Phonological Change Research Articles

Reconstruction of Proto Central of Pahang River Phoneme

This study reconstructed the proto-phoneme of consonants for a subdialect in the central basin of the Pahang River. The length of this river is 459 kilometres, and the area in the centre part of the river was selected to perform comparative linguistics observations. Five research sites were selected for this study purpose, namely Kuala Tembeling (KT), Lada (LDA), Jeransang (JRG), Kedondong (DDG), and Bukit Nikmat (BMT), based on their distinctive phonological characteristics. The research sites were visited twice to ensure the authenticity of the gathered data. The data were screened to extract cognate words using Crowley’s framework. Crowley’s sound correspondence set (SCS) was employed to evaluate and extract proto-phonemes. After the phonemes were retrieved, the reconstructed proto-phoneme of Adelaar was used as a point of comparison. The findings revealed that Proto-Centre Pahang river (PCPr) has 18 ancient consonant phonemes (*p, *b, *t, *d, *k, *ɡ, *m, *n, *ɲ, *ŋ, *l, *s, *ɣ, *h, *c, *ɟ, *w, and *j). The distribution of these consonants is diverse and depends on the consonant type. A vocalic feature of PCPr, such as vowels and diphthongs, should be the subject of future discussion to arrive at definitive conclusions regarding phonological changes between PCPr and Proto-Malayic (PM).

MECHANISM OF MARINE POLLUTION - THE CASE OF PAKISTAN

The aim of this paper is to study the major causes of marine pollution & its negative effects on coastal areas of Sindh and Balochistan in Pakistan; the role of the regulatory setup to control marine pollution; and the status of local & international legal implications in Pakistan. In addition, due to ports & shipping developments/activities, they are causing environmental and human health problems by disrupting the ocean ecosystem and biota. This paper also identifies the direct and indirect sources of marine pollution through ports & shipping activities, infrastructural developments, and the discharge of wastes into the sea from different sources. It also explores the failures of the system to control marine pollution due to the lack of political will, unsustainable management practices, lack of traditional knowledge and modern standards and technologies, lack of community participation, and not ratifying the mandatory laws and conventions on marine pollution nor proper implementation of them. The analysis indicates the weakness of the implications of the legal setup as per international standards (by the International Maritime Organization (IMO)). The results showed that only pollution by ports and shipping activities is an insignificant reason for the weakness of the shipping business. The analysis shows that legal bodies, the Ministry of Maritime Affairs (MOMA), associated organizations, policy matters, the role of ports of Sindh and Balochistan, and coastal communities have less understanding about management and procedures to control pollution in the coastal areas and in the sea. It can be concluded that pollutants can cause a variety of biological effects, including metabolic dysfunction, genetic damage, and phonological changes. Therefore, it is recommended that the government formulate specific policies within the framework of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 14)-2015-2030 and UN Ocean Decade Challenges for 2021–2030 that would develop the significant objectives and implementation plans for the green environment, which would contain potential procedures for the sustainable growth of ports and shipping businesses through compliance with IMO standards and maintain the positive relationship between national and international levels.

The Historical Changes of /k/ and /q/ in Najdi Arabic: A Phonological Analysis

This paper seeks to explore the potential phonological reasons for the historical change of /k/ and /q/ in Najdi Arabic and the influence of these two consonants on the frequency and duration of vowels, such as /i/ sound through the prism of acoustic analysis. The /k/ phoneme transforms into [ts] and /q/ transforms into [ɡ] and [dz] in many Najdi Arabic words. This transformational process is called ‘palatalization’. Although it is a universal phenomenon, palatalization in Najdi Arabic has specific characteristic features. The main reason for this specificity is that the Najdi dialect had not been in contact with any other foreign languages in Najd region (the region of Najdi speakers) to create the affrication. This historical change is thus attributable to phonological reasons motivated by specific phonological features. Data were extracted from two recordings by two native speakers of the Najdi dialect who produced 217 words. They were phonologically transcribed and analyzed by the researcher to understand the motivation for the phonological change of these two consonants. Additionally, Pratt software was used to analyze the data to explore the influence of consonants on the /i/ sound frequency and duration. The results revealed that the palatalization of [ts] and [dz] does not occur in all the Najdi Arabic words, but only in some due to specific phonological features. The phonological patterns of /k/ and /q/ rely on the place of vocalic articulation preceding and following them.

CODE MIXING USED BY K-POP LOVERS ON SOCIAL MEDIA

Code mixing is a global phenomenon since social media emerged as a communication medium for K-Pop lovers in Indonesia. It happens when a speaker/writer uses two or more languages in an utterance/sentence. This research is aiming to explore the types and reasons for code-mixing. The researchers applied the qualitative method using content analysis. The result shows that there are 12 Korean codes and one English code inserted in Bahasa Indonesia as the major code. Intra-sentential or insertion of other codes in the main code is used dominantly by the participants. Other types such as inter-sentential, phonological change, alternation, and congruent lexicalization are not used since the participant did not have any capacity to combine Korean morphemes with Bahasa Indonesia morphemes. Additionally, the reason for using code mixing is analyzed and shows that the participant wants to show their group identity and to talk about certain topics.

NAMA-NAMA KAFE DI MALANG RAYA: BENTUK, MAKNA, DAN REFLEKSI SOSIOKULTURAL

This study aims to identify linguistic forms as expressions of meaning and sociocultural reflection in the names of cafes in Malang Raya with an anthropological linguistic approach. This research is qualitative-quantitative. One hundred names as data were provided with look-note techniques, written texts, community artifacts, and digital ethnography, then classified according to the research problem. Data analysis was carried out using the distributional method; referential and ethnographic-domain equivalent methods; reflective-introspective methods and interpretations; and descriptive statistics. The results of the analysis are presented formally and informally. Based on the research results, linguistic forms include changes in phonemes, adaptations, walikan language, substitutions, contractions, and assimilation at the phonological level; language codes, contractions, abbreviations, affixations, and compound words at the morphological level; and Explain-Explained phrases and Explained-Explain phrases at the syntactic level. The names refer to the domains of social environment, time orientation, activity, management identity, geography, biotic, character, expression of love, nature, pointer, complement, and astronomy. These names reflect socio-political changes, public space, third-wave coffee discourse, market share, lifestyle, identity, affiliation, and cinema hegemony.

Exploring mistake of language discourse that arises when learners of Indonesian for Foreign Speakers (BIPA) Fatoni University

The purpose of this study is to describe the causes and forms of language errors at the phonological level of BIPA students. This type of research is qualitative research. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis method. The data taken in this study is a form of language error at the phonological level in the form of words spoken by BIPA 1-2 students at Fatoni University Thailand. So. Meanwhile, the data sources in this study were BIPA 1-2 students at Fatoni University, totaling 8 people. The instruments in this study were researchers using laptops and zoom applications and assisted with data inventory formats. Data collection techniques are carried out by observation assisted by recording techniques, observing techniques and note-taking techniques. The technique used in checking the validity of the data in this study is the triangulation technique. The results of data analysis can be concluded several things. First, the forms of language errors found by BIPA students at Fatoni University Thailand at the phonological level are, a) phoneme change errors. b) phoneme omission errors, and c) phoneme additions. Second, the factors causing BIPA students to experience language errors in speaking skills are influenced by factors, first, namely factors influenced by the language they master first. Second, the lack of understanding of the language users of the language they use, many do not understand good and correct Indonesian, both in meaning and in pronunciation or pronunciation.

Introducing Culture through English Loanwords from Bahasa Indonesia

Contact among languages enables speakers to borrow particular words from one language to another language. This kind of loanword occasionally brings the cultural values of the borrowed language. Related to this phenomenon, this research aims (1) to describe the phonological change of English loanwords from Bahasa Indonesia, and (2) to describe the cultural values brought by English loanwords from Bahasa Indonesia. By using a qualitative approach, this research is focused on the English loanwords from Bahasa Indonesia. The data for this research were obtained from a book entitled Indonesian Phrasebook, written by Wagner (2006). The Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary (OALD) was used to examine the accuracy of the data. The results show that phonological change occurred in some lexical units as an effect of phonological adaptation of the language. Furthermore, some loanwords from Bahasa Indonesia are borrowed to fulfill particular words which have no similar term in English, especially some words which reflect Indonesian culture.

中英韩语流音变中的同化现象对比

中英韩语流音变中的同化现象对比

明ㆍ淸 韻書의 漢語 語音史的 意義 고찰

The Chinese language showed great difference between regions as early as the Sui dynasty Lu-Fa-Yan 『Qie-Yun』(AD 601). The phonemes covered in the various Yun-Shu before the 『Qie-Yun』 were also not the same. 『Qie-Yun』 system Yun-Shu is a phonetic norm for the Sui dynasty Shi-Fu. It is the standard of the Sui dynasty literary phonology, the standard of ancient Chinese phonetic, and the first standard phonetic system in China. 『Qie-Yun』 is reached 『Guang-Yun』(1008년) in the Song dynasty and established the standard of the Chinese phonological system for about 407 years. 『Guang-Yun』 is the only authoritative source material for the estimation of phonological system of 『Qie-Yun』 and Tang dynasty Yun-Shu and ancient Chinese phonemes. This is the first official Yun-Shu compiled by the King’s command, the first Yun-Shu compiled for testing purposes in the past, and the first standard language coined by the Chinese. Standardization of character pronunciation should consider the right and wrong of north and south, but there is a problem in discussing ancient sound. In the Song dynasty, the 『Qie-Yun』 phonological system dealing with ancient phonemes was already complex and far from the actual sound. In particular, the development of the common society of the Song dynasty and the characteristics of the Mongolian subjugation dynasty brought great changes to Chinese society. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, novels written in the language of everyday life were very popular. In this way, during the Yuan dynasty, the Zhou-De-Qing 『Zhong-Yuan-Yin-Yun』(1324년) appeared in the world. It can be inferred that the Yuan-Qu reflected in the 『Zhong-Yuan-Yin-Yun』 phoneme is similar to the phoneme of the Yuan dynasty capital at the time. 32 years before the appearances of 『Zhong-Yuan-Yin-Yun』, Various types of Yun-Su have appeared, dealing with unique and innovative phonological systems such as 『Gu-Jin-Yun-Hui』·『Gu-Jin-Yun-Hui-Ju-Yao』·『Mong-Gu-Zi-Yun』. These Yun-Shus are the key to phonological change in Han-Yu. The Ming and Qing dynasty Yun-Shu did not receive much attention. But In the Ming and Qing period, the study of ancient phonology was actively. In addition, the 15th century Ming 『Yun-Lue-Yi-Tong』 Zao-Mei-Shi 20 Zi-Mu, reflected the actual Sheng-Mu system of southern and northern China in the 15th century better than the Sheng-Mu system of the 14^th century Yuan dynasty 『Zhong-Yuan-Yin-Yun』. Song and Yuan dynasties Yun-Shu blossomed in the history of Chinese Yun-Shu and Han-Yu phonology. On the other hand, among the Yun-Shu of the Ming and Qing dynasties period, most Yun-Shu and Yun-Tu except 『Hong-Wu-Zheng-Yun』 and 『Ying-Yun-Chan-wei』 are valuable materials for the study of modern Chinese dialects, dialect history, modern standard language Sheng-Mu systems, and ancient phonemes.

A systemized explanation for vowel phoneme change in the inadmissible phonological structure /VV/ in Zulu

A systemized explanation for vowel phoneme change in the inadmissible phonological structure /VV/ in Zulu

The role of older men in a phonological change

AbstractContrary to classic predictions associated with the gender pattern in variationism, the results of this study on the effect of age and gender on a phonological innovation suggests that older speakers drive innovation in this small Oceanic speech community of Vanuatu. Young and old men are prone to deleting the phonemic consonant, while women and middle-aged men tend to retain it. The v-shaped distribution of the variant requires considering the interactions and social status of individuals in this community where older men occupy the highest-ranking positions. The deletion does not appear to be stylistic, and multivariate analyses reveal the effect of surrounding vowels, sex and age, on the frequency of consonant deletion. The variation is interpreted as a change in progress towards the deletion of the velar fricative and its high incidence in younger men is explained by their frequent interactions with the older men.

Phonological Variants of the Old Egyptian Particle sk/sT in the Biographies of Wnj

In 2012, excavations by the French Archaeological Mission at Saqqara uncovered several blocks bearing an inscription with remarkable parallels to the well-known biography of the Sixth Dynasty official Wnj from Abydos. These parallels led Philippe Collombert to identify the owner of the Saqqara blocks, named Nfr-wn-Mrjj-Ro, with the aforementioned Wnj. Despite their strong parallels, the two versions of the same text show a slight but interesting difference: the subordinating particle is written sk in the Saqqara version but sT in the Abydos version. These two texts then can form the core of a case study to examine these particular phonological variants in Old Egyptian texts. In this article, I will provide a brief overview of the ⟨k⟩ > ⟨T⟩ phonological change of Early Egyptian, and then discuss other attestations of the particle sk/sT to attempt to illuminate the linguistic context for this particular change in the texts of Wnj. Finally, I will suggest a possible explanation for this change, with the linguistic analysis informed by the historical and textual background of both texts – that of an official moving his tomb away from the Capital Zone and adopting a non-Capital Zone socio-dialect in the process. The investigation of this particular sound change illustrates some of the (not insurmountable) challenges of historical linguistic studies of Old Egyptian.

ENGLISH VS JAPANESE : THE PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM ENGLISH LANGUAGE INTO ABSORPTION IN JAPANESE

The purpose of this study is to explain phonological processes and phonological rules foreign language absorption words into Japanese through the study of generative phonology transformational. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. Data sources obtained from written sources, namely in the form of words derived from a dictionary of absorption words Japanese language. The results of this study are that it is known that there are 7 phonological processes that occur on the process of absorption of English words into Japanese is as the following: (1) the process of adding the /u/ segment at the end of the word, (2) adding the /o/ segment in the end of the word, (3) the addition of the /u/ segment in the middle of the word, (4) the addition of the /o/ segment in the middle word, (5) substitution of phoneme /l/ into /r/, (6) substitution of phoneme /v/ into /b/, (7) addition segment /i/, (8) Substitute the phoneme /t/ into the phoneme /c/. The process of phonological change in the absorption of English into Japanese is influenced by internal factors namely the difference between the phonological systems found in English and Japanese.

Waseda Boys’ Phonological Interference of Indonesian Food Names In Nihongo Mantappu Vlogs

Interference is a mistake generally made by second language learners because they are influenced by their first language ability. Meanwhile, phonological interference is a mistake that occurs at the sound level due to changes in phonemes influenced by knowledge of the sound system in the first language. This paper discusses the errors of second language learners in understanding the sound changes that occur in the language they are learning. This study aims to describe the forms and factors that cause phonological interference committed by “Tes Wasedaboys Tulis Nama Makanan Indonesia! Ngakak Banget!”. The method used in the research is descriptive qualitative method with the theory referring to Weinrich's interference theory (1953). The data collection method used is the listening method with free listening technique. Based on the analysis that has been done, the form of phonological interference that occurs in the YouTube video on the Nihongo Mantappu channel entitled “Tes Wasedaboys Tulis Nama Makanan Indonesia! Ngakak Banget!” is divided into 2 classifications, namely 9 data of vowel phoneme interference and 8 data of consonant phoneme interference. Each interference is divided based on the addition of phonemes as much as 3 data, based on phoneme changes as much as 7 data, and based on phoneme reduction as much as 7 data. The factors that cause phonological interference are (1) bilingualism of speech participants which amounted to 3 data, (2) differences in vowel sounds and writing methods which amounted to 11 data, (3) carrying the mother tongue which amounted to 3 data.

Lexical Correspondences between Baram and Thami

Baram and Thami share seventy-two PTB reflexes. Eighteen of them are identical in both languages indicating a higher level of shared retention. Twenty-four of them are identical in Baram and Thami, depicting a higher level of shared innovations. The similarities in the remaining thirty reflexes show the shared retention, and the similar patterns of phonological changes in Baram and Thami present the situation of shared innovations. Twenty similar roots in Baram and Thami, but not Proto-Tibeto-Burman (PTB) reflexes, present further evidence of shared innovations. All the pieces of evidence justify the very close genetic affinity between Baram and Thami.

THE ORIGIN OF THE UKRAINIAN LITERARY LANGUAGE IN THE HYPOTHESES AND CONCEPTS OF YU. O. KARPENKO

The work is devoted to the memory of a prominent scientist, philologist, founder of the Odesa onomastic school, honoured worker of science and technology of Ukraine, corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, academician of the Academy of Sciences, professor Yuriy Karpenko and his study of a topical issue of the origin and development of the Ukrainian language, chronological stages of division of the history of Ukrainian literary language. The purpose of the research is to present the concepts of the historical development of the Ukrainian language by leading scientists, the most important periodization of Slavic scientists, to specify and express the principles of periodization and periods of the history of the Ukrainian literary language. The object of the study is the hypotheses of the historical development of the Ukrainian language by leading scientists, and the chronological stages of the division of the history of the Ukrainian literary language. The subject is a change in the chronological boundaries of the new Ukrainian language and the expression of its subsites. S. Khkatkova and H.Onufrienko can be called the predecessors in the study of the periodization of the history of the Ukrainian literary language. Different concepts of the origin of the Ukrainian language are the basis of the periodization of the history of the Ukrainian literary language. In the research, we pay attention to two main concepts of the origin and development of the Ukrainian language. Also, the hypotheses of the historical development of the Ukrainian language are presented, and the most important periodization of Slavic scientists is substantiated in the work. The research indicates a change in the chronological boundaries of the new Ukrainian language and its Cossack and modern era. We believe the new Ukrainian language begins with maintaining documentation during Bohdan Khmelnitsky’s headship. The language of business documentation was based on the southeastern dialect and was close to the ordinary spoken language. Universals are unsurpassed examples of the Ukrainian language: only 3% of vocabulary are church Slavonic words, 7% are Polish words, and 90% are Ukrainian words. The history of the Ukrainian literary language is ancient and interesting by its historical origins, and ancient roots in the old Slavic language. But as an objective system, the Ukrainian language began to form intensively in the IX century. The 5th stage classification based on the phonological changes of Yu. O. Karpenko, which begins with the Slavic language and ends with the new Ukrainian language (XIX-XX centuries) is deep and scientifically substantiated.

The Destruction of ‘Mankind’

Summary The phonological changes undergone by the word rmṯ, ‘person’, are shown to have clashed with its emblematic and almost logographic written form established at the end of the Old Kingdom. The orthography of the lexeme was highly resistant to alterations in its phonology, which resulted in two changes of its gender over time, from original masculine to feminine, and finally back to masculine. However, Egyptian scribes sometimes tried to solve this discrepancy, and in one instance such attempts resulted in what in Egyptology has often been assumed to be a separate lexeme for ‘mankind’. It is argued here, however, that the said word never existed and that its alleged attestations exemplify one solution to the particular mismatches between traditional writing and spoken form of the word rmṯ.

AFFIXATION OF LAMAHOLOT LANGUAGE IN LOHAYONG VILLAGE OF EAST SOLOR SUB – DISTRICT EAST FLORES REGENCY

Lamaholot language has some functions that very prominent for speaker in society. The functions are social function, economic function and cultural function. This study is about the affixation of Lamaholot language used in Lohayong village of East Solor sub-district, East Flores regency. This study tries to answer two problems, namely what affixes found in Lamaholot lexicon are and what the processes and meanings of the affixes of Lamaholot language used in Lohayong village of East Solor sub district are. Therefore, it has objectives to describe the processes and the meanings of affixation of Lamaholot language in East Solor sub district. It employs descriptive qualitative method. The data of this writing is taken from Lamaholot books and informants’ interview. Research shows that there are six prefix and infix. Suffix of Lamaholot language mostly used in East Solor sub-district is not found. Phonologically, there is an extensive presence of nasal sounds /m/ /n/ and /N/ as a result of phonological changes among affixes and their roots.

Children as agents of language change

AbstractThis paper explores the operation of child language acquisition as a critical factor in some forms of language change. It proposes a sociohistorical model that incorporates the potential for young children to function as linguistic agents in certain environments, characterized by unpredictable variation in the input, lack of normative mechanisms, and the possibility for the emergence of peer networks among children. The model is then applied to explain a well-documented but poorly understood phonological change in the history of Latin American Spanish: the simplification of the system of sibilants in 16th-century Colonial Spanish. This change was nestled in ecological environments characterized by intense contact among L1 and L2 speakers of several varieties of Iberian and non-Iberian languages, as well as the rapid breakdown and reshaping of social networks. We argue that, in the absence of strong normative pressures, the advantages of certain options for early acquisition were crucial in the eventual creation and generalization of a new sociolinguistic norm. This study is methodologically innovative in that it combines not just archival evidence and sociohistorical information, but also present-day acquisitional data. The latter offers a piece often missing in sociohistorical accounts of language change.

BENTUK PERUBAHAN FONOLOGIS DALAM BERKOMUNIKASI VIA WHATSAPP MAHASISWA UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MAKASSAR

Forms of Phonological Changes in Communicating Via Whatsapp Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar Students. This study aims to describe the form of phoneme changes, addition of phonemes, and omission of phonemes for students of the Muhammadiyah University of Makassar, especially the 2017 Indonesian Language and Literature Education Study Program when communicating via WhatsApp. This research is descriptive qualitative. The results showed that the form of phonological changes that occurred included: phoneme changes (a) vowel phoneme /ai/ to /e/. (b) the phoneme /u/ becomes /o/. Error adding phonemes (a) adding phonemes /g/.(b) addition of the phoneme /t/. (c) addition of the phoneme /h/. Phoneme omission error (a) omission of phoneme /h/. (b) omission of the vowel phoneme /a/.