Phosphate Compounds Research Articles

Sn3OF]PO4vs. [Sn3F3]PO4: enhancing birefringence by breaking the R3 symmetry and realigning lone pairs

The novel tin(ii) phosphate compound [Sn3OF]PO4 exhibits significantly greater birefringence compared with [Sn3F3]PO4 (Δnobv. = 0.117 versus 0.027@546 nm), achieved by breaking the undesirable symmetry and reorienting stereochemically active lone pairs.

LaMer-model-based synthesis method for fine particles of octacalcium phosphate and related functional compounds

We developed a new precipitation method based on the LaMer model for synthesising fine particles of plain octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and OCP with incorporated carboxylate ions.

Effects of the multiscale porosity of decellularized platelet-rich fibrin-loaded zinc-doped magnesium phosphate scaffolds in bone regeneration.

In recent years, metallic ion-doped magnesium phosphate (MgP)-based degradable bioceramics have emerged as alternative bone substitute materials owing to their excellent biocompatibility, bone-forming ability, bioactivity, and controlled degradability. Conversely, incorporating a biomolecule such as decellularized platelet-rich fibrin (d-PRF) on scaffolds has certain advantages for bone tissue regeneration, particularly in enhanced osteogenesis and angiogenesis. The present study focuses on the impact of d-PRF-loaded multiscale porous zinc-doped magnesium phosphate (Zn-MgP) scaffolds on biodegradability, biocompatibility, and bone regeneration. Scaffolds were fabricated through the powder-metallurgy route utilizing naphthalene as a porogen (porosity = 5-43%). With the inclusion of a higher porogen, a higher fraction of macro-porosity (>20 μm) and pore interconnectivity were observed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies confirmed the formation of the farringtonite phase. The developed scaffolds exhibited a minimum ultimate compressive strength (UCS) of 8.5 MPa (for 40 Naph), which lies within the range of UCS of the cancellous bone of humans (2-12 MPa). The in vitro assessment via immersion in physiological fluid yielded a higher deposition of the calcium phosphate (CaP) compound in response to increased macro-porosity and interconnectivity (40 Naph). Cytocompatibility assessed using MC3T3-E1 cells showed that the incorporation of d-PRF coupled with increased porosity resulted the highest cell attachment, proliferation, and viability. For further evaluation, the developed scaffolds were implanted in in vivo rabbit femur condylar defects. Radiography, SEM, OTC labelling, and histology analysis after 2 months of implantation revealed the better invasion of mature osteoblastic cells into the scaffolds with enhanced angiogenesis and superior and accelerated healing of bone defects in d-PRF-incorporated higher porosity scaffolds (40 Naph). Finally, it is hypothesized that the combination of d-PRF incorporation with multiscale porosity and increased interconnectivity facilitated better bone-forming ability, good biocompatibility, and controlled degradability within and around the Zn-doped MgP scaffolds.

Improvement of hybrid polyvinyl chloride/dapsone membrane using synthesized silver nanoparticles for the efficient removal of heavy metals, microorganisms, and phosphate and nitrate compounds from polluted water.

Heavy metals exist in different water resources and can threaten human health, inducing several chronic illnesses such as cancer and renal diseases. Therefore, this work dealt with the fabrication of highly efficient nanomembranes based on silver nanoparticle (Ag NP)-doped hybrid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) by dapsone (DAP) using an in situ method. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were used to confirm the hybridization of PVC as well as the crystalline structure of hybrid PVC nanocomposites. Three varying proportions of Ag NPs (i.e., 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3%) were used to fabricate hybrid PVC-DAP nanomembranes. The Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) method was used to estimate membrane surface area, porosity and distribution of pore volume. The mechanical strength and antibacterial properties of the cased films notably improved when Ag NPs were added depending on the NP ratio inside the matrix. Results obtained from adsorption experiments of PVC-DAP nanomembranes at 35 °C revealed that the optimum nanomembrane was achieved at 0.2% NPs and its percentage of removal effectiveness ranged from 71 to 95% depending on the ion type. The surface morphology of the PVC-DAP-0.2 Ag NPs before and after the adsorption process of the metal ions was analyzed using SEM-EDX. Moreover, the impact of other parameters such as the initial concentrations, pH media, temperature, and contacting time, on the adsorption efficiency of PVC-DAP-0.2 Ag NPs was also investigated. Furthermore, kinetic and adsorption isotherm models were suggested to describe the adsorption efficiency of the PVC-DAP-0.2 Ag NP membrane, and the uptake mechanism of metal ion removal was studied. The obtained outcomes for these fabricated nanomembranes demonstrated that they could be potential candidates for water purification and other potential purposes including biomedical areas.

Features of Hardening of Aluminosilicophosphate Binder in Cellular Concrete

Cellular phosphate concretes are used as an insulating material for some high-temperature aggregates due to their high temperature resistance, fire resistance and residual strength at the level of values after drying. The use of industrial waste in phosphate cellular concrete technology made it possible to improve some properties without reducing the application temperature. The paper shows that dispersed aluminosilicate waste from refractory production has sufficient activity (porization ability) to obtain a phosphate binder. The features of the hardening of an aluminosilicophosphate binder cured with dispersed metallic aluminum have been studied; the change in the phase composition of the cured binder after firing at different temperatures has been studied by differential thermal and X-ray phase analysis. It has been established that the developed aluminosilicophosphate binder makes it possible to obtain fireclay cellular concrete with an application temperature of up to 1400оC. A comparison of the changes in the phase composition for the developed aluminosilicophosphate composition and a pure aluminophosphate binder is performed. A shift in the temperature of the processes is noted in an upward direction for the aluminosilicophosphate binder, which is explained by the fact that silicon ions do not form independent phosphate compounds, but are embedded in the crystal lattice of aluminophosphates, changing their properties and shifting the intervals of phase transitions.

Time Course of High-Energy Phosphate Depletion During Cold Storage of Human Heart Grafts Using the Celsior Solution.

The aim of this study was to provide insight into high-energy phosphate compound concentration dynamics under realistic clinical cold-storage conditions using the Celsior solution in seven heart grafts discarded from transplantation. The hearts of seven local donors (three males, four females, age 37 ± 17years, height 175 ± 5cm, weight 75 ± 9kg) initially considered for transplantation and eventually discarded were submitted to a Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy observation in a clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging scanner over at least 9h. The grafts remained in their sterile container at 4°C during the entire examination. Hence, Phosphocreatine (PCr), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), inorganic phosphate (Pi) and intracellular pH were recorded non-destructively at a 30-minute interval. With the ischemic time Ti, the concentration ratios decreased at PCr/ATP = 1.68-0.0028·Tis, Pi/ATP = 1.38 + 0.0029·Tis, and intracellular pH at 7.43-0.0012·Tis. ATP concentration remained stable for at least 9h and did not decrease as long as phosphocreatine was detectable. Acidosis remained moderate. In addition to the standard parameters assessed at the time of retrieval, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy can provide an assesment of the metabolic status of heart grafts before transplantation. These results show how HEPC metabolites deplete during cold storage. Although many parameters determine graft quality during cold storage, the dynamics of HEPC and intracellular pH may be helpful in the development of strategies aiming at extending the ischemic time.

Phosphorus recovery from calcium phosphate enriched activated sludge

This study explores the potential of activated sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) as an alternative source of phosphorus, vital for fertilisers and other products, compared to large-scale phosphorus mining. The research focuses on analysing optimal conditions and the impact of activated sludge characteristics on phosphorus release from calcium phosphate compounds, particularly hydroxyapatite (HAP). Using batch reactor experiments with varying pH and contact time, the results reveal that lower pH values, particularly pH 4, result in higher phosphorus release. The study also finds that calcium, the predominant metal content in activated sludge, plays a vital role in bonding with phosphates and forming new compounds, effectively reducing phosphorus concentration in the solution. Moreover, the VSS/TSS value in the activated sludge has no significant effect on phosphorus release, but interventions occur at high VSS/TSS values. The reaction rate coefficient is calculated at 0.00033/min at pH 4. Overall, this research emphasises the potential of phosphorus recovery from calcium phosphate enriched activated sludge and underscores the importance of optimising pH and considering activated sludge characteristics for efficient phosphorus release.

Utilization of Crop Residues and Solubilizing Bacteria to Enhance the Dissolution of Moroccan Phosphate Rock

Phosphorus is essential for plant growth, but its availability in soils is limited due to low solubility of phosphate compounds. This study evaluated the combined effects of crop residues (CR) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on the dissolution of Moroccan phosphate rock. Pot experiments were conducted for 60 days using different doses of MPR (450 kg/ha, 300 kg/ha, and 150 kg/ha), rice and maize crop residues, and a PSB consortium from a rice paddy field. Parameters such as pH, bacterial count, and phosphorus content were measured. The pH increase was significantly higher under the T3 treatment (CR + PSB) with pH 8.26 to 8.58, followed by T1 (CR alone) with pH 7.73 to 8.1, T2 (PSB alone) with pH 7.4 to 7.91, and T0 (control) with pH 7.27 to 7.67. The number of PSB was highest under the T3 treatment (1238.5 x 10-6 to 2081.1 x 10-6 bacteria/g dry matter), followed by T1 (127.2 x 10-6 to 249.03 x 10-6 bacteria/g dry matter) and T2 with 1.7 x 10-6 to 44.6 x 10-6 bacteria/g dry matter, regardless of the MPR dose. Phosphorus solubilization was 35% to 62% with PSB alone (T2), 72% to 88.5% with CR alone (T1), and over 83.98% when both CR and PSB were combined (T3). This increase was more pronounced with higher MPR doses (300 to 450 kg/ha). Incorporating PSB and crop residues as biofertilizers is a viable strategy for enhancing phosphate rock dissolution and improving soil fertility in agricultural systems.

Sustainable solid-state method of synthesis, characterisation, and photoluminescence studies of Yb3+/Ho3+ doped YPO4 nanomaterials

To encourage the production of [PO4]3- groups, a group of up-converting …down-converting YPO4 Yttrium phosphate compounds were synthesized using the solid-state technique in a basic environment. The noble pureness of the doped matrix was confirmed by the structural studies and Rietveld analysis, whereas growth in the part of the YPO4: Yb, Ho structures was discovered with a higher dopant concentration. The phosphates group, along with the ions Yb3+ and Ho3+, allowed for the UC…DC luminescence. While we observe up-conversion luminescence with colour under the 980 nm continuous movement of wave laser irradiation had been set on the way to the red area, the powerful green emission had been produced by 300 nm excitation. Following the results, materials that are resistant to different applications can use synthetic phosphors.

Photocatalytic C–P bond formation based on the reaction of carbon-centered radicals with phosphides

This review focuses on the synthesis of C–P bonds using carbon-centered radicals with phosphorous compounds of different valence states (PIII, PV, P4) under photocatalysis.

Effectiveness of Phosphorous acid, Bacillus subtilis and Copper Compounds on Apple cv. Gala with M9 Rootstock in the Control of Fire Blight

Necrogenic Gram-negative bacterium Erwinia amylovora, which causes economic losses especially in pome fruits such as apple, pear, quince and loquat, some berries and many ornamental plants, causes fire blight disease. Copper compounds are used extensively in disease control programs and they can cause toxicproblems in terms of plant and environmental health. In addition, the formation of resistance to copper in the pathogen is frequently observed. In this study, plant activator phosphorous acid and biological control agent Bacillus subtilis, and 3 different copper compounds, Copper sulfate, Copper oxychloride and Copper hydroxide which are commonly used against E. amylovora, on apple cv. Gala with M9 rootstock were evaluated comparatively. When the new season shoot lengths of 3-year-old plants with homogeneous growth reached 20-25 cm, chemicals and B. subtilis were applied first time before one week ago from the pathogen inoculation, and after 2 times with 1 week intervals. The youngest two leaves at tips of actively growing terminal plant shoots were inoculated by cutting off using scissors dipped in suspension of E. amylovora str. EaARADY5 containing 108 CFU ml-1. Disease assessments were made after the disease severity (%) was determined on the basis of shoot blight after symptom development of the disease stopped, and the results were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). According to the findings, while the highest effect was obtained by copper oxychloride with 69% effectiveness among all applications, the lowest effectiveness was obtained with 43.5% copper sulfate. It has been revealed that the use of the most effective of the copper compounds in field applications will result in less exposure to chemicals in terms of human and environmental health, and that B. subtilis and phosphorous acid can be used significantly in the integrated control of fire blight.

Impact of Alkaline Immersion Time on Nano-Hydroxyapatite Synthesis from Broiler Eggshells with Electrochemical Method Using Constant Direct Current (CDC)

Calcium phosphate is widely used in biomaterials, especially as a bone substitute. One of the calcium phosphate compounds that is widely used is hydroxyapatite. In biomedical applications, nano-sized hydroxyapatite particles have better bioactivity than coarse crystals. Hydroxyapatite can be synthesized from various sources of calcium and phosphate. Broiler eggshells were chosen as a source of calcium in this study because they have a relatively high calcium content. The method used in the synthesis of nano-hydroxyapatite in this research is the electrochemical method. This research aims to examine the effect of varying NaOH immersion time on the size and structure of calcium phosphate particles produced using an electrochemical method made from chicken egg shells. The synthesis of nano-hydroxyapatite from chicken egg shells was carried out in 4 stages: material preparation, electrolysis, precipitate immersion, and characterization. Nanometer-sized particles can be acquired through an immersion process lasting at least four hours, and it is observed that the longer the duration of immersion, the greater the resemblance of the resulting structure to hydroxyapatite.

Pengamatan morfologi β-tcp yang disintesis dari cangkang kerang hijau

β-Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP) is a biomaterial commonly used in dentistry as a bone substitute. β-TCP is a calcium phosphate compound where β-TCP requires a calcium source to be synthesized. The source of calcium could be obtained from green mussel shells because they have high calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sintering temperature on the morphology of β-TCP synthesized from green mussel shells. The method of this research is an exploratory research conducted by knowing the effect of sintering temperature on the morphology of β-TCP synthesized from green mussel shells. The results of the synthesis were tested for characterized with a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). In the SEM characterization results, the higher the sintering temperature used in the sample, the more fused and resulting larger particle size. β-TCP with sintering temperature variations of 950℃, 1.000℃, 1.050℃ and 1.100℃ has a morphology consisting of small particles of irregular shape and bonding to each other to form micropores. The conclusion in this study is that the higher the sintering temperature applied, the more the particles coalesce and form larger particles.

Ni-Ion-Chelating Strategy for Mitigating the Deterioration of Li-Ion Batteries with Nickel-Rich Cathodes

The proliferation of electric vehicles has increased exponentially over the past few years, and the ban on petrol and diesel vehicles in European nations has caused automakers to switch their primary focus toward electric vehicles. Engines, which are the most critical components of automobiles, have been replaced by motors with batteries; specifically, batteries containing Ni-rich cathodes are essential in ensuring high performances, e.g., in extending the mileage of electric vehicles. However, high-valence Ni4+, which is formed in a highly charged state in such batteries, is prone to reduction to Ni3+ and Ni2+, resulting in oxygen loss and cation mixing. In addition, residual Li species, such as LiOH and Li2CO3, induce parasitic reactions in electrolytes. Furthermore, Ni2+ dissolved from Ni-rich cathodes by acidic compounds, such as HF formed by LiPF6 hydrolysis in the electrolyte, induces structural deterioration by forming an inactive rock-salt phase and the loss of the Li storage sites of the cathode. Further, transition metals electrodeposited at the anode surface via the dissolution–migration–deposition of transition metal ions (TM-DMD) hinder the intercalation of Li+ within the anode structure, catalyze undesirable electrolyte decomposition reactions, and act as solid–electrolyte interphase (SEI) components. The electrodeposited transition metals also increase the probability of the formation of dendritic Li, which threatens battery safety. Thus far, surface coating of the cathode and forming a protective film on the cathode using functional electrolyte additives have been proposed as viable solutions to minimize transition-metal-ion dissolution from LiNi0.85Co0.1Mn0.05O2 (NCM85) cathodes. However, Ni2+, which is similar to Li+ in size, can easily penetrate the surface coating layers and cathode protective films because they should guarantee facile Li+ transport while blocking electron transfer to prevent electrolyte decomposition. Electrolyte additives that suppress HF generation or scavenge HF do not completely remove HF, and thus, the cells exhibit Ni-dissolution- and deposition-related problems.Chelation of the dissolved transition metal ions may prevent electrodeposition on the surface of the anode. However, transition-metal chelating agents can hardly be applied as electrolyte additives because they decompose electrochemically at the electrodes, resulting in shortened battery lifespans. Studies regarding chemically active separators with insoluble bipyridine (C-N) ligands and gel polymer electrolytes based on polymer matrices containing pyrrolidone (C-N-C=O) moieties as chelating functional groups have been conducted in efforts to avoid undesirable decomposition of the chelating agents at electrodes. Nevertheless, the incorporation of a chelating agent into the electrolyte without additional processing is clearly a more efficient method of capturing Ni ions from scalability and techno-economic standpoints. Further, the microquantity of chelating agent as an electrolyte additive does not cause significant changes in the rheological, chemical, or electrochemical properties of the electrolyte, which may increase the cell impedance.With the aim of enhancing cell performance, we report the use of a tricoordinate phosphorous compound, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (DPPE), to provide effective donor ligands that are capable of forming complexes with Ni2+ dissolved in electrolytes, thereby preventing the electrodeposition of Ni2+ on the anode surface. Further, DPPE as a Lewis base additive can deactivate Lewis acidic PF5, which can generate corrosive HF, mitigate the damage of the SEI and cathode electrolyte interface (CEI), and alleviate PF5-driven electrolyte solvent decomposition.DPPE, as an electrolyte additive, imparted a remarkable cycling stability on a Li-ion battery (LIB)composed of an NCM85 cathode and a graphite anode. DPPE chelated Ni2+, which may occur in the electrolyte, and blocked the generation of undesirable species, which cause Ni2+ dissolution from the NCM85 cathode via the destabilization of PF5, which leads to HF generation. With the optimized binding force between Ni2+ and DPPE, dissolved Ni2+ could be effectively trapped, reducing the overpotential of lithiation of graphite caused by electrodeposited Ni. Severe structural deterioration of the NCM85 cathode, including microcracking and phase transition to the rock-salt phase, was significantly suppressed using DPPE. The results of this study will contribute to significant advances in the development of electrolyte additives, which may selectively trap transition metal ions dissolved in the electrolyte and eliminate the detrimental substances causing transition metal dissolution, thus realizing high-energy-density LIBs.

Baseline investigation on enzyme induced calcium phosphate precipitation for solidification of sand

Introduction: Bio-cementation processes [namely, microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) and enzyme induced carbonate precipitation (EICP)] have recently become promising techniques for solidifying loose sands. However, these methods release gaseous ammonia to the atmosphere, which is not desirable for real-scale applications. This study aims to propose an enzyme induced calcium phosphate precipitation (EICPP) method as a sustainable direction for the solidification of sand.Methods: Precipitation of calcium phosphate compound (CPC) was driven through pH-dependent mechanism regulated by enzymatic hydrolysis of urea. The baseline study was designed to consist of a series of precipitation tests and sand column tests, evaluating the influence of various recipes of cementation media (CM) on treatment efficiency. The evaluation program consisted of Unconfined compression tests, precipitation content measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction.Results: The observations showed that the content of urea had an important role in proposed EICPP treatment, which determined the extent of the pH increase. This increase had a great influence on 1) utilization of soluble calcium, 2) precipitation content of calcium phosphate, and 3) the morphology of the precipitates. Results of sand column test suggested that injecting CM that consisted of acid-dissolved bone meal, urea and urease enzyme could result in the deposition of insoluble CPC that enabled the solidification of sand particles.Discussion: The precipitation quantity was found to increase with the increase in urea content; however, the treatment media with high urea content resulted amorphous-like crystals. The plate-like crystals were evidenced in CM with [Ca]/[urea] molar ratio between 1.5–2.0. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that irrespective of the urea contents, the formed crystals were identified as brushite. Since the final pH of proposed EICPP method could be controllable within acidic-neutral conditions, the emission of ammonia gas would be eliminated.

Impact of a phosphate compound on plant metal uptake when low molecular weight organic acids are present in artificially contaminated soils

A phosphate compound can stabilize cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)-contaminated soils, although its effectiveness in reducing metal availability and plant uptake when low molecular weight organic acids (LMWOAs) are present is uncertain but nonetheless worth evaluating. Here, 3 % NaH2PO4 (a P compound), tartaric acid (TA), oxalic acid (OA), and mixtures of P and TA/OA are used to evaluate Indian spinach (Basella Alba L.) for soil Cd, Pb, and Zn availability and absorption. Additionally, soil metal immobilization options were examined. Of these treatments, P plus low TA (P-TA2), followed by P, decreased shoot Cd, Pb, and Zn the most, with values of 1.03, 2.52, and 104.50 mg kg−1, respectively, somewhat greater than threshold values of WHO, particularly for Pb and Zn. After harvest, P-TA2 contained >2.44, >321.70, and >290.22 mg kg−1 of total oxidizable and residual Cd, Pb, and Zn, showing that 48 %, 80 %, and 58 % of soil metals were immobilized and not taken up by the plant. P-TA2′s zeta potential, followed by P, became steadily more negative as pH increased, confirming that electrostatic adsorption was the main metal immobilization process, notably in P-TA2. However, in XRD studies, P alone generated Cd phosphate, pyromorphite, and hopeite, showing that sorption and precipitation were the predominant metal immobilization mechanisms. Finally, P-TA2 is the best in immobilizing and inhibiting metals in contaminated soils for plant absorption. Since rhizotropic LMWOAs may impact Cd, Pb, and Zn mineral stability, they should be addressed when treating Cd, Pb, and Zn-contaminated soils with P for plant growth studies.

Destabilization mechanism of acid aluminum phosphate solution: Effects of P/Al ratio, concentration and boron doping

The poor long-term stability of acid aluminum phosphate (AAP) solutions limits their industrial application. To understand its destabilization mechanism, the effects of phosphorus to aluminum ratio, concentration, and boron doping on the stability of the AAP solution are investigated. The destabilization mechanism involves polymerizing the aluminum phosphate species to form insoluble aluminum phosphate compounds. The solution concentration controls the polymerization kinetics, and reducing the concentration can improve the stability of the AAP solution. Boron introduction improves solution stability by reducing the number of active sites on the aluminum phosphate species available for polymerization and by increasing solution viscosity to restrict the movement of the aluminum phosphate species.

Crystal growth, morphological, mechanical, spectroscopic studies, optical properties, molecular docking, ADME/T, Hirshfeld surfaces analysis and theoretical calculations of hybrid organic-inorganic phosphate compound

Molecular organic–inorganic single crystals of 4-carboxyanilinium dihydrogenphosphate [4-CADP] have been grown by the slow evaporation technique. The crystal structure was re-investigated by single-crystal X ray diffraction (SCXRD) analysis without signifiant differences from the previous study. 3D Hirshfeld surface and 2D fingerprint plot studies were performed to understand the intermolecular interactions of the 4-CADP crystal in graphical representation. Functional groups identification was studied with FT–IR spectroscopy. High transparency and a wide band gap of 5.44 eV were observed with UV–Vis spectroscopy. Geometrical structure of the 4-CADP compound was performed using the Density Function Theory (DFT) method at the B3LYP/3-21G and PBEPBE/3-21G levels of theory, along with the HF/3-21G basis set. The equilibrium geometry, highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO), and molecular electrostatic potential map (MEP) were also calculated and presented. MEP a visual representation of the chemically active sites and comparative reactivity of atoms. Results revealed OH⋯O and NH⋯O contacts have the largest impact the Hirshfeld surface. The mechanical properties of the 4-CADP crystal were studied experimentally Vicker’s microhardness technique, which revealed that the grown crystal belonged to the softer category. 4-CADP crystal void estimation reveals the mechanical strength and porosity of the material.Last, it was tried to compare the biological activities of the studied hybrid molecule against enzymes: the crystal structure of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (PDB ID: 4M0E), the crystal structure of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (PDB ID: 5NN0), crystal structure of alpha-galactosidase (α-Gly) (PDB ID: 1T0O), crystal structure of human carbonic anhydrase I (hCA I) (PDB ID: 2CAB), and the crystal structure of human carbonic anhydrase II (hCA II) (PDB ID: 5AML). Afterwards, ADME/T analysis was performed to predict the effects of molecules on human metabolism.

Nonclassical Crystallization Pathway of Transition Metal Phosphate Compounds

Nonclassical Crystallization Pathway of Transition Metal Phosphate Compounds

Research Progress in Pharmacokinetics of Phosphocreatine a Cardioprotective Agent with a Dual Antiplatelet Activity

Phosphocreatine (PCr), a natural physiological active high energy phosphate compound, plays a pivotal role in maintaining energy homeostasis via acting as a temporal and spatial buffers of bodily energy.