Phone Network Research Articles

Competition in network industries: Evidence from the Rwandan mobile phone network.

This article analyzes the potential for competition policy to affect welfare and investment in a network industry. When a network is split between competitors, each internalizes less network effects, but may still invest to steal customers. I structurally estimate consumers' utility from adopting and using mobile phones, with transaction data from nearly the entire Rwandan network. I simulate the equilibrium choices of consumers and network operators. Adding a competitor earlier could have reduced prices and increased incentives to invest in rural towers, increasing welfare by the equivalent of 1% of GDP. However, forcing free interconnection can lower incentives to invest.

Designing and Piloting of a Mobile Learning Curriculum for Quality Point-Of-Care Diagnostics Services in Rural Clinics of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

BackgroundThe use of mobile technology has been reported to help improve access to education for people in remote areas. However, there is limited evidence of its adoption in resource-limited settings. The aim of this study was to utilize stakeholder generated ideas to design and pilot a mobile learning curriculum, with the purpose of facilitating training to improve the quality of point-of-care diagnostics services in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) rural clinics.MethodsNominal Group Technique was employed to enable collaboration with stakeholders in designing and piloting of a POC diagnostics curriculum. Stakeholders were selected from 11 KZN districts to participate in a clinic-based piloting of the curriculum using an online application. The application was designed in collaboration with a teacher training institute in Durban. Moodle was used as an established reliable online learning management system. During piloting, quantitative and qualitative data were generated and analyzed using descriptive statistics and content analysis.Findings and ConclusionGuided by the Nominal Group Technique results, five delivery modes for curriculum content through Mobile Learning were generated. An interactive course page was created on the Moodle site, titled: Quality HIV Point of Care Diagnostics Curriculum Delivery for Nurses in Rural Areas. The course content consisted of three teaching units, activities, an online quiz and an online survey. An analytic-algorithm built into the online course enabled monitoring of participation and assessment outcomes automatically. At piloting, 64% of the invited representative clinics were able to access the course, with 47% meeting the course completion requirements. All the participants achieved the set pass mark of 75% with an average of 87%. The activity completion report showed that topics presented through images, videos and simple text were accessed more than those presented as attachments of national documents. Despite poor network coverage and limited access to mobile technology, exacerbated by Covid-19 related restrictions, Point of care diagnostics Mobile Learning curriculum was well-received in participating rural clinics. Recommendations relating to course improvement and access, included extending collaboration with specialists in eHealth systems development and with South African cell phone network providers.

Enhancement of Security in Wireless Sensor Network by Using Trust Evaluation and TCP/IP Based Technology

Today Wireless network technology are widely used technology in many organizations. Wireless LANs transmit and receive data without physical channel means over the air so no need for a wired connection. For this radio frequency (RF) technology is used. Without any cables attached, a wireless network allows devices to remain linked to the network. The main advantage of wireless network is that it is typically cheaper, simpler, quicker to set up as wireless network does not require expensive wiring. Mainly radio communication is used to implement wireless communication networks. At physical level of OSI model network structure this implementation takes place. Examples of wireless networks include cell phone networks, Wi-Fi local networks & terrestrial microwave networks. The advent of wireless sensor network has given birth to new kinds of routing algorithms and new security threats.

Implementation of an enhanced 32 channel 256 Gbps DWDM based Radio over Fiber optical system for constricted channel spacing employing Fiber Bragg Grating

Radio over Fiber (RoF) systems form a crucial component of fifth generation (5G) mobile phone networks targeting higher capacity and better cost effectiveness in the existing telecommunication system architecture. An enhanced 32 channel 256 Gbps DWDM based RoF optical system incorporating DCF and FBG as dispersion compensators has been analyzed in Optisystem software, capable to transmit data at 8 Gbps per channel offering optimum signal reception over distances of 60 km and 120 km. Maximum Q factors of 15.34 and 15.97 were obtained for narrowed 50 GHz channel spacing for 60 km and 120 km respectively in 32 channel mode. The proposed system delivered very high Q factor of around 79 for 50 GHz channel spacing when operated in 8 channel mode at 4 Gbps per channel bit rate. Appreciable FWM side band power level reduction of average 6 dBm was also shown from the obtained spectrums. The transmission quality for long haul traversal (120 km) and constricted channel spacing (50 GHz) was observed to be much better than the existing WDM-RoF architectures.

Microestimates of wealth for all low- and middle-income countries.

Many critical policy decisions, from strategic investments to the allocation of humanitarian aid, rely on data about the geographic distribution of wealth and poverty. Yet many poverty maps are out of date or exist only at very coarse levels of granularity. Here we develop microestimates of the relative wealth and poverty of the populated surface of all 135 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) at 2.4 km resolution. The estimates are built by applying machine-learning algorithms to vast and heterogeneous data from satellites, mobile phone networks, and topographic maps, as well as aggregated and deidentified connectivity data from Facebook. We train and calibrate the estimates using nationally representative household survey data from 56 LMICs and then validate their accuracy using four independent sources of household survey data from 18 countries. We also provide confidence intervals for each microestimate to facilitate responsible downstream use. These estimates are provided free for public use in the hope that they enable targeted policy response to the COVID-19 pandemic, provide the foundation for insights into the causes and consequences of economic development and growth, and promote responsible policymaking in support of sustainable development.

Performance Evaluation of routing protocols with and without malicious nodes

Vehicular adhoc networks (VANETs) are made by applying the standards of mobile adhoc networks (MANETs)-the unconstrained making of a remote network of cell phones to the area of vehicles. VANETs were first referenced and presented in 2001 under ”vehicle to-vehicle specially appointed versatile correspondence and systems administration” applications, where networks can be shaped and data can be handed-off among vehicles. It was shown that vehicle-to- vehicle and vehicle-to-road side exchange designs will exist together in VANETs to give street security, route, and other side of the road administrations. VANETs are a vital piece of the intelligent transportation frameworks (ITS) system. At times, VANETs are known as Intelligent Transport Networks. They are perceived as having advanced into a more extensive “Web of vehicles”. Which itself is relied upon to eventually advance into a “Web of self-sufficient vehicles”. The vehicles send some data about street status and traffic. But sometimes the information send from one vehicle to another can be malicious. This malicious information is added by the intruders to cause problem in vehicular network so that accident can occur. In this report, we will analyse the throughput, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay in sending information from vehicle to vehicle when the network is attacked by some malicious nodes.

THE ONLINE MUSEUM PROJECT AND ENSUING TRANSFORMATIONS OF MUSEUM LIFE: THE 2020–2021 CASE OF DMYTRO YAVORNYTSKY NATIONAL HISTORICAL MUSEUM OF DNIPRO

The author aims to carry out a comparative analysis of the state websites of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia. The article contains a set of tables that help illustrate the materials. The first table renders a comparative analysis of communication channels on the MFA websites based on the following criteria: postal address, telephone, fax, e-mail, mobile phone, and social networks. The second table, by relying on the websites of the Baltic MFAs, demonstrates that the official pages contain links to such social networks as Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, Flikr, Linkedln, and Instagram. The third table analyzes the availability of the following languages on the MFA websites: official language, English, Russian, French, and Polish. The tables are followed by the author’s scientific generalizations on the research findings. Conclusions highlight the need to develop communication channels of the above government agencies to make them available to more online visitors.

Temporary Migration Flow Inference and Analysis From Perspective of Mobile Phone Network Data

Temporary migration trips are circulatory journeys that can be associated with tourism as these trips aren’t made on a regular basis. They’re often left unmeasured due to limited data sources, and thereby missing from regional and national travel demand models. This article presents a methodology for inferring large-scale temporary migration trips from mobile phone network data or Call Detail Record (CDR), and analyzing their spatial determinants based on urban assets derived from Google Places data. As a case study, CDR of mobile phone users in Portugal was used in our study from which insightful statistical patterns of both intra and inter-district flows were observed. Analysis of spatial determinants shows that places for leisure and population density are among the top influential factors that attract inflows into the district, while places for public service such as city hall, local government office, courthouse, and cemetery are negative urban assets for attracting district’s inflows. The presented methodology and insights gained from our analysis can be useful for transport and urban planners to establish better informed travel demand modeling and urban planning strategies.

Hybrid telerehabilitation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction-the randomised clinical trial

Abstract Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common hereditary heart disease, and its diagnosis is often associated with limited physical activity. Little is known about cardiac rehabilitation programs for patients with HCM. Therefore the novel hybrid cardiac telerehabilitation (HCTR) model consisting of hospital-based rehabilitation and home-based telemonitored rehabilitation might be an option to improve physical capacity in patients with HCM. Purpose To evaluate the safety, effectiveness and adherence to HCTR in patients with HCM without the left ventricle (LV) outflow tract obstruction and preserved LV ejection fraction. Methods The study group comprised 60 patients with HCM (51.1±13.3 years; NYHA II-III; LV ejection fraction 66.1±6.9%). Patients were randomised (1:1) to either HCTR program (hospital-based rehabilitation [1 month] based on cycloergometer training and home-based telemonitored rehabilitation [2 months] based on Nordic walking, five times a week, at 40–70% of maximal estimated heart rate) - training group (TG), or to a control group (CG). All patients had implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. In order to perform home-based telemonitored rehabilitation, a special device was used which enabled patients to: (1) do Nordic walking training according to a preprogrammed plan, (2) record and send electrocardiograms (ECGs) via mobile phone network to the monitoring centre. The moments of automatic ECGs registration were pre-set and coordinated with exercise training. The effectiveness of HCTR was assessed by changes - delta (Δ) in duration (t) of the workload, peak oxygen consumption (pVO2) in cardiopulmonary exercise test, 6-minute walking test distance (6-MWT) as a result of comparing t (s), pVO2 (ml/kg/min), 6-MWT (m) from the beginning and the end of the program. Results Safety of HCTR. Neither death nor other serious adverse events occurred during HCTR. We did not observe any ICDs intervention during the HCTR. Effectiveness of HCTR: Within-group analysis: t, pVO2, 6-MWT increased significantly in TG: t 657±183 vs 766±181 (p<0.001), pVO2 19.2±5.0 vs 20.6±4.9 (p=0.007), 6-MWT 445±88 vs 551±77 (p<0.001). In the untrained CG, the unfavourable results were observed: 695±198 vs 717±187 (p=0.114), pVO2 21.2±5.1 vs 21.1±5.6 (p=0.723), 6-MWT 512±83 vs 536±84 (p=0.061). Between-group analysis: The differences between TG and CG were statistically significant: in Δt (p<0.001); ΔpVO2 (p=0.012); Δ6-MWT (p<0.001). Adherence to HCTR: In TG 28 patients (93%) completed the HCTR program. Two patients did no undergo HCTR because of personal issues. Conclusion Hybrid cardiac telerehabilitation in patients with HCM without the left ventricle (LV) outflow tract obstruction and preserved LV ejection fraction is safe and effective. The adherence to HCTR is high. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): Statutory work in The Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński National Institute of Cardiology in Warsaw, Poland

Mobile phone-assisted agricultural extension services: User competency and usage frequency in eastern Ghana

Adoption studies have mainly focused on econometric and quantitative modelling that usually assume smallholder farmers competently adopt agricultural technologies. This study provides novel insights on user competency and frequency of usage of mobile telephony for agricultural extension services among smallholder farmers and agricultural extension agents (AEAs) and key factors that impede the adoption process. The study examined users’ competencies and mobile phone usage frequency for access and delivery of agricultural extension services in Eastern Ghana. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 95 AEAs and 330 smallholder farmers in five districts of the Eastern region of Ghana and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and regression analyses were performed to analyse the data. Results showed substantial differences between AEAs and smallholder farmers’ competency in the use of mobile phones for agricultural extension services. Socio-demographic characteristics of smallholder farmers and AEAs correlated with usage frequency of mobile phones for access to extension services and delivery. Educational level, amount of weekly expenditure of money on mobile phone use, mobile phone network quality, income level, and age of both AEAs and smallholder farmers had positive and significant correlations with frequency of usage of mobile phones. User competency differentially impacts the frequency of mobile phone use in agricultural extension services between AEAs and smallholders. High call tariffs and access to recharge cards are major challenges in using mobile phones for agricultural extension in the study areas. The study shows components of the adoption theory of compatibility, and complexity where an innovation fits within the socio-cultural framework and perceived difficulty of use. Thus, the frequent use of voice calls is indicative of early stages of the diffusion process and may diversify into other applications in the future. Farmer-based organisations should be resourced to support training of farmers to use mobile phones to improve access to agricultural information dissemination. Integrating voice-based agricultural information services (IVRs) into the current SMS-based agricultural extension services in Ghana could potentially boost extension service delivery to smallholder farmers in the Eastern region and across the country. The Ministry of Food and Agriculture may partner with key stakeholders and mobile service providers to offer hands-on capacity building to smallholder farmers and AEAs in video calling/conferencing, multimedia service, and social media to enhance their competencies for improved agricultural extension services.

Reliability and effective use of electronic trap monitoring systems based on cellular networks

The deployment of cage traps rather than kill traps can greatly reduce non-target mortality in an invasive species control/eradication operation, but their use is normally constrained by the need for them to be checked frequently on animal welfare grounds. This paper examines the reliability of electronic monitoring devices that use cellular (mobile phone) networks to alert the operator when a trap door closes, and also discusses the management network that is needed to convert an alarm into a timely trap visit without fail. The two monitoring systems tested were 100% reliable in notifying the operator when a trap door closed, and their use reduced the burden of trap visits by 98% compared to the standard protocol of daily checks. As such, these systems can be of great value to campaigns operating large numbers of traps, especially when capture rates are low.

Connected: How a Mexican Village Built its Own Cell Phone Network Roberto J. Gonzalez (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2020)

<b><i>Connected: How a Mexican Village Built its Own Cell Phone Network</i></b> Roberto J. Gonzalez (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2020)

Quad-Band Rectenna for Ambient Radio Frequency (RF) Energy Harvesting.

RF power is broadly available in both urban and semi-urban areas and thus exhibits as a promising candidate for ambient energy scavenging sources. In this research, a high-efficiency quad-band rectenna is designed for ambient RF wireless energy scavenging over the frequency range from 0.8 to 2.5 GHz. Firstly, the detailed characteristics (i.e., available frequency bands and associated power density levels) of the ambient RF power are studied and analyzed. The data (i.e., RF survey results) are then applied to aid the design of a new quad-band RF harvester. A newly designed impedance matching network (IMN) with an additional L-network in a third-branch of dual-port rectifier circuit is familiarized to increase the performance and RF-to-DC conversion efficiency of the harvester with comparatively very low input RF power density levels. A dual-polarized multi-frequency bow-tie antenna is designed, which has a wide bandwidth (BW) and is miniature in size. The dual cross planer structure internal triangular shape and co-axial feeding are used to decrease the size and enhance the antenna performance. Consequently, the suggested RF harvester is designed to cover all available frequency bands, including part of most mobile phone and wireless local area network (WLAN) bands in Malaysia, while the optimum resistance value for maximum dc rectification efficiency (up to 48%) is from 1 to 10 kΩ. The measurement result in the ambient environment (i.e., both indoor and outdoor) depicts that the new harvester is able to harvest dc voltage of 124.3 and 191.0 mV, respectively, which can be used for low power sensors and wireless applications.

Role of internet of things in protecting different wearable gadgets and materials

Out of the most entrusted technological revolutions applied for the advancement of living standards and creation of a more convenient operation in the professional world, the Internet of Things (IoT) has been progressing at the highest projected pace. The interconnectivity of gadgets and devices over the internet to produce smarter control, communication, and a swift and easy lifestyle makes it an amazing tech introduction. However, the IOT also brings along a huge flow of privacy and security concerns whilst considering the huge inflow of data breaches and cyberattacks in the network data. The advancements in the security protocols of the data thus bring along mistrust among the users of IoT networks who might then no longer wish to be a part of this technological revolution. Therefore, it is important to maintain security assurance in the IoT based connection networks of wearable gadgets. This paper discusses the symmetric and asymmetric approaches of encryption over IoT which can help protect the network of smart phones connected to the wearable to assure a safe and smart data commute and avoid access to private data over the same internet connection.

Analyzing the Behavior and Financial Status of Soccer Fans from a Mobile Phone Network Perspective: Euro 2016, a Case Study

In this study, Call Detail Records (CDRs) covering Budapest for the month of June in 2016 were analyzed. During this observation period, the 2016 UEFA European Football Championship took place, which significantly affected the habit of the residents despite the fact that not a single match was played in the city. We evaluated the fans’ behavior in Budapest during and after the Hungarian matches and found that the mobile phone network activity reflected the football fans’ behavior, demonstrating the potential of the use of mobile phone network data in a social sensing system. The Call Detail Records were enriched with mobile phone properties and used to analyze the subscribers’ devices. Applying the device information (Type Allocation Code) obtained from the activity records, the Subscriber Identity Modules (SIM), which do not operate in cell phones, were omitted from mobility analyses, allowing us to focus on the behavior of people. Mobile phone price was proposed and evaluated as a socioeconomic indicator and the correlation between the phone price and the mobility customs was found. We also found that, besides the cell phone price, the subscriber age and subscription type also had effects on users’ mobility. On the other hand, these factors did not seem to affect their interest in football.

Urban Recovery from the COVID-19 Pandemic in Beijing, China

This study documented the geography of the recovery of human activity in Beijing, China, after the city successfully brought the COVID-19 pandemic under control at the end of spring 2020. By using mobile phone network data at fine spatial and temporal scales, we compared the levels of human activity in the morning, afternoon, and evening on weekdays and weekends at the microlevel (1 km × 1 km) before and after the pandemic. Both our descriptive and modeling analyses showed more recovery on weekdays than on weekends. The recovery was faster in the areas that were further away from the city center. Residence-oriented areas recovered faster than non-residence-oriented areas, particularly in the early stages of recovery. The areas with large-scale parks recovered faster, confirming the importance of parks in urban health. The presence of a university campus was a strong predictor of slow recovery in Beijing. Although people avoided using public transit during the pandemic, the level of transit service did not seem to predict urban recovery after the pandemic was under control.

Mobile Phone Network and Migration: Evidence From Myanmar

This International Migration Review research note explores the effect of the expansion of mobile phone networks on migration decisions in Myanmar. Building on the work of scholars in economics, the empirical strategy uses variation in lightning frequency across space as an instrumental variable for the expansion of mobile phone networks. Our results suggest that villages with longer exposure to mobile phone networks exhibit reductions in out-migration. Specifically, an increase of one standard deviation in the time exposed to mobile phone networks diminishes the probability that household members migrate by 17 percent. We find empirical evidence suggesting that such findings are driven by the positive effects of mobile phone networks on labor market outcomes and the perceived well-being of individuals.

Hybrid telerehabilitation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy without left ventricular outflow tract obstruction and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction-the randomised clinical trial

Abstract Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common hereditary heart disease, and its diagnosis is often associated with limited physical activity. Little is known about cardiac rehabilitation programs for patients with HCM. Therefore the novel hybrid cardiac telerehabilitation (HCTR) model consisting of hospital-based rehabilitation and home-based telemonitored rehabilitation might be an option to improve physical capacity in patients with HCM. Purpose To evaluate the safety, effectiveness and adherence to HCTR in patients with HCM without the left ventricle (LV) outflow tract obstruction and preserved LV ejection fraction. Methods The study group comprised 60 patients with HCM (51.1±13.3 years; NYHA II-III; LV ejection fraction 66.1±6.9%). Patients were randomised (1:1) to either HCTR program (hospital-based rehabilitation [1 month] based on cycloergometer training and home-based telemonitored rehabilitation [2 months] based on Nordic walking, five times a week, at 40–70% of maximal estimated heart rate) - training group (TG), or to a control group (CG). All patients had implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. In order to perform home-based telemonitored rehabilitation, a special device was used which enabled patients to: (1) do Nordic walking training according to a preprogrammed plan, (2) record and send electrocardiograms (ECGs) via mobile phone network to the monitoring centre. The moments of automatic ECGs registration were pre-set and coordinated with exercise training. The effectiveness of HCTR was assessed by changes - delta (Δ) in duration (t) of the workload, peak oxygen consumption (pVO2) in cardiopulmonary exercise test, 6-minute walking test distance (6-MWT) as a result of comparing t (s), pVO2 (ml/kg/min), 6-MWT (m) from the beginning and the end of the program. Results Safety of HCTR. Neither death nor other serious adverse events occurred during HCTR. We did not observe any ICDs intervention during the HCTR. Effectiveness of HCTR: Within-group analysis: t, pVO2, 6-MWT increased significantly in TG: t 657±183 vs 766±181 (p&amp;lt;0.001), pVO2 19.2±5.0 vs 20.6±4.9 (p=0.007), 6-MWT 445±88 vs 551±77 (p&amp;lt;0.001). In the untrained CG, the unfavourable results were observed: 695±198 vs 717±187 (p=0.114), pVO2 21.2±5.1 vs 21.1±5.6 (p=0.723), 6-MWT 512±83 vs 536±84 (p=0.061). Between-group analysis: The differences between TG and CG were statistically significant: in Δt (p&amp;lt;0.001); ΔpVO2 (p=0.012); Δ6-MWT (p&amp;lt;0.001). Adherence to HCTR: In TG 28 patients (93%) completed the HCTR program. Two patients did no undergo HCTR because of personal issues. Conclusion Hybrid cardiac telerehabilitation in patients with HCM without the left ventricle (LV) outflow tract obstruction and preserved LV ejection fraction is safe and effective. The adherence to HCTR is high. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Public Institution(s). Main funding source(s): Statutory work in The Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński National Institute of Cardiology in Warsaw, Poland

Assessment of ECG during hybrid comprehensive telerehabilitation in heart failure patients – subanalysis of the TELEREHabilitation in heart failure patients – TELEREH-HF randomized clinical trial

Abstract Background Exercise training in heart failure (HF) patients (pts) should be monitored to ensure patients safety. That is why we use ECG telemonitoring during hybrid comprehensive telerehabilitation (HCTR). Purpose Assessment of frequency of cardiac arrhythmias during telerehabilitation in HF patients. Methods The present analysis formed part of TELEREH-HF multicenter, randomized (1:1), controlled trial that enrolled 850 HF pts with New York Heart Association class I, II, or III and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 40% or less. Patients were randomized 1:1 to 9 week HCTR plus usual care or usual care only. This subanalysis focuses on 386 pts (aged 62±11 years, LVEF 31±7%) randomized to HCTR based on Nordic walking training 5 times/week. HCTR was tele-monitored with an EHO mini device adjusted to record 16-second fragments of ECG (from three precordial leads) and to transmit the data via mobile phone network to the monitoring center. The timing of automatic ECG recording were pre-set and coordinated with exercise training. Results In all, 16622 HCTR sessions were registered and 66488 ECGs transmitted fragments were evaluated (four 16-second recording per patient per one session were recorded). A sinus rhythm was present in 320 (83%) pts, permanent atrial fibrillation in 66 (17%) pts. Assessment of ECG during HCTR procedure is presented in Table 1. Conclusions Telerehabilitation in heart failure patients is safe without evidence for symptomatic cardiac arrhythmias requiring discontinuation of training. Non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation episodes were rare but have required adjustment of the telerehabilitation regimen. The most common arrhythmias were ventricular and supraventricular premature beats. These arrhythmias did not result in any changes in rehabilitation and therapy regimens. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: Other. Main funding source(s): The National Centre for Research and Development, Warsaw, Poland.

Diurnal variation of RF power density with distance from selected mobile phone base transceiver stations in Offa metropolis, Kwara State Nigeria

Diumal variation of radiofrequency power density with distance from some 20 twenty (20) selected mobile phone base transceiver stations of four (4) major mobile phone network providers (MTN, GLO, 9Mobile, and Airtel) in the Offa metropolis Kwara State Nigeria were studied. A digital Radio-frequency (RF) meter (HF-B8G High Frequency10 Mhz - 8 GHz RF EMF Meter) is used to measure RF field strength first at foot at the base station and subsequently at every interval of 25 m up to 250 m in radial routes. Concurrently, the distance, geographical coordinates, and altitude of each point were measured using a Global Positioning System (GPS). The average maximum power density obtained ranged from 0.294 Wm−2 and 0.057 Wm−2 at a radial distance of 150 m and 0 m away from the base transceiver station respectively. The result of the study shows that the degree of power density variation with distance during the morning, afternoon, and night hours of the day was found to be highly different. The maximum level of exposure to RF electromagnetic radiation was experienced at night, followed by noon, and the minimum in the morning hours of the day in the majority of the base transceiver stations. For the different time of the day considered in this study, the results show that the power density obtained constitute no RF exposure hazard to the dwellers of Offa metropolis when compared with the RF exposure limit prescribed by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).