Phone Users Research Articles

Go Cashless! Mobile Payment Apps Acceptance in Developing Countries: The Jordanian Context Perspective

Despite the expanding global usage of mobile phones in money transactions, the adoption of mobile payment systems in Jordan remains slow. This study employed the technology acceptance model (TAM) to identify the factors with a potential impact on mobile payment systems acceptance. The impact of perceived privacy (PP) and the mediating function of perceived certainty (PC) on the behavioral intention (BI) of mobile payment systems among Jordanian ministries were examined. Data obtained from 270 respondents were analyzed using partial least-squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The empirical findings show a positive link between perceived usefulness (PU) and PC on the BI of mobile payment systems. The mediation analysis demonstrated that PC partially mediated the association of PP with the BI of mobile payment systems. The final section concluded the paper by presenting the key theoretical and practical ramifications, as well as the research’s limitations and future directions.

Estimate of the magnitude of risky and protective behaviors associated with road traffic injuries in capitals participating in the Life in Traffic Project of Brazil.

BackgroundBrazil occupies the fifth position in the ranking of the highest mortality rates due to RTI in the world. With the objective of promoting traffic safety and consequently reducing deaths, Brazil created the Life in Traffic Project (LTP). The main goal of LTP is reducing 50% of RTI deaths, by promoting interventions to tackle risk factors, such as driving under the influence of alcohol and excessive and/or inappropriate speed. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate the magnitude of risky and protective factors for RTI in capitals participating in the LTP in Brazil. We estimated these factors according to sociodemographic (age group, sex, education, race and, type of road user).MethodsA total of 5,922 car drivers and motorcyclists from 14 Brazilian capitals participating in the LTP were interviewed. Data collection was carried out in sobriety checkpoints at night and consisted of the administration of an interview and a breathalyzer test. Risky and protective behaviors associated with RTI were investigated. Covariates of the study were: age, sex, education, race and, type of road user. Poisson multiple regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between variables of interest.ResultsThe prevalence of individuals with positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was 6.3% and who reported driving after drinking alcohol in the last 30 days was 9.1%. The others risky behaviors reported were: driving at excessive speed on roads of 50 km/h, using a cell phone for calls while driving, using a cell phone to send or read calls while driving, running a red light. Use of seatbelts and helmets showed prevalence above 96,0% Use of seatbelts showed prevalence of 98.6% among car drivers, and helmet use was described by 96.6% of motorcycle drivers. Most risky behaviors were more prevalent in younger age groups (except BAC measurement higher in older participants), in males (except for cell phone use), in participants with higher education level and without a driver’s license.ConclusionExcessive speed and driving under the influence of alcohol, defined as priorities within the LTP, need more consistent interventions, as they still have considerable prevalence in the cities investigated. The factors described such as cell phone usage and passing red traffic lights should also need to be prioritized as a focus on promoting traffic safety.

Fungal contamination of medical students’ mobile phones from the University of Belgrade, Serbia: a cross-sectional study

The study aimed to characterize fungal contamination of medical students’ mobile phones, investigate mobile phones’ usage and cleaning habits, identify independent risk factors for fungal contamination, and awareness of mobile phones as a potential route of infection. In a cross-sectional study, medical students’ mobile phones were sampled for possible fungal contamination. The questionnaire was used to record mobile phone usage, cleaning habits, and awareness of mobile phones as a source of infection. A total of 492 medical students were included and fungal contamination of mobile phones was confirmed in 32.11%. The most frequent fungal isolates on students’ mobile phones were Candida albicans (28.5%), followed by Aspergillus niger (11.4%), and Penicillium chrysogenum (9.5%). Factors independently associated with fungal contamination of students’ mobile phones were: lack of mobile phone cleaning (OR = 0.381; p < 0.001), and usage of mobile phones near patients’ beds (OR = 0.571; p = 0.007). The results of this study confirmed that students who use their mobile phones in hospital wards have a higher rate of fungal contamination. The development of active surveillance and preventive strategies is needed to reduce the risk of cross-contamination and increase awareness of fungal transmission via mobile phones.

Impact of Normality Pressure on Acceptance of Mobile Phone Technology

The role played by the use of technologies in improving business processes is vital. Taking SMEs, for example, mobile phone technology is used to perform multiple activities, especially in developing countries that are characterized by low ICT readiness. The effective uptake of any technology requires maximum acceptance amongst individuals. While various factors have been studied on how they relate and influence intentions and actual usage of mobile phones amongst employees of SMEs, there is a lack of research that focuses on the social influence in that context. This is a quantitative study performed using SEM involving 459 respondents. The study extends TAM with a subjective norm before testing a resulting theoretical model. The results show that subjective norm has a significant influence on both the perceived usefulness and behaviour intention. This paper also provides recommendations to the key stakeholders on the approaches to utilization of mobile phone technology in SMEs.

Breast awareness mobile apps for health education and promotion for breast cancer.

Lack of knowledge, poor awareness, and attitude are barriers to breast cancer (BC) screening participation. The ubiquitous usage of mobile phones makes it a perfect platform for delivering interventions to increase knowledge and awareness in screening, a strategy for early identification of BC. However, although numerous applications for BC prevention are available on major mobile phone platforms, relatively few have been tested in scientific studies to determine their efficacy. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of BrAware Apps in increasing the knowledge of BC risk factors, awareness of warning signs and confidence in breast self-examination (BSE) among women in northeast peninsular Malaysia. A quasi-experimental pre and post-test research design were conducted with 41 women participants in Kelantan, Malaysia, before and after using the BrAware apps. Participants were given an online, adapted Breast Cancer Awareness Measure questionnaire. Post-test was 2 months after using the BrAware apps. Comparison using paired T-tests were conducted to evaluate the change in knowledge of risk factors, warning signs awareness and confidence level for BSE. The mean age of women was 39.71(SD = 8.80). The participants' mean knowledge score of BC warning signs differs before using BrAware (mean 70.62, SD 11.74) and after using the BrAware app (mean 79.83, SD 10.15) at the <0.001 level of significance. The BrAware mobile app had a positive effect in increasing the women's knowledge of risk factors of BC, warning signs awareness and confidence level for BSE. It can be concluded that the mobile app may be an adjunct in educating women on BC.

Driving Distractions Perceptions among Young Drivers in an Urban Area of Shah Alam

Distracted driving is one of the contributing factors to traffic accidents. This study aimed to identify the causes of driving distractions, evaluate the effects of distractions, and propose recommendations for managing driving distractions among young drivers. Questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS by applying descriptive statistics and odds ratios. Results suggested mobile phone usage, reaching for objects, and alcohol and drug intoxication are the most common causes of driving distractions among young drivers. There is a statistically insignificant effect of any type of distractions on the driving performance of young drivers with regards to traffic violations and road traffic accident involvement. Keywords: Distraction; Young Drivers; Safety; Distracted Driving eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open-access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under the responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians), and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning &amp; Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7iSI8.3908

Unraveling heterogeneity in farmer's adoption of mobile phone technologies: A systematic review

Adoption and usage of mobile phones enable information and knowledge flows among value chain players, including farmers, and therefore contribute to improved efficiency. To ensure the successful implementation of MPTs in agriculture, farmers should embrace them. We present a systematic review of determinants, constraints, methods, indicators, and measures of MPT adoption among farmers and a methodological quality assessment of the included studies. Findings from 53 studies showed significant heterogeneity in research. Most studies targeted developing regions in Africa and Asia and only a few in developed countries. Although studies mainly focused on MPT adoption, they varied significantly in the outcome indicators assessed and their measurement. This heterogeneity in the conceptualization and measurement of adoption indicators underscores the need for standardized approaches in future studies. There is also sub-optimal use of established psychological-behavioral theories to underpin MPT adoption.Cross-sectional designs and quantitative approaches dominate the research landscape. Concerning farmers' MPT adoption, key drivers were education, age, gender, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, perceived cost, performance and effort expectancy, attitude, skills, and knowledge. Factors such as mobile phone cost, inadequate infrastructure, and language barrier constitute major hurdles constraining farmers' adoption of MPT in developing countries. The generally low quality of the reviewed studies suggests that future studies should invest in transparently providing their study objectives, methods, and interpretation of the findings. This systematic review contributes to a better understanding of farmers' MPT adoption drivers and suggests areas for future research. It provides relevant information to policy-makers, public and private sector agencies, mobile phone companies and app developers, researchers, agricultural extension workers, academicians, and other stakeholders when designing and implementing policies for MPT adoption in agriculture.

Problematic internet usage: the impact of objectively Recorded and categorized usage time, emotional intelligence components and subjective happiness about usage

Most research on Problematic Internet Usage (PIU) relied on self-report data when measuring the time spent on the internet. Self-reporting of use, typically done through a survey, showed discrepancies from the actual amount of use. Studies exploring the association between trait emotional intelligence (EI) components and the subjective feeling on technology usage and PIU are also limited. The current cross-sectional study aims to examine whether the objectively recorded technology usage, taking smartphone usage as a representative, components of trait EI (sociability, emotionality, well-being, self-control), and happiness with phone use can predict PIU and its components (obsession, neglect, and control disorder). A total of 268 participants (Female: 61.6%) reported their demographic and completed a questionnaire that included Problematic Internet Usage Questionnaire short form (PIUQ–SF–6), Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form (TEIQue-SF), level of happiness with the amount and frequency of smartphone use, and living conditions (whether alone or with others). Their smartphone usage was objectively recorded through a dedicated app. A series of one-way ANOVA revealed no significant difference in PIU for different living conditions and a significant difference in the subjective level of happiness with phone usage (F (3, 264) = 7.55, p < .001), as well as of the frequency of usage where the unhappy group had higher PIU (F (3, 264) = 6.85, p < .001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that happiness with phone usage (β = −.17), the actual usage of communication (β = .17), social media (β = .19) and gaming apps (β = .13), and trait EI component of self-control (β = −.28) were all significant predictors of PIU. Moreover, gender, age, and happiness with the frequency of phone usage were not significant predictors of PIU. The whole model accounted for the total variance of PIU by 32.5% (Adjusted R2 = .287). Our study contributes to the literature by being among the few to rely on objectively recorded smartphone usage data and utilizing components of trait EI as predictors.

Unsupervised Sparse, Nonnegative, Low Rank Dictionary Learning for Detection of Driver Cell Phone Usage

One of the most significant problem in traffic accidents is distracted driving that causes a higher number of deaths and injury every year. In recent times car manufacturing companies are integrating driver distraction detection systems for detecting distracted behavior. In this work we have suggested an mobile usage detection system in driving images taken from inside of a car. Previously proposed distracted driver detection systems that focus only on gaze and head poses. We have suggested another alternative using driver hand images by which distracted driving detection system can be benefited. If the driver looks at the road ahead, previous head pose and gaze based systems are unable to detect distractions caused by cell phone use. To reliably detect these modes of distraction, we trained an unsupervised low rank nonnegative dictionary and used a threshold based criterion over reconstruction error. We have created a new driving dataset based on YouTube videos that includes real-world driving scenarios as well as mobile phone usage while driving. We have also tested our method using a number of publicly available driving datasets, including the State farm driving dataset, the AUC driving dataset, the VIVA dataset, and the CVRR-3D dataset. According to our knowledge of the current literature, this method is the first to use an unsupervised approach to address the problem of cell phone usage while driving. We achieved a competitive test accuracy of 79.17%, 77.19%, 84.0%, 76.0%, 75.45% in the proposed Youtube ego driving, State farm driving, CVRR-3D, VIVA, AUC distracted driver dataset, respectively.

Assessment of Nomophobia and Loneliness in Rural Turkish Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Nomophobia, short for “no mobile phone phobia,” is defined as having an involuntary and unreasonable fear when the mobile device is unreachable or uncommunicable. Aims: The study aimed to evaluate nomophobia and loneliness levels of high school (HS) students from a rural region. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between November 5 and December 28, 2018, on 850 HS students in Sivrihisar, Eskis¸ehir, Turkey. Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) and UCLA Loneliness Scale were used. Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Spearman Correlation analysis, and Multiple Linear Regression were performed. Results: In the study group, 429 (50.5%) were female. Their ages ranged from 13 to 19, and their mean age (standard deviation [SD]) was 15.66 (1.18) years. The mean score (SD) from NMP-Q was 54.92 (14.87), while the mean score (SD) from the UCLA loneliness scale was 13.95 (4.60). Multivariate analysis showed that being a female, having first smartphone use before the age of 13, having high daily smartphone usage, having a high frequency of checking phones, and having more friends on social media than in real life were associated with higher nomophobia levels (F = 28.424, P &lt; .001, R² = 0.213). There was a positive weak correlation between nomophobia and loneliness levels (r = 0.353, P = .001). Conclusions: Factors such as phone usage habits and loneliness, which can be changed by providing education and creating appropriate environments in schools, are important determinants of nomophobia among HS students in rural areas, suggesting that interventions to combat nomophobia are possible.

스마트폰 과의존 판별을 위한 기계 학습 기법의 응용

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of predicting the degree of smartphone overdependence based on mobile phone usage patterns. Design/methodology/approach - In this study, a survey conducted by Korea Internet and Security Agency(KISA) called “problematic smartphone use survey” was analyzed. The survey consists of 180 questions, and data were collected from 29,712 participants. Based on the data on the smartphone usage pattern obtained through the questionnaire, the smartphone addiction level was predicted using machine learning techniques. k-NN, gradient boosting, XGBoost, CatBoost, AdaBoost and random forest algorithms were employed. Findings - First, while various factors together influence the smartphone overdependence level, the results show that all machine learning techniques perform well to predict the smartphone overdependence level. Especially, we focus on the features which can be obtained from the smartphone log data (without psychological factors). It means that our results can be a basis for diagnostic programs to detect problematic smartphone use. Second, the results show that information on users’ age, marriage and smartphone usage patterns can be used as predictors to determine whether users are addicted to smartphones. Other demographic characteristics such as sex or region did not appear to significantly affect smartphone overdependence levels. Research implications or Originality - While there are some studies that predict smartphone overdependence level using machine learning techniques, but the studies only present algorithm performance based on survey data. In this study, based on the information gain measure, questions that have more influence on the smartphone overdependence level are presented, and the performance of algorithms according to the questions is compared. Through the results of this study, it is shown that smartphone overdependence level can be predicted with less information if questions about smartphone use are given appropriately.

PREVALENCE OF DE QUERVAIN’S TENOSYNOVITIS AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH MOBILE TEXTING AMONG THE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

De Quervain tenosynovitis of the wrist is a tightening or compression along with the inflammation of the 1st dorsal compartment. Objectives: To determine the magnitude of De Quervain's Tenosynovitis, functional disability and pain association with Mobile Texting among the students of The University of Lahore. Methods: A non-probability convenience sampling strategy was used to conduct a cross-sectional research among 191 individuals from the University of Lahore. The data was obtained using the Standardized Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire after informed written agreement. The Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) was used and Finkelstein's test was performed. The data was analyzed using the SPSS. For categorical data, frequency and percent-ages were used, and the chi-square test to find the relation between the variables. P-value of &lt;0.05 was considered significant. Both male and female patients who matched the inclusion criterion of being between the ages of 22 and 32 were taken in study. Results: Out of 191 university students, 100 (52.4%) were male and 91(47.6%) were female, the age was 27 ± 0.32, dominant hand of 177 (92.67%) was right and 14 (7.33%) were left-handed. There was a positive association among Finkelstein's test and Michigan hand questionnaire (MHQ) as p &lt; 0.001 as well as Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and Michigan hand questionnaire (MHQ) as p&lt;0.001. Conclusions: The study discovered that nearly significant proportion of the student’s text on their phones, and that as a consequence of their mobile phones usage and extreme texting speed and they experience De Quervain's. There is an affirmative correlation between frequent text messaging and thumb pain.

Cervicogenic Headache and the Neck Ability to Perform Activities of Daily Livings Associated to Mobile Phone Usage

Background: Cervicogenic headache is a secondary headache, which means that it is caused by another illness or physical issue. In case of cervicogenic headache, the cause is a disorder of cervical spine and its soft tissue elements disc. Aim: To determine the cervicogenic headache and the neck ability to perform activities of daily livings associated to mobile phone usage. Methodology: This descriptive study was done among 355 participants from different institutes i.e. colleges and universities. This study was executed to find the cervicogenic headache and its impact on neck ability in ADLs. All ethical issues were computed and an informed consent was taken from the administration of concerned institutes and from individuals who were willing to participate. Results: Among 355 participants who feel neck pain were 266(74.93%) and participants do not feel neck pain were 89(25.07%). 87(24.51%) spend 1-2 hour ,87(24.51%) spend 2-3 hour time daily on mobile phone, 91(25.63%) spend 3-4 hour time daily on mobile phone, 88(24.79%) spend more than 5 hour time daily on mobile phone. Pain Intensity according to Visual Analogue Scale was mild among 51(14.37%), Moderate among 265(74.65%) and Severe among 39(10.99%). Conclusion: Frequency of cervicogenic headache was high due to mobile phone use in young adults. Cervicogenic headache is associated with poor neck posture, poor neck alignment, limited range of motion of cervical spine. There was significant association between time spend daily on mobile phone and cervicogenic headache. Keywords: Cervicogenic Headache, Mobile, Headache,

Paths to Healthier Eating: Perceptions and Interventions for Success

Paths to Healthier Eating: Perceptions and Interventions for Success

A Systematic Review of Digital Interventions to Improve ART Adherence among Youth Living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa.

An estimated 3.4 million youth aged 15–24 years live with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a majority of whom reside in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Youth living with HIV (YLHIV) generally maintain lower levels of antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence compared to other age groups, which has negative impacts on long-term clinical outcomes. Given expanding mobile phone and Internet usage among youth in SSA, and a need for strategies to increase ART adherence, this review systematically assessed whether digital interventions could be used to improve YLHIV ART adherence in SSA. PRISMA 2020 guidelines were followed, and PubMed and Scopus databases were searched using terms to reflect the population of interest and different digital intervention strategies to improve ART adherence. Experimental or quasi-experimental studies in SSA evaluating the quantitative effect of digital interventions on YLHIV ART adherence were included. 3849 articles and abstracts, and 122 full texts were screened by two researchers (KG and RM). A third researcher (AC) resolved conflicts. Data were extracted from six eligible articles published between 2017 and 2021. Interventions from included studies lasted 13–96 weeks and took place in Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. Two of the six studies found significant intervention-related improvements in viral suppression. Of these two studies, one used short message service (SMS) for appointment and daily adherence reminders, and the other combined weekly SMS reminders with phone calls, support groups, home visits, and clinic-based counseling. The four remaining studies, using SMS and Internet-based interventions, did not find any significant adherence-related improvements. This review provides mixed evidence for using digital interventions to improve ART adherence among YLHIV in SSA. Given the relative novelty of using digital interventions in this context, further research is required to evaluate their effectiveness in improving youth ART adherence.

Measurement of personal radio frequency exposure in Japan: The Hokkaido Study on the Environment and Children's health

The opportunities for exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) among children are increasing. Children's exposure to RF-EMF in Japan was recorded using a personal exposure meter (ExpoM-RF), and factors associated with the exposure examined. A total of 101 children, aged 10–15 years old, participated in the prospective birth cohort “Hokkaido study”. RF-EMF data were recorded in the 700 MHz-5.8 GHz frequency range for 3 days. The recorded data were summarized into six groups of frequency bands: downlink from mobile phone base stations (DL), uplink from mobile phones to a base station (UL), Wireless Local Area Network (LAN), terrestrial digital TV broadcasting (digital TV), 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz Time Division Duplex (TDD), 1.9 GHz TDD, and total (the summation of power density in all measured frequency bands). A questionnaire was used to document the internet environment (at home) and mobile phone usage. Personal RF-EMF exposure in Japanese children was lower than that reported in studies in Europe. The DL signals from mobile phone base stations were the most significant contributors to total exposure, while Wireless LAN and digital TV were only higher at home. The urban residence was consistently associated with increases in the four groups of frequency bands (DL, UL, digital TV, and TDD). TDD level has several associations with mobile phone usage (calls using mobile phones, video viewing, text message service, and online game). The association between inattention/hyperactivity subscale of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and higher Wireless LAN exposure at nighttime was also noted. Further studies with additional data will shed light on factors involved in RF-EMF exposure among Japanese children.

Impact of Mobile Phone Screen Exposure on Adolescents' Cognitive Health.

There is existing evidence on how excessive screen exposure can be detrimental to cognitive health, and in recent years there has been an increase in the usage of mobile phones by adolescents. We aimed to examine the association between mobile phone screen exposure and cognitive function among a young healthy population. We carried out a cross-sectional study conducted in 632 adolescents (13.89 ± 0.52 years old). Exposure data were collected through self-reported questionnaires, and cognitive outcomes were assessed by different computer-based neuropsychological tests. Compared to students in the lowest tertile (<9 min/day) of mobile phone screen exposure (MPSE), those in the medium tertile (9–20 min/day) showed significantly higher hit reaction time standard error (HRT-SE, higher inattentiveness) = (14.9 ms, 95% CI = 0.6; 29.3), as did as those in the highest tertile (>20 min/day) = (11.1 ms, 95% CI = 2.8; 25.0). When adjusting for confounders, the association held for the medium-MPSE tertile (17.6 ms, 95% CI = 3.4; 31.7). When further adjusting for intermediate factors, an increase in inattentiveness scores was also observed in both groups, with higher HRT-SE values for participants in the medium (15.8 ms, 95% CI = 1.4; 30.3) and highest MPSE tertiles (14.97 ms, 95% CI = 0.9; 29.1). There were no significant associations with fluid intelligence or working memory scores. Overall, our study shows that healthy teenagers reporting higher screen exposure may be affected in their attention performance. However, more studies are needed to determine the causality of these associations and to better shape the screen exposure recommended guidelines for brain health during adolescence.

Effect of Excessive Screen Time on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Children: A Longitudinal Study.

Background: This study investigated the effect of different components of screen time (mobile phone use, TV/video viewing, and video gaming) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) development in children aged 9–12 years. Methods: This was a two-year longitudinal study conducted with 175 children (49.7% girls, mean age = 9.5) in Japan. CRF was assessed using a 20 m shuttle run test conducted at baseline and again at follow-up. Children were categorized as “Good” or “Poor” based on the change in CRF scores for each gender. Screen time was assessed using a self-reported questionnaire at baseline and termed as “high” if children reported ≥ 2 h/day. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed after adjusting for gender, physical activity, and time of data collection. Results: Children scoring “high” on mobile phone use had lower odds of being categorized as “Good” in CRF change (crude odds ratio (OR): 0.34; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15–0.90 (adjusted OR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.12–0.91)). There were no significant effects of TV/video viewing (crude OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 0.84–2.81) and video gaming (crude OR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.48–1.97) on changes in CRF. Conclusions: Limiting excessive mobile phone usage might be important for ensuring healthy development of CRF in children.

Impacts of Mobile Phone and Social Media Use among the Medical Students of Chittagong

Now-a-days mobile phone has become an essential part of our life. However despite the convenience its use along with social media brings to affect our daily life in negative sense. The aim of the study is to explore the pattern of mobile phone and social media usage among the medical students of the Chittagong city, Bangladesh to observe the extent of addictive behavior towards the usage of mobile phone and social media. This will be an observational study. The study will be performed in different medical colleges of Chittagong for a period of 1 year. Responses on general and specific variables will be documented. Data will be collected with predesigned questionnaire. At the end of the study data will be analyzed by using windows based computer software devised with SPSS-23 using statistical method. Results will be published, presented and utilized for the quality usages of mobile phone and social media and betterment of our life.

Mobile phone use while driving in Finland

Mobile phones represent one of the most common distractions for drivers and phone use while driving is particularly problematic in Finland. The aim of this research was to explore the Finnish sample of responses from ESRA2 (E-Survey of Road users' Attitudes) with a specific focus on the distracting behaviours related to mobile phone usage while driving. ESRA2 data is derived from online surveys amongst a representative sample of the adult populations in each participating country. In total a sample of 994 responses were collected in Finland for ESRA2, which included 703 responses from participants who held a driver’s licence and reported driving a car in the 30 days prior to the survey.The results provide evidence of the problematic usage of mobile phones while driving in Finland. Mobile phone use was considered across three specific types of usage: (1) handheld phone calls while driving; (2) handsfree phone calls while driving; (3) texting, emailing or social media use while driving. Almost half (49.4 %) of the sample reported using a handheld mobile phone to make a call while driving at least once in the 30 days prior to the survey. A similar percentage (41.4 %) of the sample had used a phone hands-free and 35.6 % had texted, emailed, or used social media.The study highlights how mobile phone usage is a complex and multifaceted issue and that there are a broad range of underlying factors that influence mobile phone usage depending on the way in which people engage with their mobile phone while driving. The findings suggest that a systematic approach to reducing mobile phone distraction is needed that addresses the issue through a combination of legislation, enforcement, and education.