Phosphorescence Emission Research Articles

Cucurbit[8]uril Induced Molecular Folding Cascade Assembly for NIR Targeted Cell Imaging

AbstractA macrocyclic confinement‐activated green phosphorescence and two‐photon near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence supramolecular cascade assembly is constructed by multivalent interaction based on the alkyl‐bridged triphenylamine‐vinyl pyridine salts (BTPA), cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]), β‐cyclodextrin‐grafted hyaluronic acid (HACD), and 4‐bromophenyl pyridine salt and CB[8] complex (PY/CB[8]). Taking advantage of CB[8]‐induced macrocyclic confinement and molecular folding, the fluorescence of BTPA is effectively redshifted by 30 nm from 720 to 750 nm. Subsequently, HACD, a cancer cell targeting agent, is co‐assembled with a BTPA/CB[8] supramolecular folder to form a nanoparticle, further enhancing NIR fluorescence from 750 nm up to 810 nm through cascade confinement. Upon introduction of the 2:1 complex PY/CB[8], multicomponent nanoparticles are fabricated, not only showing efficient NIR fluorescence with an increase in quantum yield from 7.21% to 22.92% but also endowing green phosphorescence emission, which is successfully applied for two‐photon cancer cell‐targeted imaging to shield background interference from fluorescent and phosphorescent resources.

Three-dimensional oxygen concentration monitoring in hydrogels using low-cost phosphorescence lifetime imaging for tissue engineering.

Oxygen concentration measurement in 3D hydrogels is vital in 3D cell culture and tissue engineering. However, standard 3D imaging systems capable of measuring oxygen concentration with adequate precision are based on advanced microscopy platforms, which are not accessible in many laboratories due to the system's complexity and the high price. In this work, we present a fast and low-cost phosphorescence lifetime imaging design for measuring the lifetime of oxygen-quenched phosphorescence emission with 0.25 µs temporal precision and sub-millimeter spatial resolution in 3D. By combining light-sheet illumination and the frequency-domain lifetime measurement using a commercial rolling-shutter CMOS camera in the structure of a conventional optical microscope, this design is highly customizable to accommodate application-specific research needs while also being low-cost as compared to advanced instruments. As a demonstration, we made a fluidic device with a gas-permeable film to create an artificial oxygen gradient in the hydrogel sample. Dye-embedded beads were distributed in the hydrogel to conduct continuous emission lifetime monitoring when nitrogen was pumped through the fluidic channel and changed oxygen distribution in the sample. The dynamics of the changes in lifetime co-related with their location in the gel of size 0.5 mm×1.5 mm×700 µm demonstrate the ability of this design to measure the oxygen concentration stably and precisely in 3D samples.

A cyclometalated N-heterocyclic carbene and acetylacetonate ligands in a phosphorescent Pt(II) dye for sensing glucose

New β-diketonate platinum (II) complexes, containing a cyclometalated N-heterocyclic carbene [Pt(Naph^C*iPr)(acac)] (3A) (HNaph^C*-κC* = 3-isopropyl-1-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1H-imidazole-2-ylidene), or a cyclometalated pyrazole, [Pt(Naph^Npz)(acac)] (3B) (HC^Npz = 1-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole) and [Pt(Naph^Ndmpz)(acac)] (3B') (HC^Ndmpz = 1-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1H-3,5-dimethylpyrazole) have been prepared and characterized. Their absorption and emission properties in films of ethyl cellulose (EC) were determined along with those of the already reported for complex [Pt(Naph^C*Me)(acac)] (3A'). They showed that all four β-diketonate complexes display a bright phosphorescent emission with maxima in the blue region (λmax ∼ 480 nm for 3A and 3A'; 490 nm 3B and 3B'). The higher quantum yield (QY), longer decay times and greater oxygen sensitivity were exhibited by the Naph^C* derivatives, compared to the Naph^N ones. Polyacrylamide membranes with entrapped 3A' as dye, and glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme were used for monitoring glucose level. The RSD is about 5% and the detection limit is at ∼5·10−4 M, with a response time usually of 10–15 min working in stop-flow mode. These platinum-based membranes respond reversibly to glucose for, at least, 20 measures. 3A’ is the first Pt(II) complex bearing a cyclometalated N-heterocyclic carbene ever used as dye for sensing glucose.

Bidipyrrin AuIII Complex as a Helical Charged π-Electronic System.

A series of ion pairs based on a bidipyrrin-AuIII complex that acts as a stable helical π-electronic cation have been prepared via ion-pair metathesis. The helical cation, which exhibits NIR absorption and phosphorescence emission, formed solid-state ion-pairing assemblies, whose assembling modes depended on the properties of coexisting counteranions.

Rational Ligand Design of Heteroleptic Iridium (III) Complexes toward Nearly Perfect Horizontal Dipole Orientation for Highly Efficient Red‐Emitting Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes

AbstractThe horizontal orientation of the transition dipole moment of the phosphorescent emitters is understood to be an important factor to enhance the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of organic light‐emitting diodes by improving light out‐coupling in optical microcavity structures. Here, red‐emitting heteroleptic iridium (III) complexes exhibiting an extremely high horizontal ratio of emitting dipole orientation (EDO) and photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), as well as longer device operational lifetime, without scarifying any other photophysical properties are reported. The systematic molecular design of main and ancillary ligands in heteroleptic iridium complexes leads to the achievement of both a horizontal EDO of 92% and a PLQY of 98% in the red‐emitting phosphorescent devices along with a shorter exciton decay time of 0.71 µs. Accordingly, the red‐emitting devices show excellent performances of maximum EQE of 32% and low‐efficiency roll‐off with the 1931 Commission Internationale de L′Eclariage coordinates of (0.66, 0.34). Therefore, this approach opens the way for further development of new red‐emitting iridium complexes pushing the device efficiency toward the theoretical limits.

Tailor Traps in Bi3+-Doped NaGdGeO4 Phosphors by Introducing Eu3+ Ions to Switch Multimodal Phosphorescence Emission.

Featured with a tunable excitation/emission wavelength and excellent physicochemical stability, inorganic fluorescent materials are widely used in the fields of anti-counterfeiting. Here, we design a multi-stimuli-responsive dynamic fluorescence and phosphorescence anti-counterfeiting material by introducing Eu3+ ions in NaGdGeO4: Bi3+ to tailor the trap structure. The photoluminescence (PL), long persistent luminescence (LPL), and photo-stimulated luminescence (PSL) colors of NaGdGeO4: Bi3+, Eu3+ can be switched by varying the excitation modes (ultraviolet, near infrared, and X-ray light). Especially, the LPL and PSL colors of NaGdGeO4: Bi3+, Eu3+ vary with increasing decay and stimulation times. In addition, X-ray excitation ensures the specificity of the luminescence of NaGdGeO4: Bi3+, Eu3+ compared with ultraviolet excitation. This rapidly-changing-color fluorescent material offers the possibility of sophisticated anti-counterfeiting applications in the future.

Efficient detection of picric acid with aggregation-induced phosphorescent emission neutral cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes in aqueous media

Three neutral cyclometalated platinum(II) complexes have been synthesized and fully characterized. All complexes show aggregation-induced phosphorescent emission properties in THF/H2O. These complexes can detect picric acid efficiently in aqueous media with limits of detection of 0.17, 0.03 and 0.15 μM, respectively. Moreover, the complexes exhibit high selectivity for picric acid in the presence of other competitive compounds and perform well in real water samples. The results show that photo-induced electron transfer is responsible for the luminescence quenching of the complexes.

2,3-Diarylquinoline -Based Iridium (III) Complexes: Synthesis, Photophysical Properties and DFT studies

Phosphorescent transition–metal complexes have received considerable interest in the development of efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Iridium complexes derived from heterocyclic ligands have brought a paradigm shift in the optoelectronic materials. Quinoline-based molecular architectures offer excellent materials for such applications due to their exceptional electronic properties, extended π-conjugation and strong ligand–metal binding. Iridium complexes of 2,3-diaryl quinolines with electron rich and electron deficient substituents were synthesized and their electronic properties were studied. Iridium complexes Ir1 and Ir2 bearing the electron withdrawing (-CF3) and electron donating (–OCH3) groups, respectively at the para position of the 2-phenyl ring of 2,3-diarylquinoline exhibited prominent absorption bands in the UV range. Further, the complex Ir3 with unsubstituted 2,3-diarylquinoline ligand and CF3 containing Ir1 showed intensive red phosphorescence near 603 and 611 nm, respectively due to metal-to-ligand and ligand-to-ligand (MLCT/LLCT) charge transfer characteristics. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the Ir4 complex derived from 2-phenylquinoline ligand exhibited a bright yellow phosphorescent emission at 589 nm. An additional C3 aryl group on the quinoline ring resulted in a red shift in the emission wavelength of Ir1 and Ir3 complexes compared to Ir4. The PL spectra of Ir2 on the other hand was weak, and blue-shifted to 489 nm, which can be attributed to a ligand-centered (LC) transition. The complexes showed photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) in the range of 0.004 to 0.17 and fluorescence lifetime ranged from 1.5 ns to 399 ns, implying the significant effect of the ligand structure on the properties of the complexes. Photophysical investigation of the complexed affirms these complexes to be potent materials for OLEDs fabrication. Cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the electrochemical characteristics of Ir1-Ir4 complexes in acetonitrile. All of the complexes Ir1-Ir4 exhibited irreversible oxidation waves at 0.44 V, 0.23 V, 0.25 V, and 0.24 V respectively. Ir1-Ir4 complexes showed a reduction potential at −0.98 V, −0.96 V, −1.02 V and −0.97 V respectively. The DFT calculations were used to explore HOMO-LUMO energies, and NBO characteristics by B3LYP level of theory using ECP type double zeta (DZ) quality basis set LanL2DZ for metal and 6-311G(d) basis sets for non-metal atoms. The theoretical calculations were in significant agreement with the experimental studies of these complexes.

1,10-Phenanthroline-5-amine derived N-doped carbon dots for long-lived visible-light-activated room temperature phosphorescence in the matrix and information encryption application

Room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials have received a lot of attention. However, it is still a challenge to realize the practical application of RTP excited under visible light. Herein, five different carbon dots (CDs) were prepared using 1,10-phenanthroline-5-amine (Aphen) as the co-carbon source and nitrogen source, and several polymer-based RTP films were prepared by simple doping. It was found that the phosphorescence emission behavior of polymer films was changed by the surface state structure of different CDs. Non-radiative transition of the triplet excitons of Aphen structure on the CDs surface was effectively inhibited by the hydrogen bonding interaction and the fixed domain-limiting effect of the polymer matrix. Meanwhile, the Aphen structure was bound to the CDs through covalent interaction, which further suppressed the molecular vibration, realizing the efficient organic RTP. The phosphorescence lifetime of the prepared ACCDs-PVA films reached 352.88 ms with a photoluminescence quantum yield of 36.7%. In addition, the dye RhB was co-doped in the ACCDs-PVA system to modulate the afterglow color of the materials via the triplet to single-state energy resonance transfer (TS-FRET) process. Finally, we also developed stable ACCDs-EPO RTP material by exploiting the dense three-dimensional network structure and hydrophobic property of the cured epoxy resin (EPO) matrix. The as-constructed long-lived RTP materials can be employed in information encryption.

Synthesis, Structure, and Characterization of Thiacalix[4]-2,8-thianthrene.

Sulfur-containing macrocycles have attracted substantial interest because they exhibit unique characteristics due to their polygonal ring-shaped skeleton. In this study, a thianthrene-based cyclic tetramer with the sulfur linker, thiacalix[4]-2,8-thianthrene (TC[4]TT), was successfully prepared from a cyclo-p-phenylenesulfide derivative using acid-induced intramolecular condensation. Single crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that TC[4]TT adopts an alternative octagonal form recessed to the inner side. Its internal cavity included small solvents, such as chloroform and carbon disulfide. Due to its polygonal geometry, TC[4]TT laminated in a honeycomb-like pattern with a porous channel. Furthermore, TC[4]TT showed fluorescence and phosphorescence emission in a CH2Cl2 solution at ambient and liquid nitrogen temperatures. Both emission bands were slightly redshifted compared with those of the reference compounds (di(thanthren-2-yl)sulfane (TT2S) and thianthrene (TT)). This work describes a sulfur-containing thiacalixheterocycle-based macrocyclic system with intriguing supramolecular chemistry based on molecular tiling and photophysical properties in solution.

An AIPE-active fluorinated cationic Pt(II) complex for efficient detection of picric acid in aqueous media

A novel cationic Pt(II) complex 2 with 2-(2,4-difluorophenyl)pyridine as the cyclometalating ligand and 1,10-phenanthroline as the auxiliary ligand has been synthesized and fully characterized. This complex exhibits much higher aggregation-induced phosphorescent emission activity than that of a non-fluorinated complex 1 in CH3CN/H2O. The complex 2 demonstrates efficient detection on picric acid (PA) in CH3CN/H2O, providing a high quenching constant (KSV = 2.3 × 104 L/mol) and a low limit of detection (LOD = 0.26 µmol/L). In addition, complex 2 shows high selectivity for detection of PA in real water samples. Density functional theory calculations and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra suggest that the detection mechanism is attributed to the photo-induced electron transfer.

Synthesis of isophthalic acid-carbazole coordination polymers with stacking-dependent ultralong room temperature phosphorescence and white-light emission

Exploiting the relationship between the stacking modes of molecules and room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) performance is of great important to design afterglow materials. A series of coordination polymers [Cd(CzIP)] (1) (H2CzIP = 5-(carbazol-9-yl) isophthalate), [Cd(CzIP)(DMI)] (2) (DMI = 1,3-Dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone) and [Cd2(CzIP)2(H2O)2] (3) base on carbazole–isophthalic acid are synthesized via a solvothermal method. These compounds exhibit stacking-dependent RTP. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibit obvious time-dependent RTP with the afterglow color from orange to green, and show white-light emission owing to fluorescence and phosphorescence dual emission. Compound 3, which features the strong π‒π stacking, showed the weakest phosphorescence with the shortest lifetime. It reveals that the phosphorescence efficiency is not proportional to the overlap of π-π stacking, the triplet excited states of discrete dimer mode rather than H-aggregation can dominate the generation of room-temperature phosphorescence. These results indicate that coordination induction is an efficient approach to regulate the aggregation of chromophores, further modulating the room-temperature phosphorescence.

Zirconium-Directed Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Coenzyme A@GNCs with Enhanced Phosphorescence for Developing Ultrasensitive Tracer Probe of Dipicolinic Acid, a Biomarker of Bacterial Spores.

Luminescent gold nanoclusters (GNCs) are a class of attractive quantum-sized nanomaterials bridging the gap between organogold complexes and gold nanocrystals. They typically have a core-shell structure consisting of a Au(I)-organoligand shell-encapsulated few-atom Au(0) core. Their luminescent properties are greatly affected by their Au(I)-organoligand shell, which also supports the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect. However, so far, the luminescent Au nanoclusters encapsulated with the organoligands containing phosphoryl moiety have rarely been reported, not to mention their AIE. In this study, coenzyme A (CoA), an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) analogue that is composed of a bulky 5-phosphoribonucleotide adenosine moiety connected to a long branch of vitamin B5 (pantetheine) via a diphosphate ester linkage and ubiquitous in all living organisms, has been used to synthesize phosphorescent GNCs for the first time. Interestingly, the synthesized phosphorescent CoA@GNCs could be further induced to generate AIE via the PO32- and Zr4+ interactions, and the observed AIE was found to be highly specific to Zr4+ ions. In addition, the enhanced phosphorescent emission could be quickly turned down by dipicolinic acid (DPA), a universal and specific component and also a biomarker of bacterial spores. Therefore, a Zr4+-CoA@GNCs-based DPA biosensor for quick, facile, and highly sensitive detection of possible spore contamination has been developed, showing a linear concentration range from 0.5 to 20 μM with a limit of detection of 10 nM. This study has demonstrated a promising future for various organic molecules containing phosphoryl moiety for the preparation of AIE-active metal nanoclusters.

Wide-range tunable phosphorescence emission in cellulose-based materials enabled by complementary-color phosphors

Developing color-tunable pure organic room-temperature phosphorescent (RTP) materials based on biopolymers is of great significance for efficient utilization of natural resources, yet still challenging. Herein, tunable multicolor phosphorescence emission, including white-light, is achieved in cellulose-based RTP materials by co-organizing complementary cyan and red organic phosphors into the strong hydrogen-bonding networks of cellulose. The non-radiative transition of phosphors can be effectively suppressed by the high density of hydrogen bonding among the cellulose chains as well as the covalent interaction. The difference in optical properties between the two phosphors enables the adjustment of the phosphorescence emission color of the material from green to cyan, white and then red. It is demonstrated that the designed material can be used as versatile inks for pattern drawing and information encryption, with favorable multicolor emission and excellent aqueous processability. Therefore, considering the biodegradability and sustainability of cellulose materials, cellulose-based RTP has enormous potential in advanced anti-counterfeiting and information encryption as eco-friendly phosphorescent inks and coatings.

Switching Singlet Exciton to Triplet for Efficient Pure Organic Room-Temperature Phosphorescence by Rational Molecular Design.

The design and regulation of phosphors are attractive but challenging because of the spin-forbidden intersystem crossing (ISC) process. Here, a new perspective on the enhancement of the ISC is proposed and demonstrated. Different from current strategies, the ISC yield (ΦISC) is enhanced by decreasing the fluorescence radiative transition rate constant (kF) via rational molecular designing rather than boosting the spin-orbit coupling by decorating the molecular skeleton with a heavy atom, heteroatom, or carbonyl. The kF of the designed molecule in this case is associated with the substituent position of the methoxy group, which alters the distribution of the front orbitals. The S0 → S1 transition of these compounds evolves from a bright state to a dark state gradually with the variation of the substituent position, accompanied by the decrease of kF and increase of ΦISC. The fluorescence emission is switched to phosphorescence emission successfully by regulating the kF. This work provides an alternative strategy to design efficient room-temperature phosphorescence material.

Synthesis and Properties of Bipolar Ladder-Like Polysiloxane with Carbazole and Triphenylphosphine Oxygen Groups.

In this study, a series of ladder-like polysiloxanes are synthesized by introducing double-chain Si-O-Si polymer as the backbone and the carbazole and triphenylphosphine oxide with high triplet energy as side groups. The ladder-like structures of polysiloxanes are achieved through a controlled polymerization method that involves the monomer self-assembly and subsequent surface-restricted solid-phase in situ condensation through freeze-drying. The introduction of siloxane improves thermal stability of the polymers and inhibits the conjugation of the polymers between the side groups, leading to an increase in the triplet energy level. Therefore, all these polymers perform higher triplet energy levels than phosphorescent emitter (FIrpic). The cyclic voltammetry measurements demonstrate that the bipolar polymer exhibits a high highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) value of -5.32eV, which is consistent with the work function of ITO/PEDOT:PSS, consequently facilitating hole injection. Furthermore, the incorporation of triphenylphosphine oxide promotes electron injection. Molecular simulations reveal that the frontier orbital distributions of the bipolar polymer are located on the carbazole and triphenylphosphine groups, respectively, which facilitate the transport of electrons and holes.

Multi-Resonant Indolo[3,2,1-jk]carbazole-Based Host for Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes.

In organic light-emitting diodes, positive and negative charge carriers mostly migrate at different rates. This could result in excitons formed in the EML often migrating to the vicinity of the hole transport layer and the electron transport layer. To address this, it is important to design high-quality multi-resonance hosts that can balance the migration rate of carriers. Here, we report two newly developed multi-resonance hosts, m-ICzPBI and o-ICzPBI. The hosts contain an indolo[3,2,1-jk]carbazole (ICz) motif, which functionalized as either a donor or an acceptor unit. The hosts exhibit extremely high molecular rigidity and thermal stability. Devices A and B were constructed using FIrpic as a phosphorescent emitter with m-ICzPBI or o-ICzPBI as a host. Device A achieved high maximum values of EQE, PE and CE of 13.4%, 24.8 lm W-1 and 31.6 cd A-1, respectively, and low efficiency roll-off at 5000 cd m-2 of 8.6%, 10.6 lm W-1 and 20.3 cd A-1, respectively.

Ultralong Room-Temperature Phosphorescence with Second-level Lifetime in Water Based on Cyclodextrin Supramolecular Assembly.

Organic solid-state materials with long-lived room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) emission have been widely developed and applied in many fields, while works in developing solution-phase phosphorescence materials were rarely reported owing to the ultrafast nonradiative relaxation and quenchers from the liquid medium. Herein, we report an ultralong RTP system in water through assembly based on a β-cyclodextrin host and p-biphenylboronic acid guest with a lifetime of 1.03 s under ambient conditions. It is worth noting that the long-lived phosphorescence depends on the host-guest inclusion as well as intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions, which suppress nonradiative relaxation and avoid quenchers effectively. Furthermore, the addition of fluorescent dyes to the assembly system achieved the tuning of the afterglow color through radiative energy transfer of reabsorption.

Photoluminescent polymer-based smart window reinforced with electrospun glass nanofibres.

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was reinforced with electrospun glass nanofibres (EGN) to develop photochromic and afterglow materials such as smart windows and anti-counterfeiting prints. A colourless electrospun glass nanofibres@poly(vinyl chloride) (EGN@PVC) sheet was prepared by physical integration of lanthanide-doped aluminate nanoparticles (LANP). The low concentrations of LANP in the photochromic and photoluminescent EGN@PVC hybrids displayed fluorescence emission with instant reversibility. EGN@PVC with the highest phosphor concentrations showed persistent phosphorescence emission with slow reversibility. Based on the results of the Commission Internationale de l'éclairage Laboratory and luminescence spectroscopy, the translucent EGN@PVC samples became green in the presence of ultraviolet illumination and greenish-yellow in the absence of light. According to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses, the morphological study of EGN and LANP showed diameters of 75-95 and 11-19 nm, respectively. The morphology of the EGN@PVC substrates was studied using SEM, X-ray fluorescence, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The mechanical characteristics of PVC were enhanced by reinforcement with EGN as a roughening agent. When comparing the scratching resistance of LANP-free substrate to photoluminescent EGN@PVC substrates, it was observed that the latter was much superior. The photoluminescence spectra were reported to have an emission peak at 519 nm when excited at 365 nm. These findings demonstrated that the luminous transparent EGN@PVC composites had improved superhydrophobic and UV-blocking characteristics.

Recycled poly(propylene-co-methy1 methacrylate) as printing binder for photoluminescent textiles

Photochromic fabrics change color upon exposure to an external light source. Photoluminescent textiles can undergo phosphorescence or fluorescence emissions. Fluorescent textiles emit light only under an illumination light source, whereas phosphorescent textiles continue emitting light after switching the illumination light source off. Herein, an industrial spinning process was carried out to produce nonwoven fibrous mat from polypropylene plastic waste. Poly(propylene-co-methy1 methacrylate) binder was synthesized via free-radical polymerization of borane-containing polypropylene and methyl methacrylate. A screen-printing composite of rare-earth strontium aluminate nanoparticles and poly(propylene-co-methy1 methacrylate) binder was printed onto recycled nonwoven polypropylene fabrics to introduce photochromic and photoluminescent textiles. Direct application of aqueous pigment-binder composites comprising various ratios of inorganic pigment with outstanding thermal and photostability was deposited onto polypropylene textiles. Screen printing allowed for the application of a consistent photoluminescent layer onto polypropylene surface. The printed nonwoven polypropylene samples had their excitation tracked at 368 nm, and an emission wavelength at 519 nm. The printed cloth with lower phosphor concentrations were found to reversibly emit a green color only under ultraviolet light, demonstrating fluorescence emission. At greater phosphor concentrations, a reversible green emission was monitored under the excitation light source, and greenish-yellow afterglow in the dark. A number of analytical techniques were used to gather microscopic information on the morphology of pigment nanoparticles and printed polypropylene textiles. The phosphor nanoparticles were measured to have diameters of 8–23 nm as reported by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while X-ray diffraction examination revealed a crystal size of 21 nm. Increasing the pigment ratio enhanced the fabric UV protection, antibacterial activity, and superhydrophobicity. Upon increasing the pigment ratio, the contact and sliding angles were observed to increase in the ranges of 127.5°–160.4° and 11-7°, respectively. The impacts of phosphor ratio on comfort and colorfastness were examined.