Phonological Interference Research Articles

Language Interference of Bimanese to the Indonesian Language: A Case Study of Community in Kampung Muhajirin, Bima

<p>This research is initiated by the error use of Indonesian language by the community living in Kampung Muhajirin, Bima due to interference phenomenon. The errors occur in various linguistic aspects. This study aims to determine the interference forms of Bimanese language to the Indonesian language based on the characteristics differences between Bimanese and Indonesian language. One of the most distinct characteristics of both languages is that Bimanese is a vocalist language, while the Indonesian language is not a vocalist. The data were collected by observation and recording technique. The researchers observed the linguistic phenomenon in Kampung Muhajirin and recorded by a tape recorder. Finally, the data were analyzed and transcribed in orthographic writing. The finding showed that the interference of Bimanese language to the Indonesian language occurs on the aspects of phonological, lexical, and grammatical. Phonological interference causes the vowel sound disappeared at the end of the word. Lexical interference causes mixed code. Grammatical interference causes word order error.</p>

The footprint of semantic and phonological interference in picture naming in aphasia: Preliminary evidence from ERP

The footprint of semantic and phonological interference in picture naming in aphasia: Preliminary evidence from ERP

INTERFERENSI FONOLOGIS BAHASA MELAYU PATTANI DALAM BERBAHASA INDONESIA MAHASISWA THAILAND DI UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA

The purpose of this study is to describe a form ofphonological interference of Malay Pattani language in Indonesian language of Thai students at the University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta. This type of research is qualitative descriptive. The data source of this research is Thai students at the University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Data were collected by listening, recording, and interviewing. Data were analyzed using match method with translational type and contrastive analysis method. There is one thingaddressed in this study; Existence of phonological interference of Malay Pattani language in Indonesian language of Thai students at the University of Muhammadiyah Surakarta. The study shows that (a) Interference phonological elements found in the phoneme replacement, phoneme deletion, substitution of syllables, and syllables deletion. (b) Interference also found in the lexicon of nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, bookmark, adverbs, prepositions and question words. (c)syntaxInterference found in the type of news sentences, interrogative sentence, and imperative sentences.

The Phonological Interference of Students’ First Language in Pronouncing English Sounds (A Case Study on Buginese and Makassarese Students)

The study indicates the phonological interferences occurred by the Buginese and Makasserese students in pronouncing English sounds and the factors affect pronunciation interference of Buginese and Makasserese students in pronouncing English sounds. The respondents were eight university students majoring English Department. They are four Buginese students which their L1 is Buginese and four Makassarese students which their L1 is Makassarese. This research was conducted through a case study design. The instruments were oral test by reading three different texts to get the data with audio recording and interview about students’ problems in pronouncing English sounds. The result of data analysis showed that there is 46 kinds manner of articulation that the students made when they produced English sounds; 32 vowels and 14 consonants. The data also showed that the main factor that influences the students while pronouncing English words is interlanguage transfer. The implication of this research can be expected upon teaching and learning process. The students should put more awareness toward the L1 interference in pronouncing English vowels and consonant and drill more the correct pronunciation. The study also suggests that the teachers should give an extra attention to this problem. The teacher expected can help the students to reduce the mispronounced. The study also has some contributions to the language field where teachers/lecturers need to take a special attention of this phenomenon.

The Phonotactic Adaptation of English Loanwords in Arabic

The phonological modifications made to English loanwords in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) have come as a response to cope with the phonetic and phonological constraints in MSA sound system. These adaptations of loanword pronunciation clearly reflect the areas and effects of phonetic and phonological interference between the two languages in contact. For this purpose, over than 300 of English words borrowed by MSA are analyzed. At the syllabic and prosodic level, mechanisms like cluster simplification, syllabic consonant conversion, gemination, etc. are found at work and by far systematic in MSA borrowings. Generally, it has been found that most of the regular adaptations at syllable level such as declusterization, syllabic consonant conversion, consonant lengthening and vocalic glide insertion, are motivated by linguistic constraints inherited in the phonological system of MSA rather than by extra-linguistic motivations.

Speech sound disorders or differences: Insights from bilingual children speaking two Chinese languages

The study investigated how Putonghua-Cantonese bilingual children differ from monolinguals in their acquisition of speech sound and phonological patterns. Fifty-four typically developing Putonghua-Cantonese bilingual children aged 3;6–6;0 were recruited from nurseries in the North District of Hong Kong. The Hong Kong Cantonese Articulation Test (Cheung et al., 2006) and a Putonghua picture-naming task (Zhu & Dodd, 2000) were used to elicit single-word samples of both languages. Acquisition of speech sound and phonological patterns exhibited by ≥20% of the children in an age group were compared to the normative data on children who were Cantonese native or Putonghua monolingual speakers. The bilingual children demonstrated smaller sound inventory in both languages and more delayed and atypical phonological processes. The atypical patterns could be explained by phonological interference between Putonghua and Cantonese. The findings serve as a preliminary reference for clinicians in differentiating language difference from true speech sound disorders in Putonghua-Cantonese bilingual children in Hong Kong.

The Phonotactic Adaptation of English Loanwords in Arabic

The phonological modifications made to English loanwords in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) have come as a response to cope with the phonetic and phonological constraints in MSA sound system. These adaptations of loanword pronunciation clearly reflect the areas and effects of phonetic and phonological interference between the two languages in contact. For this purpose, over than 300 of English words borrowed by MSA are analyzed. At the syllabic and prosodic level, mechanisms like cluster simplification, syllabic consonant conversion, gemination, etc. are found at work and by far systematic in MSA borrowings. Generally, it has been found that most of the regular adaptations at syllable level such as declusterization, syllabic consonant conversion, consonant lengthening and vocalic glide insertion, are motivated by linguistic constraints inherited in the phonological system of MSA rather than by extra-linguistic motivations.

English Learning Using Pronouncing the Rhyme Method

The study aims to seek the kinds of phonological interference in the English pronounciation of teachers of North Bogor PAUD. The study is a descriptive qualitative research where data is collected by recordings, transcribing and identifying pronunciation difficulties. Based on the findings, factors such as intereference, the differences in the sound system in the two languages affect the teachers pronunciation. It is evident in the data the teachers of PAUD experienced difficulties in pronouncing the consonant phonemes /p/, /k/, /g/, /d/, /s/, //, and the vowel phonemes /?/, //. Diphthongs and stress are also a source of constraint. Keywords: interference, phonemes, diphthongs.

Implicit co-activation of American Sign Language in deaf readers: An ERP study

In an implicit phonological priming paradigm, deaf bimodal bilinguals made semantic relatedness decisions for pairs of English words. Half of the semantically unrelated pairs had phonologically related translations in American Sign Language (ASL). As in previous studies with unimodal bilinguals, targets in pairs with phonologically related translations elicited smaller negativities than targets in pairs with phonologically unrelated translations within the N400 window. This suggests that the same lexicosemantic mechanism underlies implicit co-activation of a non-target language, irrespective of language modality. In contrast to unimodal bilingual studies that find no behavioral effects, we observed phonological interference, indicating that bimodal bilinguals may not suppress the non-target language as robustly. Further, there was a subset of bilinguals who were aware of the ASL manipulation (determined by debrief), and they exhibited an effect of ASL phonology in a later time window (700–900ms). Overall, these results indicate modality-independent language co-activation that persists longer for bimodal bilinguals.

The Difficulties in Pronunciation of Fricatives [f] and [v] by Learners of English Whose First Language is Dayak Ngaju: Applied Linguistics

This paper aims to describe (1) the difficulties in pronouncing [f] and [v] by the learners of English whose first language is Dayak Ngaju, (2) constraints that cause difficulty in learning English pronunciation, and (3) the application of drill method as an attempt to solve the problem of learning English pronunciation. This study is included in applied linguistics. Problem identification is done by using contrastive analysis. The approach used is qualitative and quantitative descriptive approach. The instruments used to collect data research are a test, observation, and interview. Location of the study is in SMA PGRI Palangka Raya. Based on the pre-test result, the learners’ mastery level only 60% (under the minimum completeness criteria or KKM). The learners pronounce the sound fricative [f] and [v] à [p]. While the factors that cause difficulty are the phonological interference (interlingual transfer). As for extra-lingual factors are (1) the teachers of English have a lack of knowledge in English pronunciation, (2) the strategy applied in teaching pronunciation is not right, and (3) facility and infrastructure are inadequate, as there are no video, LCD, and language laboratory. The effort done to solve the difficulties of English pronunciation are first, the teachers follow workshop on English phonetics and phonology along with the strategy used to teach pronunciation, that is drill method. Secondly, the teachers apply drill method in pronunciation class in the form of Classroom Action Research (CAR). After the treatment is given in the form of CAR, then the mastery level is increased, it has reached 75% (already reached KKM). The learners of English pronounce correctly English sounds [f] and [v].

PHONOLOGICAL INTERFERENCE IN THE ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION

This study is aimed to know the kinds of phonological interference happen on the English pronunciation of the students of an elementary school in Kediri, East Java. The data were collected by asking the students to read a passage, and this activity was audio-recorded. The data were analyzed by using descriptive qualitative on content analysis. The result of the analysis showed that the phonological interference on the English pronunciation of the students was influenced by their Indonesian language system. It was found nineteen types of interference on the segmental aspects which consisted of nine vowel substitutions, two vowel shortenings and four consonant substitutions, two deletions of consonants and two additions of consonants. On the suprasegmental aspect (stress) there weretwenty misplaced stresses.Keywords;Phonological interference, segmental, suprasegmental.

Implicit object naming in visual search: Evidence from phonological competition.

During visual search, people are distracted by objects that visually resemble search targets; search is impaired when targets and distractors share overlapping features. In this study, we examined whether a nonvisual form of similarity, overlapping object names, can also affect search performance. In three experiments, people searched for images of real-world objects (e.g., a beetle) among items whose names either all shared the same phonological onset (/bi/), or were phonologically varied. Participants either searched for 1 or 3 potential targets per trial, with search targets designated either visually or verbally. We examined standard visual search (Experiments 1 and 3) and a self-paced serial search task wherein participants manually rejected each distractor (Experiment 2). We hypothesized that people would maintain visual templates when searching for single targets, but would rely more on object names when searching for multiple items and when targets were verbally cued. This reliance on target names would make performance susceptible to interference from similar-sounding distractors. Experiments 1 and 2 showed the predicted interference effect in conditions with high memory load and verbal cues. In Experiment 3, eye-movement results showed that phonological interference resulted from small increases in dwell time to all distractors. The results suggest that distractor names are implicitly activated during search, slowing attention disengagement when targets and distractors share similar names.

Native-Language Phonological Interference in Early Hakka-Mandarin Bilinguals' Visual Recognition of Chinese Two-Character Compounds: Evidence from the Semantic-Relatedness Decision Task.

Previous research has indicated that, in viewing a visual word, the activated phonological representation in turn activates its homophone, causing semantic interference. Using this mechanism of phonological mediation, this study investigated native-language phonological interference in visual recognition of Chinese two-character compounds by early Hakka-Mandarin bilinguals. A visual semantic-relatedness decision task in Chinese was given to native Mandarin speakers and early Hakka-Mandarin bilinguals. Both participant groups made more false positive errors and responded more slowly to the pair of two-character compounds containing a homophone; but only Hakka-Mandarin bilinguals made more false positive errors and responded more slowly to the pair containing a near-homophone. We concluded that phonology is needed in both native and nonnative speakers' meaning access of Chinese two-character compounds and that native-language phonological interference is universal in L2 visual word recognition, not language type dependent; phonological and orthographic information are "interactive-compensatory" in helping Hakka readers' resolve the interference.

Phonological interference effects during silent reading of L2 sentences by Korean learners of English

The present study investigated the role of phonological representations during silent reading of L2 sentences by Korean learners of English in comparison with the effect of pragmatic plausibility thereof. Eighteen Korean college students of English participated in two self-paced reading experiments. In Experiment 1, the participants read sentences containing object-extracted relative clauses for which pragmatic plausibility was manipulated (e.g. The thief/policeman that the policeman/thief arrested was known ...). The result showed that increased processing difficulty for implausible propositions occurred at and after the relative clause verb (e.g. arrested). In Experiment 2, the same participants read sentences of similar structure, in which the phonological similarity between the main and relative clause subjects was manipulated (e.g. The runner/baker that the banker always feared bought ...). The result showed that increased processing difficulty due to phonological overlap occurred at the relative clause subject (e.g., banker). The results are discussed in terms of L2 learners` use of phonological representations in silent L2 reading.

Phonological Interference in Visual Search: Object Names are Automatically Activated in Non-Linguistic Tasks

Phonological Interference in Visual Search: Object Names are Automatically Activated in Non-Linguistic Tasks

Orthographic and phonological form interference during silent reading.

This study reports 2 eye-tracking experiments investigating form interference during sentence-level silent reading. The items involved reduced and unreduced relative clauses (RCs) with words that were orthographically and phonologically similar (injection-infection; O+P+, Experiment 1) as well as with words that were orthographically similar, but phonologically dissimilar (laughter-daughter; O+P-, Experiment 2). Both experiments revealed syntactic processing disruptions for reduced RCs. Processing difficulty was also observed at the form-related word in both experiments under first-pass and second-pass reading measures. These form-interference effects did not interact with structural processing difficulty under first-pass measures in either experiment. Under second-pass time, there were larger processing disruptions for reduced RCs in O+P+ sentences relative to their controls. This was not the case, however, for O+P- sentences. These results suggest 2 components to form-interference effects during silent reading: (a) an early, low-level component that is driven in large part by visual form overlap and (b) a component that relates to late stages of interpretation and that is associated more closely with phonological form overlap.

Identifying the role of phonology in sentence-level reading

Phonological properties of the words in a sentence have been shown to affect processing fluency and comprehension. However, the exact role of phonology in sentence comprehension remains unclear. If constituents are stored in working memory during routine processing and accessed through their phonological code, phonological information may exert a pervasive influence on post-lexical comprehension processes such as retrieval for thematic integration. On the other hand, if access to constituents in memory during parsing is guided primarily by syntactic and semantic information, the parser should be isolated from phonologically based effects. In two self-paced reading experiments, we tested whether phonological overlap between distractors and a retrieval target caused retrieval interference during thematic integration. We found that phonological overlap creates difficulty during the initial encoding of the filler, but there was no evidence that phonological overlap caused later interference when the filler was retrieved for thematic integration. Despite effects at encoding, phonological interference did not have a detrimental effect on comprehension. These results suggest that phonological information is not used as a retrieval cue during routine dependency construction in incremental sentence processing. We conclude by considering the potential importance of phonology in parsing under conditions of extraordinary syntactic and/or semantic interference.

Exploring the bilingualism of a migrant community through language dominance

This study outlines a linguistic profile of two subgroups of Italian English circumstantial bilinguals – one dominant in English and the other dominant in Italian – by exploring for the first time their linguistic repertoire through the Gradient Bilingual Dominance Scale (Dunn & Fox Tree, 2009). The scale takes into account language background/history, language use and phonological interference, three main clusters of indicators that make up their dominance. The analysis is further complemented by additional descriptors adapted from Marian, Blumenfeld and Kaushanskaya (2007) and Baker (2011). Over one hundred English dominants (EDs) and Italian dominants (IDs) of Italian descent living in Australia were administered a survey. Results indicate that the scores yielded by the scale broadly parallel the data on self-reported dominance. The contrastive analysis of single variables, however, reveals both discrepancies and similarities between the two groups. While both groups use and are exposed to both languages and self-report high proficiency in the four skills, EDs differ from IDs across indicators such as language attrition and phonological interference. These outcomes confirm that the examination of these subgroups of Italians through the components of their language dominance offers a concise analysis of their linguistic features that makes allowance for both the individual and the societal elements of their bilingualism.

Interference of spoken word recognition through phonological priming from visual objects and printed words

Three cross-modal priming experiments examined the influence of preexposure to pictures and printed words on the speed of spoken word recognition. Targets for auditory lexical decision were spoken Dutch words and nonwords, presented in isolation (Experiments 1 and 2) or after a short phrase (Experiment 3). Auditory stimuli were preceded by primes, which were pictures (Experiments 1 and 3) or those pictures' printed names (Experiment 2). Prime-target pairs were phonologically onset related (e.g., pijl-pijn, arrow-pain), were from the same semantic category (e.g., pijl-zwaard, arrow-sword), or were unrelated on both dimensions. Phonological interference and semantic facilitation were observed in all experiments. Priming magnitude was similar for pictures and printed words and did not vary with picture viewing time or number of pictures in the display (either one or four). These effects arose even though participants were not explicitly instructed to name the pictures and where strategic naming would interfere with lexical decision making. This suggests that, by default, processing of related pictures and printed words influences how quickly we recognize spoken words.

The special role of higher-frequency neighbors at the phonological level: an event-related potential study of chinese character naming.

The present study explored the time course of neighborhood frequency effect at the early processing stages, examining whether orthographic neighbors with higher frequency exerted an influence on target processing especially at the phonological stage by using the event-related potential (ERP). Thirteen undergraduate students were recruited in this study, and they were required to covertly name Chinese characters with or without higher-frequency neighbors (HFNs); meanwhile, their brain activity was recorded. Results showed that the effect of neighborhood frequency was significant in frontocentral P2 amplitude, with a reduction for naming characters with HFNs compared to those without HFNs; while there was no effect in posterior N1 amplitude. The only neighborhood frequency effect in P2 component suggested a special role for the HFNs in phonological access of Chinese characters. The decrease in amplitude for naming with-HFN characters might be associated with the phonological interference of higher-frequency neighbors due to their different pronunciations from the target characters.