Vowel Phonemes Research Articles

Bora's high vowels involve a two-way dental contrast, not a three-way backness contrast

The Bora language of Peru has six phonemic vowels, conventionally transcribed as /i ε a o ɨ ɯ/. This inventory is noteworthy since it appears to exhibit a three-way backness distinction among three high unrounded vowels. In this paper we present audiovisual data which confirms two significant facts: (1) /ɯ/ is high, back, and unrounded; and (2) the only vowel produced with lip rounding is /o/. However, the experiment further reveals that the Bora segment traditionally written /ɨ/ is actually not central but rather a possibly novel type of front vowel, articulated with substantial contact between the tongue and both the upper and lower teeth. We use the methodology of Iskarous (2010) to estimate vocal tract area functions for Bora vowels based on their observed formant frequencies and amplitudes. The results of this procedure support our claim that /ɨ/ is front and /ɯ/ is back. Several phonological alternations also motivate this characterization. The opening of the mouth and dental contact visible in the production of /ɨ/ are correlated with its acoustic measurements, albeit in a previously undocumented way. We conclude that Bora’s /ɨ/ should be reclassified as /i̪/ – front and dental.p { line-height: 115%; text-align: left; orphans: 2; widows: 2; margin-bottom: 0.1in; direction: ltr; background: transparent }

VOWEL PHONEMES

The existence of word vowel phonemes in all languages, including in Indonesian is very dominant. All words in their internal structure must be found in phonemes. As a result of the existence of a very dominant vowel phoneme, its existence is able to form what is called a phoneme vocal sequence. The application of research theory in connection with efforts to describe vowel series phonemes is based on the linguistic theory of the phonological field of the phonemic subfield. Because the study focuses on the smallest unit of language sounds, namely phonemes. The research implementation is based on three strategic stages, namely:1. provision of data, 2. classification and analysis of data, 3. preparation / writing of reports. The findings of the data are more secondary, so the findings of the data focus on the availability of references, so that the existence of a large Indonesian language dictionary acts as a "smart" book. The findings of primary data are relatively difficult to do. There are seven kinds of vocal phonemes, namely / a, i, u, ê, é, è, o /. The seven vowel phonemes are relatively capable of forming vowel phonemes, so that in the end a table can be made from each of the seven vowel phonemes in question.

Noises and Colors: Two Untraditional Methods of Teaching ESL/ EFL Pronunciation

This article is based on a professional development session or presentation that the author gave in a regional TESOL affiliate conference, and it discusses the importance of teaching, why ESL/ EFL teachers should teach pronunciation, the reasons they generally give for avoiding it and how we can integrate it into our curriculum. The author sheds light on SLA, Second Language Acquisition, research especially studies that are related to connectionism or the noticeability hypothesis and their connection to teaching and practicing pronunciation in the ESL/EFL classroom. The article focuses on not only teaching segmental aspects of English pronunciation such as vowel phonemes but underscores suprasegmental features such as thought groups/chunking and word/phrase stress because they shape rhythm in English, which is key to intelligibility. The author also suggests using two effective and tested techniques in teaching pronunciation to a variety of ESL/EFL learners and provides samples of classroom activities that could be easily implemented in teaching pronunciation together with vocabulary. The article concludes with reviewing some studies conducted quite recently about one of these two suggested approaches to see how effective this approach is.

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PHONOLOGICAL ELEMENTS IN LAMPUNG LANGUAGE: DIALECT A PEMINGGIR AND DIALECT O ABUNG

This study aims to investigate the differences in phonological elements between two dialects of the Lampung language: Dialect A Peminggir and Dialect O Abung. The research focuses on Lempasing Village, Padang Cermin District, Pesawaran Regency for Dialect A Peminggir, and Bumi Agung Marga Village, East Abung District, North Lampung Regency for Dialect O Abung. The objectives of this study are to describe: (1) the differences in vowel phonemes between Dialect A Peminggir and Dialect O Abung, (2) the differences in consonant phonemes between Dialect A Peminggir and Dialect O Abung, (3) the characteristics of diphthongs and vowel lines in Dialect A Peminggir and Dialect O Abung, (4) the differences in clusters and consonants between Dialect A Peminggir and Dialect O Abung, and (5) the variations in syllables between Dialect A Peminggir and Dialect O Abung. The study adopts a descriptive analytical method, and data collection involves the use of recording devices, tapes, and other stationery. The research utilizes various techniques, including listening or tapping techniques as basic methods, and advanced techniques such as free listening techniques, fishing techniques, recording techniques, questionnaires, and recording techniques. The results of the study demonstrate both differences and similarities in the phonological elements of Dialect A Peminggir and Dialect O Abung in the Lampung language.

Экспрессивная функция сегментных единиц поэтического текста: универсальные и национально-специфические признаки

<p>The article focuses on the system of expressive means of poetic text. There are two ways how to research the poetic text: the first is based on the linguistic approach while the second is based on the perception of the emotional mood of the poetic text. The aim of the research is to identify the correlation between the formal features of the poetic text in the phonological aspect and the way its emotional mood is conveyed and perceived in the text. The object of the research is sound poetic texts. The subject is the elements of the segmental level in their expressive function. The novelty of the approach is as follows: there is an attempt to combine the structural (phonological) analysis with the psycholinguistic data in the field of the theory of emotionality, which allows us to offer the mechanism of research of the sound-pictorial possibilities of a poetic text, based on the frequency of differential signs of phonemes. The authors rely on E.N. Vinarskaya’s basic emotions concept. A psycholinguistic experiment on the perception of sounding German poetic texts by native speakers of German and Russian is carried out. The linguistic part of the experiment includes phonetic notation of poetic texts by phonetic auditors. After that the received data of the psycholinguistic and linguistic parts of the experiment is analyzed for the correlation of the associated emotion and the frequency of realization of phonological features of vowel phonemes by localization (row and timbral characteristics of vowels) and fullness (short-open-unstressed and long-closed-unstressed). The analysis of the data is comparative in relation to two groups of informants in German and Russian. The comparative aspect of the study allows us to identify universal and nationally specific signs of perception and correlate it with the basic emotions. Universal feature is the fact that the complexes of phonologically relevant features function as signs in shaping the emotional image of a word. Nationally specific feature reflects the frequency of realization in accordance with the associated emotion in the perception of German and Russian speakers.</p>

How inaccurate rhymes reveal Old Norse vowel phonemes

This article discusses so-called inaccurate rhymes in Old Norse dróttkvætt poetry and their bearing on the phoneme structure of Old Norse. Inaccurate rhymes between /ǫ/ and /a/ do occur, but were to some extent avoided in Old Norse poems in the eleventh and the twelfth century. The same applies to rhymes between /ǫ́/ and /á/ in the second half of the twelfth century. This avoidance confirms the status of /ǫ́/ as a phoneme by providing, indirectly, an opposition between /á/ and /ǫ́/. Furthermore, rhymes between the diphthong /ja/ and the vowel /a/ were used infrequently in the tenth century, and the diphthong /jó/ and the vowel /ó/ were not rhymed at all. Thus /ja/ and /jó/ were not treated as a sequence of a consonant /j/ and a vowel.

Role And Function Of Phonemes In Phonology For Arabic Communication

Language consists of several language components. Language components are language knowledge, language use, and language changes associated with those components. Language knowledge includes knowledge of phonetics and phonology. Phonetics and phonology are the main understandings in mastering communication using Arabic. In the process of using language, a language is a tool used to convey ideas, thoughts, and desires or desires to others that aim to develop all aspects of life. The research method that the author uses is the Descriptive Qualitative research method. The approach used by the author is the Review Pustaka (Library Research) approach with data collection techniques using the Literature Study method. Phonology comes from the Greek word phono and the word logos. Phono means sound or sound, and the emblem implies science. Phonology is divided into 2 (two), namely phonetics and phonemes. Phonetics is the science of sound that talks explicitly about sound problems without paying attention to the function and meaning of sound. Phonemes are the study of sounds that study parts of the little unity of a language. Vowels in Arabic phonemes are commonly called crazy. Vowel types are the vowel phoneme Fathah, the vowel phoneme Kasrah, and the vowel phoneme Dhommah. A voice or vowel is a language sound that comes from the vibration of a person's throat vocal cords. The difference in the variety of sounds is the long and short verbal aspects.

Liangmai phonology: An overview

Liangmai, a Tibeto-Burman member spoken in North East India (NEI), has twenty consonant phonemes and six vowel phonemes with four contrastive tones. Three stops and three nasals permitted at the end of a syllable and all consonants occurs at the beginning of a syllable. A voiceless libio-dental fricative which is rare in other NEI languages is a major consonant. Vowel system has several diphthongs. The close central unrounded vowel /ɨ/ can appear as an allophone of close front unrounded vowel /i/ and close back rounded vowel /u/ as in dūip í n ~ dūip ɨ́ n ‘spring’ and t ū n ~ t ɨ̄ n ‘push’. With or without coda, the position nucleus of a syllable is occupied by an obligatory vowel and also by a syllabic consonant. Syllable has  CV and CVC patterns.  After resllabification, the structure of the syllable will appear like CCVC. Consonnat cluster is not permitted in a syllable except for a few idiolects. Nasal syllabic is abundantly present in the language. Total assimiliation occurs in phonological proces in the manner of progressive and regressive assimiliation. Both consonant and vowel undergoes syncope. Epenthesis does not occur at word level except for loan words. In fast speech, voiceless consonants are voiced inter-vocally across morphemes. The morpheme /jēi/ can be realized in six allomorphs depending on the envriornment they occur, which due to morphophonological process. The tonal system has four contrastive level of tone. Register tones are plenty and contour tones are rare.

Hybrid Approach to Detect Prolonged Speech Segments

In the last 10 decades various methods have been introduced to detect prolonged speech segments automatically for stuttered speech signals. However less attention has been paid by researches in the detection of prolongation disorder at the parametric level. The aim of this study is to propose a hybrid approach to detect the prolonged speech segments by combining various spectral parameters with their recognition accuracies for the reconstructed speech signal. The paper presents prolonged segments detection by considering the parameters individually, combining various spectral parameters, validation of prolongation detection system, MFCC feature extraction process, basic model accuracies for the reconstructed signals. The proposed methods are simulated and experimented on UCLASS derived dataset. Obtained results are compared with the existing works of prolongation detection at parametric and word level. It is observed that hybrid parameters yield 92% of recognition rate for larger frame sizes of 200ms when modeled with SVM. The results are also tabulated and discussed for various metrics like sensitivity, specificity and accuracy metrics in detecting the prolonged segments. The study also focuses on the prolongation characteristics of vocalized and non-vocalized sounds at phoneme level. The detection accuracy of 71% is observed for Vocalized prolonged vowel phonemes over non-vocalized prolonged signal. Objectives: The objective of this work is to propose a hybrid algorithm to detect prolonged segments automatically for speech signal with prolongation disorder. The other objective is to evaluate the obtained spectral parameters performances by applying to various evaluation metrics and models to compute the recognition accuracy of a reconstructed signal. The objective is further extended to bring out the importance of variable frame size concept and to analyze the variations in vocalized and non-vocalized sounds. Methods: The methods adopted to detect prolonged speech segments are discussed at two levels namely at the preprocessing and modeling levels. The Preprocessing level is discussed by applying various parameters at an individual level, hybrid level by combing the Centroid, Entropy, Energy, ZCR parameters and MFCC feature extraction method. A new method has been applied using Specificity, Sensitivity and accuracy metrics to validate the prolongation detection model performance. In modeling level, the above parameters are discussed by applying evaluation metrics for the clustering and classification models like K-means, FCM and SVM. The performance of these methods is considered for evaluating and estimating the prolonged segment detection accuracy of the reconstructed speech signals of vocalized and non-vocalized sounds. All these methods are discussed in detail in the following sections. Findings: Hybridizing the spectral parameters to detect the prolonged speech segment automatically is a major finding of this work. It is also found that Specificity, sensitivity and accuracy metrics plays a major role in designing and validating the prolongation detection model. From the further experiments it is identified that the hybrid and verification metrics suits better for vocalized and non-vocalized sounds when larger frame lengths are considered. SVM has been found to perform better for all the above considerations. Novelty: As per Literature survey it is observed that individual and few parameters are applied to detect the prolongation. But works are not addressed on applying or combining more than two parameters to detect the prolonged speech segments. The novelty of this work lies in selecting and combining the spectral parameters at the preprocessing stage to detect the prolongation disorder. Spectral centroid and entropy are considered as appropriate parameters along with ZCR and Energy parameters. Hence hybridizing these parameters results in a novelty to propose an automatic prolongation detection system. Novelty is further brought by applying Specificity, sensitivity and accuracy metrics to build and evaluate the detection system for vocalized and non-vocalized prolonged sounds.

Фонетическая интерференция в речи вьетнамцев, изучающих русский язык

The paper contains a comparative analysis of the systems of vowels and consonants of the modern Russian and Vietnamese languages. The aim of the study is to suggest a classification of interference facts at the phonetic level in the speech of Vietnamese students in the process of mastering the Russian language. The paper identifies the main differences between the Russian and Vietnamese languages at the phonetic level that are related to the quantitative and qualitative discrepancy of consonants and vowel phonemes, to the peculiarities of syllable organisation, as well as to the presence of tone in the Vietnamese language; the mechanisms of error formation in students in the process of learning Russian are identified and analysed. The study is novel in that it is the first to clarify the connection between interference and the process of adaptation of words of French origin in the Vietnamese language. As a result, the phonetic errors of Vietnamese learners studying Russian are proved to have a close connection with the borrowing of French vocabulary into Russian and Vietnamese, as well as with the strategy used when adapting borrowings from French in the Vietnamese linguistic environment.

Improving non-native duration contrast with dichotic training in dyslexic and non-dyslexic individuals.

Perceiving and producing English phonemic vowel length contrasts is challenging for non-native speakers. According to multi-time resolution models, endogenous slow/fast rhythms contribute, respectively, in the right/left hemispheres, to long/short acoustic cue processing. This study introduced a perceptual training method implementing dichotic stimulation to improve /i:/-/ɪ/ processing by promoting hemispheric complementarity. Twenty non-dyslexic and 20 dyslexic French adults received 1 hr-training over 3 days. Productions were evaluated with pre-/post-tests. Training enhanced vowel duration contrast in word production by /i:/ lengthening and /ɪ/ shortening in both groups. Adults with dyslexia compensated fewer /i:/ lengthening by /ɪ/ shortening than did non-dyslexic adults. Transfer from perceptual training to production seems possible for foreign-language learning even in dyslexic adults. The extent to which dichotic presentation contributed to training effectiveness cannot be evaluated here, but the triggering of lengthening and shortening mechanisms suggests that lateralized complementary skills have been enhanced by dichotic stimulation.

ЗАКОНОМІРНОСТІ СПОЛУЧУВАНОСТІ ФОНЕМ У ДВОФОНЕМНИХ СЛОВАХ СУЧАСНОЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ЛІТЕРАТУРНОЇ МОВИ

У статті на матеріалі „Великого зведеного орфографічного словника сучасної української лексики ” проаналізовано склад двофонемних слів в українській мові та сполучувальні можливості окремих фонем у двофонемних словах, побудувано моделі двофонемних слів сучасної української літературної мови. З’ясовано, що у сучасній українській мові серед двокомпонентних моделей із першим компонентом голосною фонемою характерними є такі поєднання елементів у двофонемній дистрибутивній структурі із першою голосною фонемою як „голосна + щілинна” (18) та „голосна + напіввідкрита” (12), а серед двокомпонентних моделей із першим компонентом приголосною фонемою характерними є такі поєднання елементів у двофонемній дистрибутивній структурі із першою приголосною фонемою: „щілинна + голосна” (22), „ напіввідкрита + голосна” (14), „зімкнуто-проривна + голосна” (13). Такі дистрибутивні структури двох фонем не є типовими для сучасної української мови.

Vowel Phoneme in Javanese Language Wonosobo’s Dialect

This research was aimed to discuss the linguistics features, which was vowel phoneme, in Javanese language Wonosobo’s dialect. This study was extremely essential to recognize the vowel phoneme in Wonosobo since this regency abut on many regions uttering many dialects, which encouraged Wonosobo to have a mixed dialect. The research design was descriptive qualitative methods because this research analyzed the social complication, which was language phenomenon. After analyzing the data, it was found that vowel phoneme applied were [a], [i] [u], [e], [ə], [o], and [ɔ] with [I], [U] and [ɛ] as allophones.

Analisis Kontrastif Dialek Gayo Uken dan Toa

The differences between the Uken and Toa dialects are easily identified in the speakers' daily conversations. Speakers of these two dialects are still easy to understand each other. The difference occurs in some vowel sounds, intonation, some vocabulary, and some greetings in everyday dialogue. The objectives to be achieved in this study are to determine the differences between the Gayo Uken and Toa dialects. The research method used is a qualitative research method, this research was conducted using a descriptive analysis method. The difference in conversation between Uken and Toa people can be seen in terms of their pronunciation in interacting. The difference between the two Gayo dialects is in the form of words that are similar between the gayo uken and toa dialects but have the same meaning and what distinguishes these two dialects is the way they are pronounced. And based on the pronunciation of the Uken and Toa dialects spoken by the community, there are many phoneme variations, each word conveyed produces differences in vowel phonemes and consonant phonemes.

Distributive patterns of Circassian vowels and reconstruction of the Common Circassian vowel system

Modern Circassian languages (Adyghe and Kabardian) have a threefold vocalic system based on the degree of openness: open /а/, close /e/, and mid /ə/. The article analyzes the distribution and phonotactics of Circassian vowels in CVCV syllabic chains. The disyllabic words of structure #CVCV# have the following options of vowel distribution: СaСa, СaСe, СeCa, СaСə, СеСе, СеСə, СəСа, СəСе, СəСə. In the sequence /V+V/, the vowel /e/ is always assimilated to /a/, and /ə/ is always assimilated to /a/ or /e/. As in Abkhaz, but unlike in Ubykh, in Circassian languages combinations of vowels are always realized as one vocalic sound (/V+V/ = [V]). Most authors do not question the existence of at least two phonemic vowels in Proto-Circassian. As for the late stage of Proto-Circassian, which can be called Common Circassian, in contrast to the two-term vocalism of the early language, a threefold system *a ~ *e ~ *ə appears to have developed at that point. The contrast *a ~ *e, thus, does not go deeper than the late Proto-Circassian (i.e., Common Circassian) period and is the result of phonologization of the positional allophonic contrast *[a] ~ *[e]. The so-called “rule of two open syllables” is discussed. On the basis of vocalic correspondences between Circassian languages, a three-term vocalic system of Common Circassian is reconstructed. The author also discusses exceptions and irregular vocalic correspondences.

The Acoustic Variation of Mid-to-Close Central Vowel Phonemes in Pindian and Farsherot Varieties of Aromanian

The Acoustic Variation of Mid-to-Close Central Vowel Phonemes in Pindian and Farsherot Varieties of Aromanian

Analisis Kesalahan Penulisan Fonologi Bahasa Jawa Pada Lirik Lagu Satru 2 Karya Denny Caknan

Language errors are often not realized by readers and song lyricists on Youtube. This is because not all media users understand the rules of writing Javanese language properly and correctly. This study aims to analyze errors in Javanese writing in the lyrics of The Satru 2 song by Denny Caknan on the Denny Caknan youtube account channel uploaded in February 2022.this study uses qualitative descriptive research methods. In this study, the data sources used came from primary and secondary data sources. The primary data source is the lyrics of the song Satru 2 by Denny Caknan on Denny Caknan's Youtube channel, while the source of the skunder data is in the form of documentation taken from various books, articles, and journals with similar discussions. In this study, it used a note-taking technique, namely by listening to Youtube by recording lyrics and errors in writing Javanese. The results of the study, it can be concluded that there was a phonological writing error in writing the lyrics of the song Satru 2 by Denny Caknan. There are five vowel words out of five sentences of incorrect writing, namely in the words wis, believe, what, trima, and work. Most javanese phonology on vowel phoneme errors that should be [a] written [o].

A systemized explanation for vowel phoneme change in the inadmissible phonological structure /VV/ in Zulu

A systemized explanation for vowel phoneme change in the inadmissible phonological structure /VV/ in Zulu

The Morphophonemic (/i/) in the Central Kurdish dialect of the language

The morphophonemic (/i/) in the Central Kurdish dialect of the Kurdish language, in the (Phonetic, Phonological, Morphological, and Syntactic) structures appear as the same form, but they are different in their structures. This research is conducted on (analytical- descriptive) method, and aome of the equivalent forms of (/i/) are analyzed based on the principles of generative school. For the purpose of presenting the examples, along with the phonemic alphabet, international phonetic alphabet (IPA) is also used. The examples are taken from daily expressions in central Kurdish dialect. In compared words, the vowel phoneme proves itself in the smallest phonological two-word example, and is differed from the semi-consonant (/i/). In the morphological and syntactic structures, it performes different duties as a bound morpheme, and due to the present stress, the long sound of (/i:/) or the short (/i/) are embodied.

The phonological status of Swedish au and eu: Proposals, evidence, evaluation

AbstractMost modern studies of Swedish phonology take the view that the underlying vowel inventory of Central Standard Swedish comprises nine, rather than seventeen or eighteen, mutually contrasting vowel phonemes. A residual problem of a classic phonological type concerns the borrowed entities, rendered in traditional Swedish orthography as au and eu, whose ‘status in the vowel system is unclear’ (Riad 2014:42). The present paper scrutinizes earlier and current phonological interpretations of these entities, adduces evidence for and against each proposal, and concludes that the case for treating them as phonemic diphthongs /V͡V/, as /VC/-sequences, or as monosyllabic /VV̯/-sequences is weak and that they should in the first place be viewed as underlying heterosyllabic vowel sequences /VV/, subject to a special phonological stipulation valid for a borrowed sub-domain of the lexicon. Typologically, Central Standard Swedish should continue to be subsumed under the category of languages that lack phonological diphthongs.