Phosphorus-doped Porous Carbon Research Articles

High-performance electrosorption of lanthanum ion by Mn3O4-loaded phosphorus-doped porous carbon electrodes via capacitive deionization

Transition-metal-oxide@heteroatom doped porous carbon composites have attracted considerable research interest because of their large theoretical adsorption capacity, excellent electrical conductivity and well-developed pore structure. Herein, Mn3O4-loaded phosphorus-doped porous carbon composites (Mn3O4@PC-900) were designed and fabricated for the electrosorption of La3+ in aqueous solutions. Due to the synergistic effect between Mn3O4 and PC-900, and the active sites provided by Mn–O–Mn, C/PO, C–P–O and Mn–OH, Mn3O4@PC-900 exhibits high electrosorption performance. The electrosorption value of Mn3O4@PC-900 was 45.34% higher than that of PC-900, reaching 93.02 mg g−1. Moreover, the adsorption selectivity reached 87.93% and 89.27% in La3+/Ca2+ and La3+/Na+ coexistence system, respectively. After 15 adsorption-desorption cycles, its adsorption capacity and retention rate were 50.34 mg g−1 and 54.12%, respectively. The electrosorption process is that La3+ first accesses the pores of Mn3O4@PC-900 to generate an electric double layer (EDL), and then undergoes further Faradaic reaction with Mn3O4 and phosphorus-containing functional groups through intercalation, surface adsorption and complexation. This work is hoped to offer a new idea for exploring transition-metal-oxide @ heteroatom doped porous carbon composites for separation and recovery of rare earth elements (REEs) by capacitive deionization.

Phosphorus-doped porous carbon particles based on biomass for efficient adsorption performance of Cu2+ and Zn2+ from aqueous solutions: thermodynamics, isotherms, kinetics, and mechanism

Phosphorus-doped porous carbon particles based on biomass for efficient adsorption performance of Cu2+ and Zn2+ from aqueous solutions: thermodynamics, isotherms, kinetics, and mechanism

Molybdenum Phosphide Quantum Dots Encapsulated by P/N-Doped Carbon for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Acid and Alkaline Electrolytes.

A facile and eco-friendly strategy is presented for synthesizing novel nanocomposites, with MoP quantum dots (QDs) as cores and graphitic carbon as shells, these nanoparticles are dispersed in a nitrogen and phosphorus-doped porous carbon and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) substrates (MoP@NPC/CNT). The synthesis involves self-assembling reactions to form single-source precursors (SSPs), followed by pyrolysis at 900 °C in an inert atmosphere to obtain MoP@NPC/CNT-900. The presence of carbon layers on the MoP QDs effectively prevents particle aggregation, enhancing the utilization of active MoP species. The optimized sample, MoP@NPC/CNT-900, exhibits remarkable electrocatalytic activity and durability for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). It demonstrates a low overpotential of 155 mV at 10 mA cm-2 , a small Tafel slope of 76 mV dec-1 , and sustained performance over 20 hours in 0.5 M H2 SO4 . Furthermore, the catalyst shows excellent activity in 1 M KOH, with a relatively low overpotential of 131 mV and long-term durability under constant current input. The exceptional HER activity can be attributed to several factors: the superior performance of MoP QDs, the large surface area and good conductivity of the carbon substrates, and the synergistic effect between MoP and carbon species.

Preparation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Doped Porous Carbon from Watermelon Peel as Supercapacitor Electrode Material.

The use of green and sustainable biomass-derived compounds to obtain excellent electrochemical properties is important to address growing environmental and energy issues. In this paper, cheap and abundant watermelon peel was used as a raw material to successfully synthesize nitrogen-phosphorus double-doped bio-based porous carbon by a one-step carbonization method and explore it as a renewable carbon source for low-cost energy storage devices. The supercapacitor electrode exhibited a high specific capacity of 135.2 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g in a three-electrode system. A variety of characterization methods and electrochemical tests indicate that porous carbon prepared by this simple method has great potential as electrode materials for supercapacitors.

P-Doping a Porous Carbon Host Promotes the Lithium Storage Performance of Red Phosphorus.

Red phosphorus (RP) is a promising anode material for use in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical specific capacity (2596 mA h g-1). However, the practical use of RP-based anodes has been challenged by the material's low intrinsic electrical conductivity and poor structural stability during lithiation. Here, we describe a phosphorus-doped porous carbon (P-PC) and disclose how the dopant improves the Li storage performance of RP that was incorporated into the P-PC (designated as RP@P-PC). P-doping porous carbon was achieved using an in situ method wherein the heteroatom was added as the porous carbon was being formed. The phosphorus dopant effectively improves the interfacial properties of the carbon matrix as subsequent RP infusion results in high loadings, small particle sizes, and uniform distribution. In half-cells, an RP@P-PC composite was found to exhibit outstanding performance in terms of the ability to store and utilize Li. The device delivered a high specific capacitance and rate capability (1848 and 1111 mA h g-1 at 0.1 and 10.0 A g-1, respectively) as well as excellent cycling stability (1022 mA h g-1 after 800 cycles at 2.0 A g-1). Exceptional performance metrics were also measured when the RP@P-PC was used as an anode material in full cells that contained lithium iron phosphate as the cathode material. The methodology described can be extended to the preparation of other P-doped carbon materials that are employed in contemporary energy storage applications.

Boosting polysulfide capture and redox conversion by functional separator combined with porous hosts for advanced Li-S batteries

Large-scale applications of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are hampered by the notorious ‘shuttle effect’ of lithium polysulfides (LiPS) and their sluggish redox kinetics. Herein, advanced sulfur host materials and multi-functional separator are proposed to collaboratively address these conundrums. The phosphorus-doped porous carbon (PPC) with a specific surface of 2131.5 m2/g was prepared as a sulfur host material in combination with a multi-step heat treatment. The PPC with high concentration of phosphorus doping, large surface area and reasonable pore sizes can improve the chemical adsorption of soluble polysulfides. The three-dimensional TiN/polyimide (PI) composite separator (TiN/PI) was prepared via electrospinning and stepwise imidization. The high affinity of the polar imide group in PI greatly improves the wettability of electrolytes, while the highly porous interconnected fibrous structure facilitates the fast transportation of Li+. Besides, the TiN nanoparticles can effectively inhibit the LiPS shuttle and stimulate the LiPS conversion. Consequently, the Li-S battery combining a PPC/S cathode and a TiN/PI separator offers a satisfactory performance of 630 mAh/g at 1.0C after 140cycles. This work provides a low-cost, facile and controllable method to design functional components for Li-S batteries.

Fabrication of phosphorus doping porous carbon derived from bagasse for highly-efficient removal of La3+ ions via capacitive deionization

Heteroatom doping is an effective method to improve the electrochemical properties of carbon materials. In this work, the bagasse-based phosphorus-doped porous carbon (PC-900) was prepared by phytic acid as activator and phosphorus dopant under hydrothermal conditions, which is evaluated for removal of La3+ in water via capacitive deionization (CDI) technology. The influence of working voltage and initial concentration of La3+ solution on the CDI process were analyzed. The results show that the activation of phytic acid promotes the formation of the well-developed microporous and mesoporous composite structure, and successfully achieved P-doping of porous carbon, which is essential for improving the electrosorption performance of La3+. The adsorption value is as high as 88.89 mg g−1 at the optimal working voltage of 1.8 V, which is 86% higher than that of un-doped carbon. Furthermore, PC-900 has also excellent selective behavior for La3+ in the La3+/Na+ and La3+/Ca2+ co-existence system, and the selection rate can reach 94.08% and 90.98%. The analysis of electrochemistry and capacitance contribution theory shows that PC-900 has pseudocapacitance and ideal electric double layers (EDLs) behavior. P-doping is conductive to enhance EDLs adsorption and introduce Faraday adsorption active sites such as C-P-O, C-P=O and P-O-P. Under the coordination and electrostatic attraction of these active sites, PC-900 exhibits excellent electrosorption capacity. Driven by the electric field, La3+ can not only enter the pore structure of PC-900 to form EDLs, but also form P2-O−(La3+) and La-O-P with surface groups through Faraday reaction. Phosphorus-doped porous carbon shows broad prospects for separation of rare earths in the application of CDI technology.

A stable nanosilver decorated phosphorene nanozyme with phosphorus-doped porous carbon microsphere for intelligent sensing of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine

Nanozyme based on the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) decorated highly water-oxygen stable phosphorene (BP) nanohybrid with phosphorus-doped porous carbon microspheres (P-PCMs) is applied as an intelligent sensing platform for the electrochemical detection of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage in human urine sample. The density functional theory (DFT) is use for investigating the effect of silver on the conductivity level of BP and discussing a possible mechanism for the electrocatalytic oxidation of 8-OHdG. The Ag+ is in-situ reduced as AgNPs that grows onto the BP surface for the controllable preparation of BP-AgNPs with effective surface passivation among different metal ions decorated BP. P-PCMs with 4.9-fold enhancement in specific surface area (1636.73 m2 g−1) are prepared by hydrothermal carbonization of α-cyclodextrin as carbon sources, then calcinate in the presence of phosphoric acid as an activator and dopant. P-PCMs-BP-AgNPs are prepared by the ultrasound-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation with the addition of Ag+, and both P-PCMs and black phosphorus crystals are sufficiently grinded. The P-PCMs-BP-AgNPs nanohybrid displays good long-term water-oxygen stability, extraordinary specific surface area, superior electrocatalytic capacity with 303-fold enhancement, enzyme-like characteristics with Imax of 100 μA and Km of 29 μM. The machine learning (ML) model with artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm is employed for the intelligent output of 8-OHdG in real sample with acceptable recovery in work range from 0.2 to 125 μM.

Synthesis and electrochemical study of phosphorus-doped porous carbon for supercapacitor applications

In the present investigation, we report the incorporation of phosphorous (P) atoms in the activated carbon and study its effect on the electrochemical performance. Porous carbon is synthesized by the chemical activation method from a bioresource and then pretreated with nitric acid. Phosphorus atoms were doped by the simple chemical method. The obtained phosphorous-doped nano-materials show an appreciable change of porosity and creation of a more wide range of meso- and macropores, and this affects their adsorption and electrochemical performance. The electrochemical study shows that doped carbon obtained at 850 °C (ACtP-850) delivers the maximum specific capacitance (328 Fg−1) in neutral aqueous electrolyte (1 M Na2SO4). The doped carbon material not only exhibits good cycling performance but also the highest specific energy of 29 Wh kg−1 corresponding to a specific power of 646 W kg−1. The improved capacitive performance of phosphorous-doped porous carbon material proposes its use in energy storage applications.

Highly dispersed MoP encapsulated in P-doped porous carbon boosts polysulfide redox kinetics of lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur batteries have been considered as a promising next-generation battery system because of their high theoretical energy density and natural abundance of sulfur. However, the loss of active material and the sluggish kinetics of polysulfide severely hinder the large-scale application. Herein, the highly dispersed MoP nanocrystallites encapsulated in phosphorus-doped porous carbon (MoP@PC) is successfully synthesized by metal organic framework–derived strategy. As a polysulfide reservoir, MoP@PC can efficiently capture and convert polysulfides by constructing a well-designed adsorption-conversion cooperative interface to enhance kinetics. Typically, the lithium-sulfur cell with a MoP@PC reservoir exhibits an initial specific capacity of 1158 mA h g-1 at 0.5 C and an enhanced sulfur utilization of 17% (285 mA h g-1). The present strategy provides applicable guidelines for synthesizing other highly dispersed transition metal compounds and optimizing the reaction interface of electrocatalyst material for lithium-sulfur battery.

A sheet-like MOF-derived phosphorus-doped porous carbons for supercapacitor electrode materials

The phosphorus-doped carbon materials were pyrolyzed by MOFs possessing unparalleled qualities and have been extensively reported as competitive candidates in the field of supercapacitor. In this work, the phosphorus doped and sheet-like porous carbon materials (P-C-600) are prepared through thermal treatment of Co-MOF powders. The carbon materials were explored as supercapacitor electrode synergistically benefit from sheet-like microstructure and originally abundant phosphorus in precursor, showing good rate performance because of its fast ion transmission paces. The phosphorus-doped porous carbon microsheets give rise to a higher supercapacitor capacitances 168 F·g−1 at the current densities of 1.0 A·g−1, after 3000 charge-discharge cycles at 20 A·g−1, the P-C-600-based electrode preserves about 97% capacitance of the first cycles.

Facile synthesis of pinecone biomass-derived phosphorus-doping porous carbon electrodes for efficient electrochemical salt removal

Electrochemical salt removal performance from water is greatly affected by the characteristics of porous carbon electrode materials. Nevertheless, facile eco-friendly synthesis of electrode materials with low cost for efficient salt electrosorption performance is still a huge challenge. Here, we readily prepared phosphorus-doped porous carbon derived from pinecones (PPCP), an abundant biomass waste, by using H3PO4 as the activating agent at appropriate activation temperature. The PPCP samples displayed an increase of the specific surface area and pore volume with rising activation temperature (700 − 900 °C). It has been demonstrated that the PPCP800 electrode displayed the highest specific capacitance due to relatively high specific surface area and degree of graphization, superior porous structure, the highest phosphorus content and lowest charge transfer resistance. Besides, the PPCP800 electrode displayed a high deionization capacity of 14.62 mg g−1 at 1.2 V in 1000 mg L−1 NaCl solution with the fastest salt removal rate. Furthermore, the prepared PPCP800 electrode exhibited good reproducibility in long-term consecutive operation. Hence, the phosphorus-doped porous carbons derived from pinecones might be promising candidates for capacitive deionization applications.

Preparation of phosphorus-doped porous carbon for high performance supercapacitors by one-step carbonization.

Biomass-derived porous carbon has received increasing attention as an energy storage device due to its cost-effectiveness, ease of manufacture, environmental friendliness, and sustainability. In this work, phosphorus-doped porous carbon was prepared from biomass sawdust (carbon source) and a small amount of phosphoric acid (P-doping source and gas expanding agent) by one-step carbonization. For comparison, parallel studies without phosphate treatment were performed under the same conditions. Benefiting from the addition of phosphoric acid, the prepared carbon material has higher carbon yield, higher specific area and micropore volume. Due to the heteroatom doping of P in the carbon material, the optimized PC-900 sample not only exhibits high specific capacitances of 292 F g−1 and 169.4 F g−1 at current densities of 0.1 A g−1 and 0.5 A g−1, respectively, but also excellent cycle longevity (98.3% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles) in 1 M H2SO4. In addition, the supercapacitor exhibits a high energy density of 10.6 W h kg−1 when the power density is 224.8 W kg−1 at a discharge current density of 0.5 A g−1. This work proposes a sustainable strategy to reuse waste biomass in high-performance and green supercapacitors for advanced energy storage equipment.

Phosphorus-doped porous hollow carbon nanorods for high-performance sodium-based dual-ion batteries

Phosphorus-doped hollow carbon nanorods with high electronic conductivity can maintain excellent structural stability and endow outstanding electrochemical performance in sodium-based dual-ion batteries.

Phosphorus-doped porous carbon nitride for efficient sole production of hydrogen peroxide via photocatalytic water splitting with a two-channel pathway

The P-doped porous carbon nitride achieves photocatalytic water splitting via a two-channel pathway (water oxidation/oxygen reduction reactions) with high H2O2 yield of 1968 μmol g−1 h−1 under room temperature and normal pressure without sacrificial agent and cocatalyst.

Phosphorus-doped porous biomass carbon with ultra-stable performance in sodium storage and lithium storage

In this paper, phosphorus-doped porous carbon was obtained via a simple method with leaves as raw materials, and its broad application prospects in sodium-ion and lithium-ion battery were proved. The effect of different mass ratios on microstructure and properties were investigated. Phosphorus-doped porous carbon has high specific surface area and pore volume, which is favorable for contact with electrolyte and transportation of electron/ion. Meanwhile, doping of phosphorus increases layer spacing of carbon lattice and enhances adsorption of sodium ion, which are more conducive to the storage of sodium ions. Based on above advantages, PC-3 has stable and fast sodium-ion and lithium-ion storage performance with capacity of 310.4 mAh g−1 for sodium-ion battery and 723.4 mAh g−1 for lithium-ion battery after 200 cycles. Furthermore, carbonization temperature of this method is lower than other reports, saving energy and having better practical value.

Preparation and electrochemical studies of electrospun phosphorus doped porous carbon nanofibers.

An ultra-facile fabrication process for the preparation of phosphorus doped porous carbon nanofibers (P-PCNFs) through the electrospinning and heat treatment method has been studied. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Studies showed that fabricated P-PCNFs have unique porous fibers structures, large specific surface area (462.83 cm2 g−1), and abundant microporous and mesoporous structures. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses revealed that the contents of phosphorus and electrochemical properties in a series of P-PCNF samples can be tuned by controlling the polyphosphoric acid concentration. The electrochemical properties of the materials were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge–discharge, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Studies showed that the specific capacitance of the fabricated P-PCNFs using the ultra-facile process reached up to 228.7 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 in 1 M H2SO4. Over 84.37% of the initial capacitance remains as the current density increases from 0.5 to 10 A g−1. Meanwhile, at a current density of 2 A g−1, no capacitance loss was observed in 5000 charge/discharge cycles. The highest voltage windows of sample P-PCNFs-1.0 in 1 M H2SO4 aqueous electrolyte can reach 1.4 V. These properties suggest that the fabricated P-PCNFs exhibit excellent electrochemical properties. Conclusively, the surface of carbon nanofibers can be modified by heteroatom doping or surface activation which can improve the electrochemical performance of the materials.

Doping carbon networks with phosphorus for supporting Pd in catalyzing selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol

A new kind of phosphorus-doped porous carbon framework (P-PCF) was synthesized using a simple and low-cost method and was used as a support material for loading Pd nanoparticles with an average diameter of 5~7 nm (Pd/P-PCF) for benzyl alcohol oxidation. Enhanced activity, selectivity, and stability were achieved over Pd/P-PCF in comparison to the undoped counterpart catalyst (Pd/PCF). Surface analysis of the fresh and reacted catalysts revealed that the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol is favored using the Pd/P-PCF catalyst because of the modified electronic properties of Pd nanoparticles, the metal-support interactions, as well as the hydrophobic and basic surface properties of the catalyst, which originates from the phosphorus doping.

Porous Molybdenum-Based Hybrid Catalysts for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Evolution.

We have synthesized a porous Mo-based composite obtained from a polyoxometalate-based metal-organic framework and graphene oxide (POMOFs/GO) using a simple one-pot method. The MoO2 @PC-RGO hybrid material derived from the POMOFs/GO composite is prepared at a relatively low carbonization temperature, which presents a superior activity for the hydrogen-evolution reaction (HER) in acidic media owing to the synergistic effects among highly dispersive MoO2 particles, phosphorus-doped porous carbon, and RGO substrates. MoO2 @PC-RGO exhibits a very positive onset potential close to that of 20 % Pt/C, low Tafel slope of 41 mV dec(-1) , high exchange current density of 4.8×10(-4) A cm(-2) , and remarkable long-term cycle stability. It is one of the best high-performance catalysts among the reported nonprecious metal catalysts for HER to date.

Phosphorus-doped porous carbon derived from rice husk as anode for lithium ion batteries

We developed a simple and scalable chemical method to obtain phosphorus-doped porous carbon (P-PC–RH) by optimized acid treatment and thermal annealing of rice husk with triphenylphosphine (TPP).