategies.

Design of a floating cage prototype with organic waste collector (food remains and excreta), produced by trout farming in lake Titicaca, Perú

InLake Titicaca, Peru, trout farming in floating cages has been a valuable opportunity for Andean residents, offering food and self-employment. However, this method has generated environmental problems by contaminating the bottom of the lake with large amounts of organic waste, such as excreta and remains of balanced feed. To address this challenge, a floating cage prototype was designed with an integrated organic waste collector, along with a vertical static settler and pump system. The objective of the research work was to mitigate the pollution of Lake Titicaca caused by the consumption of balanced feed in trout farming. A collecting cage model was built that trapped a significant amount of organic waste. 7 600 rainbow trout weighing an average of 800 g were used, fed with 300kg day-1of balanced feed ad libitum for 30 days. After 16 hours from the feed supply, an average accumulation of organic waste of 6.9 ± 0.98 kg day-1was observed, which was transported to the settler using an electric pump. A water quality analysis was carried out, finding values of total phosphorus (TP) of 1.316 ± 0.059 mg L-1, total nitrogen (TN) of 0.013 ± 0.001 mg L-1 and total organic matter (MOT) of 55.60 ± 0.30 mg L-1. L in the water column in the growing area. In conclusion, the design of the collecting cage proved to be an effective alternative to avoid the accumulation of organic waste at the bottom of the lake, and the recovered waste can be used as agricultural fertilizer, adding value to the process.

Using Bottom Marine Sediments as Environmental Indicator State of (Tolmaitha – Toukra) Region at Eastern North Coast of Libya

This study was carried out on sediment samples collected from the region extended between Tolmaitha and Toukra towns at (Libya) North eastern coast. The study aimed to use the marine sediment as indicator pollution of the studied area. Different heavy metals of (Fe‚ Mn‚ Zn‚ Cu‚ pb‚ Cd‚ Co and Cr) beside the organic matter (O.M)‚ Total phosphorus (T.P) and total nitrogen (T.N) were determined. The results showed variations in concentrations of total phosphorus (T.P) contents and ranged between (0.0037-0.319 ppm) and (0.007-0.240 ppm) during winter and summer seasons‚ respectively. The total nitrogen contents were fluctuated in the ranges of (0.0017-0.370 ppm) and (0.014 – 710ppm) during winter and summer seasons‚ respectively. Also the results showed that the organic matter (O.M) values were ranged between (0.072-0.720%) and (0.097-0.502%) during winter and summer seasons‚ respectively. The contents of heavy metals in sediment samples during summer season were ranged as follows:(16.5 – 398.1 µg/g)¸ (10.436 – 33.879 µg/g)¸ (13.8 – 287.6 µg/g)¸ (0.78 – 31.56 µg/g)¸ (1.34 – 46.72 µg/g)¸ (2.36 – 128.76 µg/g)¸ (9.15 – 28.16 µg/g)¸ (2.17 – 323.41 µg/g) ¸ for Fe¸ Mn¸ Zn¸ Cu¸ Pb¸ Cd¸ Co¸ and Cr¸ respectively. The results showed high values of calcium in the studied sediment samples compared to the potassium and sodium contents. The results of the studied gave indication that area under investigated contain high values of heavy metals, total phosphorus and total nitrogen, this is mainly attribute to the human activities at the studied locations.

Evaluation of Immunoglobulin’s, Biochemical and Hematological Parameters in Children with Celiac Disease

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune illness which has affected about 1% of the population and it has appeared due to gluten intolerance in genetically susceptible people. The current study was designed to determine the level of immunoglobulin IgA and IgG in children with celiac disease and to estimate their impact on biochemical and hematological parameters. The current study was conducted on 120 subjects, including 60 blood samples were collected from diagnosed celiac disease children aged less than 12 years along with 60 healthy control subjects of same age range. The results of the present study have shown a statistically significant difference between celiac disease patients and control group. Value of immunoglobulin IgA in CD patients was 205.98 ± 181.48 U/ml as compared to the control group i.e. 4.18 ± 1.77 U/ml which showed a statistically significant difference. The mean value of immunoglobulin IgG in patients was 77.21 ± 71.35 U/ml as compared to the control group i.e. 6.13 ± 1.33 U/ml which showed a statistically significant difference. The mean value of Serum alkaline Phosphatase in patients was 382.58 ± 114.99 U/L as associated to the control group i.e. 265.75 ± 65.2 U/L which showed a statistically significant change. The mean value of serum phosphorus in CD patients was 4.64 ± 1.01 mg/dL as compared to the control group i.e. 3.85 ± 0.55 mg/dL which showed a statistically significant difference. It has been concluded from the above results that in most of the cases of CD the values of serum IgA, serum IgG, serum alkaline phosphate, serum calcium, serum phosphorus and hemoglobin values can prove important clinical diagnostic markers for celiac disease which would ultimately be helpful in the management of this life-threatening disease.

Effects of Brassinosteroid Hormone on Chemical Composition of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) under Salt Stress

Following the scientific management of organic manure (poultry) may contribute to reducing environmental pollution and human health, as the current study was conducted with the aim of recycling poultry manure accumulated in the field of poultry farming at the research station - Faculty of Agriculture - Karma site and the impact of varying fermentation durations on organic manure, specifically animal (poultry manure) fermented by different fermentation methods and its impact on the rest of the factors to produce highly decomposed organic manure free of pathogens. Several traditional fermentation methods (compost and water immersion) were followed. and modern (bioreactor), and for a fermentation period of 90 days with an estimate of most of the qualitative characteristics of the organic manure produced and within periods of 15 - 30 - 45 - 60 - 75 - 90 days. The results of the experiment of incubation of poultry manure showed that all the studied traits have changed with the progress of fermentation time and in the same direction, the results demonstrated that fermentation in the bioreactor unit has given the highest values of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and potassium 32.53, 16.72, 20.86, g.kg-1 for the elements mentioned sequentially, while the lowest values of pH 6.68 and C/N ratio 9.96 compared to other fermentation methods.

Effect of fermentation periods of poultry manure on its characteristics when fermented with different ways

Following the scientific management of organic manure (poultry) may contribute to reducing environmental pollution and human health, as the current study was conducted with the aim of recycling poultry manure accumulated in the field of poultry farming at the research station - Faculty of Agriculture - Karma site and the impact of varying fermentation durations on organic manure, specifically animal (poultry manure) fermented by different fermentation methods and its impact on the rest of the factors to produce highly decomposed organic manure free of pathogens. Several traditional fermentation methods (compost and water immersion) were followed. and modern (bioreactor), and for a fermentation period of 90 days with an estimate of most of the qualitative characteristics of the organic manure produced and within periods of 15 - 30 - 45 - 60 - 75 - 90 days. The results of the experiment of incubation of poultry manure showed that all the studied traits have changed with the progress of fermentation time and in the same direction, the results demonstrated that fermentation in the bioreactor unit has given the highest values of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and potassium 32.53, 16.72, 20.86, g.kg-1 for the elements mentioned sequentially, while the lowest values of pH 6.68 and C/N ratio 9.96 compared to other fermentation methods.

Phosphorus stoichiometric homeostasis of submerged macrophytes and associations with interspecific interactions and community stability in Erhai Lake, China

According to stoichiometric homeostasis theory, eutrophication is expected to increase the dominance of submerged macrophytes with low homeostatic regulation coefficients (H) relative to those with high H values, ultimately reducing macrophyte community stability. However, empirical evidence supporting this hypothesis is limited. In this study, we conducted a three-year tracking survey (seven sampling events) at 81 locations across three regions of Erhai Lake. We assessed the H values of submerged macrophyte species, revealing significant H values for phosphorus (P) and strong associations of HP values (range: 1.58–2.94) with species and community stability. Moreover, in plots simultaneously containing the dominant high-HP species, Potamogeton maackianus, and its low-HP counterpart, Ceratophyllum demersum, we explored the relationships among eutrophication, interspecific interaction shifts, and community dynamics. As the environmental P concentration increased, the dominance of P. maackianus decreased, while that of C. demersum increased. This shift coincided with reductions in community HP and stability. Our study underpins the effectiveness of H values for forecasting interspecific interactions among submerged macrophytes, thereby clarifying how eutrophication contributes to the decline in stability of the submerged macrophyte community.

Liquid Organic Fertilizer Produced from Innards Waste of Catfish (Pangasius djambal) by Using Fermentative Microbes (EM4) and Molasses

Liquid organic fertilizer is a liquid fertilizer yielded from the decomposition of organic materials derived from varied wastes which contain more than one nutrient element. The study was aimed to determine the quality of liquid organic fertilizer made from catfish innards waste by adding fermentative microbes (EM4) and molasses. The research method used was experimental with different formulation consisting of 0% EM4 + 30% molasses (K1), 30% EM4 + 0% molasses (K2), 20% EM4 + 20% molasses (P1), 30% EM4 + 30% molasses (P2), and 40% EM4 + 40% molasses (P3). The percentage is calculated from the total weight of all raw materials used. Parameters measured include yield, pH, total lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium. The results showed that the best value for yield was shown in K2 at 34.73%, the pH value in P3 at 5.10, total amount of LAB in P3 at 2.104 cfu/g, the value of Nitrogen (N) in P3 at 4.30%, the value of Phosphorus (P2O5) in P3 at 0.41%, and the value of Potassium (K2O) in P3 at 3.11 ppm. It is possible to increase the content of phosphorus and potassium by adding with EM4 and molasses more than 40% each.

Doum Palm Meal (Hyphaene Thebaica) and Partial Maize Substitution: Impact on The Blood Biochemical Indicators of Weaned Pigs

This study looked at how weaned pigs' blood biochemical indicators were affected when doum palm meal (DPM) was used in part lieu of maize. After being weaned at 28 days of age and weighing 7.40 ± 0.09 kg at birth, fifty Landrace × Duroc crossbred pigs were divided into divisions based on their body weights and given five distinct experimental diets. Over the course of a ninety-day fully randomized design experiment. Diets 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were fed 0 %, 5 %, 10 %, 15 %, and 20 % DPM in place of maize. The NRC (2012) states that the experimental diet satisfied the pigs' needs, and clean water was provided daily and at will. DPM had the following elements: manganese (0.91 mg/100g), zinc (0.72 mg/100g), copper (0.35 mg/100g), iron (5.60 mg/100g), calcium (371.20 mg/100g), potassium (966.31 mg/100g), phosphorus (206.19 mg/100g), magnesium (150.67 mg/100g), and zinc. The values of total serum protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine, alanine phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and bicarbonate were not affected (P˃0.05) by the treatments, with the exception of the glucose level, which was higher (P˂0.05) in D1 than in the other treatments. It has been shown that DPM can partially replace up to 20% of maize without causing metabolic problems or adversely influencing the health of the animals.

Assessment of Soil Fertility Status of the Soils of KVK -Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

The present study was undertaken to assess the soil fertility status of the soils of KVK Muzaffarnagar. Soil samples were collected from two depths viz., 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm and analysed for various soil properties. Results revealed that soils were sandy loam in texture, neutral to slightly alkaline in reaction, non-saline and low in soil organic carbon content. Mean values of CEC, SOC, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and available sulphur were 11.22 and 9.62 C mol (p+) kg-1, 0.17 and 0.13 g kg-1, 260.16 and 208.14 kg ha-1, 30.86 and 27.30 kg ha-1, 100.94 and 107.89 kg ha-1 and 13.51 and 12.84 kg ha-1 recorded at 0-15cm and 15-30 cm depth, respectively. The mean of DTPA extractable zinc, DTPA extractable iron, DTPA extractable manganese and DTPA extractable copper were 0.28 and 0.31 mg kg-1, 0.97 and 1.22 mg kg-1, 2.14 and 1.78 mg kg-1 and 0.23 and 0.19 mg kg-1 recorded surface and sub-surface depths, respectively. Soils are low in available nitrogen and potassium and medium in available phosphorus status. Cationic micronutrients such as iron, copper and zinc contents were found deficient in range, whereas manganese content was found to be sufficient.

Effects of Exogenous Organic Acids on the Soil Metabolites and Microbial Communities of Panax notoginseng from the Forest Understory

Panax notoginseng (Sanqi) is a precious traditional Chinese medicine that is commonly cultivated using conventional management methods in agricultural systems in Yunnan, China, where it faces the challenge of continuous cropping obstacles (CCOs). However, the existence of Sanqi CCOs in Sanqi–pine agroforestry systems remains unclear. Here, we applied three types of exogenous organic acids (phthalic acid, palmitic acid, and phthalic + palmitic mixed organic acids) mainly derived from the root exudates of Sanqi to simulate the CCOs; then, we compared the effects on plant growth, soil physicochemical properties, soil microbes, and soil metabolites. We found that organic acid concentrations of &gt;250 mg/kg reduced the fresh weight of Sanqi and the levels of total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, soil water content, total phosphorus, and pH value; these concentrations also increased the soil bacterial and fungal α-diversity. The type of organic acid, as opposed to the concentration and duration of treatment, had a vital impact on the structure of the bacterial and fungal community in Sanqi soils. Moreover, the organic acid concentrations of &gt;250 mg/kg also decreased the complexity and stability of the bacterial and fungal network. In addition, the metabolic pathways in the soils under different organic acids included 17 differential metabolites (DMs), which were involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis. The structural equation models (SEMs) revealed that plant growth, soil edaphic factors, and soil metabolites had direct or indirect influences on soil microbial communities under different organic acid conditions. Our results suggest that any phthalic or palmitic acid concentrations at concentrations &gt;250 mg/kg are detrimental to multiple aspects of Sanqi cultivation, confirming the presence of Sanqi CCOs in Sanqi–pine agroforestry systems.

Bone metabolism in children with normal weight and overweight/obesity in a northeastern region of Spain.

Bone mass progressively increases to peak during childhood and adolescence, which determines future bone health. Bone formation-resorption processes are assessed using bone markers. However, studies on the impact of obesity on bone turnover markers at this age are limited, and results are inconsistent. The objective of this study was to examine the potential impact of overweight/obesity on bone metabolism. A study was performed to compare parameters of bone metabolism in 45 girls and boys with normal weight (controls) and in a group of 612 girls and boys with overweight/obesity (cases) from the Exergames study (University of Zaragoza). Ages ranged from 8 to 12 years. Higher values of phosphorus and IGFBP-3 were observed in children with overweight/obesity, as compared to children with normal weight, (p=0.042) and (p=0.042), respectively. BAP, osteocalcin, magnesium, vitamin D and IGF-I concentrations were lower in the group with overweight/obesity, whereas calcium concentrations were higher in this group, although differences were not statistically significant. A negative correlation was found (r=-0.193) (p=0.049) between BAP and BMI. Although differences did not reach statistical significance, BAP and osteocalcin concentrations were lower in children with overweight/obesity. This added to the negative correlation found between BAP and MIC may demonstrate that overweight/obesity may negatively affect bone health already at a young age.