Phobia In Children Research Articles

Adolescents’ Social Phobia and its relationship to Parental treatment methods: A field study in Erbil city center.

The current study aims to determine the prevalence of social phobia among teenagers attending high schools in the Erbil city and its relationship to parental treatment strategies. It also compares the degree to which these teenagers experience social phobia based on their gender، their class at school، and whether they attend a public or private school. The researchers prepared a scale for measuring social phobia to identify the parental method's treatment with their own teenager children after reviewing the literature and earlier studies related to the study's topic. Following virtual validation of both scales' validity and reliability using the Cronbach's alpha method، the two scales were used to gather the necessary data from 402 students. The data collected was then analyzed using SPSS software to determine any significant relationships between parental treatment methods and their children's phobias. The findings revealed that both male and female students have very low levels of social phobia. Parents are treating their adolescent children democratically rather than authoritarian، lenient، and neglectful. Furthermore، there are no statistically significant differences between male and female students based on sex، educational level، or school type (public or private). This suggests that adolescent with phobia may have experienced a range of parenting styles in their upbringing، but none of these styles were strong predictors of the development of phobia. The researchers concluded by offering a variety of advice and recommendations regarding social phobia in adolescents and its connection to parental treatment strategies. They concluded that more research is required to determine the long-term effects of different parental interventions on adolescents with social phobia

Specific phobias in children with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities: SPIRIT, an adaptation and feasibility study.

There is a lack of interventions for specific phobia in children and adolescents with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities. The objectives were to: (a) develop an intervention for specific phobia, together with an intervention fidelity checklist and logic model, and evaluate candidate outcome measures, together with parents/carers and clinicians; (b) describe treatment as usual; (c) model the intervention to determine the acceptability and feasibility for all stakeholders, judge the appropriateness of outcome measures, explore recruitment pathways, and examine the feasibility and acceptability of consent and associated processes; and (d) describe factors that facilitate or challenge the intervention. Phase 1a: using consensus methods, an Intervention Development Group was established who met to develop the intervention, review candidate outcome measures and contribute to the development of the intervention fidelity checklists and logic model. Phase 1b: a national online survey was conducted with parents and professionals to describe treatment as usual. Phase 2: a single-group non-randomised feasibility study was designed to model the intervention and to test intervention feasibility and acceptability, outcome measures and aspects of the research process. Phase 2: participants were recruited from National Health Service community child learning disabilities teams and special schools in England. Treatment was delivered in the child learning disabilities teams. Children aged 5-15 years with moderate to severe learning disability and specific phobia, and their parents/carers. The SPIRIT intervention comprised two half-day workshops and eight support sessions plus treatment as usual. The feasibility and acceptability of the intervention and research processes, recruitment, outcome measure completion rates and acceptability, and intervention adherence. Parents completed all of the outcome measures, with very low rates of missing data. The recruitment of sites and participants was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The intervention was successfully developed and modelled with 15 participants with moderate to severe learning disabilities and their parents. The intervention was judged to be feasible and acceptable by parents/carers and therapists. Parents/carers and therapists suggested minor intervention revisions. Randomisation was not modelled within this feasibility study, although the majority of parents and therapists indicated that this would be acceptable. The SPIRIT intervention and associated study processes were judged to be feasible and acceptable. The intervention requires minor revisions. The SPIRIT intervention should be tested further within a clinical trial. Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN34766613. This award was funded by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme (NIHR award ref: NIHR130177) and is published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 28, No. 64. See the NIHR Funding and Awards website for further award information.

Specificity and causes of school phobia in children and teachers' actions

Specificity and causes of school phobia in children and teachers' actions

Recent advances in the virtual reality technology for treating children with autism spectrum disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the neurodevelopmental disorders in children, and there are currently no specific treatments, with the main interventions focusing on educational training and behavioral correction. Virtual reality, as an emerging technology, is a computer-based environmental simulation system that achieves interactive dynamics and immersive experiences by integrating information from multiple sources. In recent years, it has been gradually applied in intervention training for children with ASD. This paper reviews the recent studies on the effects of virtual reality intervention on emotional cognition, social skills, daily living skills, motor skills, and specific phobias in children with ASD, offering a new direction for ASD intervention training.

Managing Dental Phobia in Children with the Use of Virtual Reality: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature.

It is common today to encounter anxiety in patients facing dental treatment. Virtual reality (VR) is presented as a high-performing and innovative procedure because it can distract patients undergoing dental procedures or prepare them for such treatments. In addition, this meta-analysis has gathered evidence on VR and its ability to reduce dental anxiety in pediatric patients undergoing different treatments. The major Scopus, PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science databases were searched for scientific articles published up to 2023. Studies in which VR was used for children and adults as a measure against anxiety during dental treatments were included. VR was defined as a three-dimensional place where patients experience a sense of immersion as they find themselves in attractive and interactive environments that detach them from reality. Anxiety and pain were examined and measured during dental treatments in which VR was used by comparing them with standard care situations. Twenty-five studies were identified, of which eleven met the inclusion criteria. The effect of VR was studied mainly in the pediatric population as a distractive method. Only two studies (not significant) on an adult population were considered. this review shows that VR is an excellent distraction method that is effective in reducing anxiety before dental treatment; however, due to the few studies in this area, further research on VR as a tool to prepare patients for dental treatment is needed.

Prevalence and stability of blood-injection-injury phobia in childhood-A prospective community study in Norway.

An individual with a blood-injection-injury (BII) phobia often avoids exposure to triggers, such as blood tests and clinic appointments, leading to potentially serious health complications. This population-based study examined the prevalence, stability and course of BII phobia in children and adolescents. The data came from the Trondheim Early Secure Study, conducted from 2007 to 2018. All children born in Trondheim, Norway, in 2003 and 2004 were invited to attend. Clinical interviews were conducted by trained personnel to assess BII phobia in 1042 children (51% female) every 2 years from 4 to 14 years of age. Latent growth curves and logistic regression analyses were used in the data analysis. Just under 20% of the cohort experienced a BII phobia at least once, with no significant sex differences. The prevalence of BII phobias increased from 3% at 4 years of age and peaked at about 8% at 10 years of age, before levelling off. The two-year stability increased as 12-14 years of age approached. The prevalence of BII was affected by age, but not sex. Early BII phobias often recede with time, but children may need treatment if they persist from 8 years of age.

An Exposure-Based Video Game (Dr. Zoo) to Reduce Needle Phobia in Children Aged 3 to 6 Years: Development and Mixed Methods Pilot Study.

Needle phobia, which affects 19% of children aged 4 to 6 years, prevents many children from receiving necessary or preventive medical treatments. Digital interventions have been made to target needle phobia but currently rely on distraction rather than evidence-based exposure. We designed and evaluated a serious exposure-based mobile game called Dr. Zoo to reduce the fear of needles in children aged 3 to 6 years, where players administered shots to cartoon animals. We conducted a mixed methods study with 30 parents (mean age 35.87, SD 4.39 years) and their 36 children (mean age 4.44, SD 1.11 years) who played the game for 5 days leading to a scheduled appointment that included an injection (eg, influenza vaccination). After the study, parents completed exit surveys and participated in semistructured interviews to evaluate ease of use, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of the game and to provide insights on their experience with the game to inform future developments. Interview transcripts were analyzed by 3 independent coders following an open coding process and subsequently coded and discussed to reach consensus. Parents rated their child's difficulty in completing the game as very low on average (scale 1-5; mean 1.76, SD 0.82) and were highly likely to recommend Dr. Zoo to other parents (scale 1-5; mean 4.41, SD 0.87), suggesting Dr. Zoo's strong ease of use and high acceptability. In the exit survey, parents rated their child's fear as significantly lower after participating in the study (scale 1-5; mean 3.09, SD 1.17) compared with that before participating (scale 1-5; mean 4.37, SD 0.81; z score=-4.638; P<.001). Furthermore, 74% (26/35) of the parents reported that the game had a positive impact on their child's fear or perception of needles (only 2 parents reported a negative impact). Qualitative analysis of the interview transcripts revealed potentially important features of the game in this positive impact, such as the game's interactive design, as observed in 69% (24/35) of our participants. The results suggest that an evidence-based serious mobile game can be an easy-to-use, acceptable, and potentially effective intervention for changing young children's fear and perceptions of needles. Leveraging digital interventions may be a potential solution to needle anxiety as a public health concern.

Nursing Entrepreneurship Opportunities Through Sartika Products (Innovative Injection Sards) To Prevent Hospitalization In Children By Using Flannel Fabric Waste

Pediatric hospitalization is a medical experience that is often necessary, but can have a significant impact on children. In these situations, children are exposed to unfamiliar environments and medical procedures that may be frightening, including the use of needles. In addition, traumatic or painful experiences with needles during hospitalization can trigger the development of needle phobia in children. These phobias can impact their physical and mental well-being, interfere with medical care, and increase anxiety. innovative health product innovation injectable gloves (sartika) to prevent hospitalization in children by using flannel waste as a nursing entrepreneurship opportunity aimed at (1) overcoming the impact of hospitalization on sick children in hospitals/health centers/clinics, (2) as a medium for distraction/trauma healing so that children do not experience trauma after medical procedures (injections) because Sartika uses animated characters that are liked by children, (3) creates cheap, creative and innovative health products, (4) as one of the steps to preserve the environment through the use of 3R flannel waste (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle). Forms of entrepreneurial activity include the preparation, implementation, packaging and evaluation stages of Sartika products. Target The target users of Sartika's innovative products are pediatric patients in hospitals, health centers or clinics. The results of the activity show that the use of Sartika products has a positive impact on supporting the performance of medical staff (nurses) in hospitals during medical procedures (injections), child patients become more cooperative and children are distracted because Sartika products use animated characters that are liked by children, so that children do not experience trauma after medical procedures (injections). Community education based on a family approach is considered effective in overcoming the impact of hospitalization and trauma/phobia towards injection needles.

2.35 Exploring Specific Phobia in Children and Adolescents: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Comorbidities in a Nationwide Cross-sectional Study

2.35 Exploring Specific Phobia in Children and Adolescents: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Comorbidities in a Nationwide Cross-sectional Study

Keep the Momentum Going: Changing Clinicians Perspectives on Needlestick Interventions

This evidence-based practice project identifies clinician attitudes and barriers to utilizing needlestick interventions and strategies for sustainability. Needlestick pain and anxiety are prevalent. Since the number of vaccines has increased, needlestick phobia in children and adults has increased. Evidence-based pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies are available to ease pain and anxiety associated with needlesticks, yet literature indicates these interventions are not routinely offered. Consequences of not offering and utilizing available interventions may result in healthcare delays. Clinics are offered education addressing clinician attitudes surrounding needlestick awareness and provided tools (e.g., pocket guides, scripting) and information on interventions to decrease needlestick pain and anxiety. A toolkit was developed so all locations provide similar, readily available interventions. The curriculum was developed and designed to be delivered over a 6-month timeframe. Clinic leaders and a frontline change champion are identified to support the project and keep the momentum going for sustainment. To decrease access barriers, grant funding for interventions was secured. Prior to the initial education session, clinicians complete a baseline questionnaire focused on available interventions, frequency of educating patients and offering interventions, and needlestick attitudes. After the initial education, clinicians receive additional evidence-based information, from the change champion, at set times over 6 months. Repeat questionnaires are distributed at 3- and 6-months to identify continued barriers and assess perception and practice changes. To date, 9 clinics (n=85 clinicians) have completed the 6-month curriculum with respondent level of agreement and reported practice changes increasing from the baseline to 6-month evaluation. Patient and clinician comments further illustrate the positive impact interventions bring to the experience. Providing ongoing information assists with momentum and allows for systematic implementation, and a change champion is vital for sustainability. Additionally, clinicians reported having resources readily available is imperative. Positive patient/family feedback reinforces the use of evidence-based needlestick interventions.

The alleviating specific phobias in children trial: Challenges and solutions to implementing a randomized controlled trial in clinical services.

In 2015, The Alleviating Specific Phobias Experienced by Children Trial (ASPECT) was commissioned by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) to compare the clinical and cost-effectiveness of multi-session Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for specific phobias in children and young people (CYP) (aged 7-16), with a briefer variant called One Session Treatment (OST). From 2016 to 2020, ASPECT recruited n = 274 CYP with specific phobias and their families from across England, including 26 Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) centres, three voluntary sector centers and one University-based wellbeing service. Whilst the trial successfully reached its recruitment target, the challenges experienced in its delivery highlight the difficulties of embedding child and adolescent research into clinical settings and routine practice. Using ASPECT as a case in point, this paper explores these challenges and provides important insights and considerations of potential benefit to others conducting research within the field of child and adolescent mental health.

Changes in Indian culture create more school phobia in children

Breakdown of joint family, increasing number of single family in India lead to send children to school at the early age, which may create school refusal or school phobia among children. Children refuse going to school because they have to spend a lot of time away from home. They miss their parents and are faced with new challenges and pressure in a completely new setting. Author tries to discuss about definition, frequency, causes, symptoms, diagnosis and guidelines for parents and teachers about school phobia or school refusal.

Use of syringes and injection systems in pediatric dentistry in the treatment of dental caries in children

The results of the study of using syringes and injection systems in pediatric dentistry carried out in the Derzhavin Tambov State University, Tambov, for the period 2022 are discussed. Based on the data obtained in the course of the dental study, the relevance of the study of syringes and injection systems in pediatric dentistry lies in the practical significance of the research as its theoretical provisions and the obtained empirical results can be used by dentists. The significance of the review on the use of syringes and injection systems in pediatric dentistry for the prevention of syringe phobia in children in modern society is undeniable. Thus, we can conclude that the study of using syringes and injection systems in pediatric dentistry is crucial for the prevention of syringe phobia in children. For a long time, not all methods for the prevention of syringe phobia in children in pediatric dentistry have been studied.

Laseri u liječenju mliječnih zuba

The use of lasers in the treatment of infants and children, including patients with special needs, is considered to be effective in restor- ative procedures and soft tissue therapy. The use of different types of lasers in the therapy of individual tissues depends on the way the tissues interact with laser light and the desired effect for the purpose of treatment. Laser therapy has a positive antimicrobial effect and has a beneficial effect on enamel mineralization. Nd: YAG laser increases the resistance of enamel to demineralization which makes it a valuable therapeutic option in combination with tooth fluoridation. Lasers can be used in a wide range of vital and avital preparations of deciduous teeth pulp including pulp cuping, pulpotomy and pulpectomy. The use of lasers in dentistry is of particular importance in working with children. Lasers enable minimally invasive preparation of hard dental tissues with their preci- sion and selectivity. They also pose a lower risk of thermal tissue injuries during preparation compared to classical preparation tech- niques. Due to less contact between the therapeutic aid and tissue, pain and vibration during preparation are reduced. This achieves better patient compliance due to reduced dental anxiety and phobia in children. Greater patient comfort was achieved by the anal- gesic effect of erbium laser, due to the elimination of the need to use local anesthetics during the procedure. This paper presents a clinical study conducted on 120 patients aged 5 - 8 years. The participants were divided into two groups in which traditional pulpotomy and diode laser pulpotomy procedures were performed. The results of this study confirmed the clinical value of the use of diode lasers in pediatric and preventive dentistry.

A Review on Pediatric Social Phobia and Selective Mutism

Selective mutism (SM) is a psychological disease that affects children and is defined by a complete lack of speech in certain social contexts while speech production appears normal in others. Separation anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder (previously known as social phobia), agoraphobia, and panic disorder, as well as shyness and anxiety, can all be associated with selective mutism. SM is a rather uncommon condition. Estimates of its point prevalence have been found in clinic or school samples in a variety of countries, and typically range between 0.03 percent and 1.9 percent depending on the setting. To properly establish the disorder's diagnosis, clinicians can use the SM module of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for Children and Parents (ADIS-C/P) or the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for Children (Kiddie- or K-SADS). Nonmedication and medication-based therapies are the two basic types of treatment for selective mutism. Psychodynamic therapy, behavioural therapy, and family therapy are among the most common nonmedication-based or psychotherapy treatments. Selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (fluoxetine in particular) have been demonstrated to improve mutism and anxiety when used as a treatment option. The study aims to evaluate and treat selective silence and social phobia in children.

P16 Using virtual reality to help manage needle phobia in juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Case report - IntroductionNeedle phobia is a common issue amongst children, particularly with long-term illnesses requiring repeated interventions. Psychological interventions such as coping strategies and distraction techniques can be effective in many of these children, but is not universally successful. Recent research has reportedthat the use of virtual reality (VR) headsets as a distraction technique can be effective at alleviating both pain and fear in children receiving intravenous (IV) injections, cannulation and venepuncture. Although use of VR distraction is becoming more widespread in some disciplines (such as paediatric oncology/A&E), it is yet to be widely adopted in paediatric rheumatology.Case report - Case descriptionWe report the case of a 9-year-old boy (ME) who in early 2019 developed psoriatic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and an associated severe, widespread plaque psoriasis causing him substantial discomfort and distress. He has been treated with subcutaneous adalimumab biosimilar 40 mg fortnightly and oral methotrexate 20 mg weekly, alongside Keppra 1000 mg twice daily for epilepsy. Although he is just tolerating the subcutaneous adalimumab, he is requiring intermittent steroid joint injections under general anaesthetic for recurrent flares of his polyarticular arthritis and regular monitoring phlebotomy. He has been developing progressive needle phobia over the past 8 months, with superimposed anxiety about general anaesthetics with particular fear of the anaesthetic provoking an epileptic seizure.Despite psychological intervention to teach coping strategies and standard play therapy distraction techniques, both phlebotomy and cannulation for general anaesthetics have become more distressing and challenging for him. During two recent day case admissions for joint injections, despite premedication with sedatives, distraction techniques and psychology interventions, he became so distressed that attempts to anaesthetise him had to be abandoned. This has resulted in prolonged periods of continuing joint inflammation and pain. Discussion with local paediatric oncology colleagues resulted in a suggestion of using recently acquired VR headsets as an effective distraction technique. He has had a previous positive experience of using VR headsets in a play environment. He is receiving VR training intervention from the oncology team and is now fully engaged with the idea of using VR to distract him from negatively focussing on his next planned general anaesthetic intervention.Case report - DiscussionUnmanaged needle-related procedural pain in children is associated with increasing pain and stress in subsequent procedures and fear/avoidance of medical care which can affect compliance in chronic disease management. The psychological distress for children with needle phobia can add to existing psychological impact from JIA and increase family stress of caring for an ill child. The cost of poor management of needle-phobic children can be considerable, with cancelled or increased time for procedural interventions and restricted therapeutic interventions. Needle phobias in childhood may persist into adulthood.Employing distraction techniques when children undergo medical procedures can help them reduce anxiety. VR is a method of captivating an individual’s interest in a virtual environment and can help divert attention from potentially distressing situations in the real world. Recent studies have reported VR as an effective distraction technique in children. Chan (2019) reports that VR significantly decreased the pain and post procedural anxiety experienced by children aged 4—11 years old during venepuncture/IV cannulation compared to controls. The majority of children in the VR group expressed interest in utilising VR again in the future, to improve their experience of IV injections. Chen (2020) subsequently reported a randomised controlled trial which significantly reduced pain and fear experienced from IV injections by the children in the VR group.There are cost implications to both buying VR headsets/software and training play specialists/specialist nurses to use the equipment effectively. Furthermore, the acceptability of using VR with regards to the child’s age, engagement with age-appropriate software packages and whether a passive VR or a more interactive ‘gaming’ experience is preferred should be considered. The use of VR is not a panacea, but is potentially effective as an additional new tool in clinicians’ efforts to reduce the impact of needle phobia.Case report - Key learning pointsAddressing needle phobia in children can require novel strategies.VR has shown success as a distraction technique to alleviate pain and fear in children undergoing needle related procedures.The implementation of VR in paediatric rheumatology has cost and staff training implications.The use of age-appropriate software and an individual child’s preference for passive/active interaction with VR should be considered.

Successful Use of Graded Exposure Therapy in the Treatment of Social Phobia in a 10 year old Child

Social phobia is one of the most common psychological disorders seen in children and adolescents. The paucity of literature and lack of training in the behavioural treatment of  children with social phobia among health care professionals has made their treatment  difficult. The purpose of the present case report was to demonstrate the utility of behavioral treatment (graded exposure therapy) for social phobia in children.

‘What Was Your First Experience of a Videogame?’: The Fantasmatic Structure of Videogame Memory

Videogame memories are not simply mental records of what happened in the past; they are also texts to be interpreted. Taking a psychoanalytic approach, this article conducts a textual analysis of 115 recorded acts of videogame memory from Checkpoints, a podcast that ran from 2015 to 2018. Analysing subjects’ responses to the question ‘what was your first experience of a videogame?’, it argues that what is absent from videogame memory – what cannot be remembered – has unconscious significance. What cannot be remembered gives rise to the fantasmatic structure of videogame memory. By mapping this fantasmatic structure across memories of the first videogame experience, authority figures, separation and individuation, and childhood fears and phobias, the article argues for the necessity of a psychoanalytic approach to videogame memory. Psychoanalysis pays close attention to the subjective dimension of our recollections – in this case, that which speaks beyond the historical content of videogame memory.

Rituel du coucher et ambivalence dans le lien parents-enfant

Parents express ambivalent feelings of love and hatred towards their baby. These feelings are particularly related to the child's night wakings and the resulting sleep deprivation. The occurrence of night-time childhood phobias constitutes an organiser of the child's psychic life in order to implement the separation from the mother. Parental psychic positions are therefore very important at bedtime.

Çocukluk Dönemi Sinek Korkusu Üzerine Bir Vaka Sunumu

Çocuklarla yapılan terapötik çalışmalarda, fobilerin temelinde yatan nedenlerin ortaya çıkması ve oyun içinde simgeselleştirilmesi için imkân sağlayan bir ortam vardır. Korkuların anlaşılması, çocuğun oynadığı oyunların değerlendirilmesi yoluyla mümkün olabilir. Her fobinin birey için ne anlama geldiği kişinin kendi yaşantısıyla bağlantılıdır ve kişinin korkularını nasıl ifade ettiğinin öznel olarak değerlendirilmesi söz konusudur. Bu sebeple kişinin öznel deneyimine odaklanılması, kişinin yaşadığı korkularla ilgili çok geniş bir bilgi kaynağı sunmaktadır. Ayrıca çocukluk döneminde görülen korkular oyun seanslarıyla birlikte gerileme gösterebilir ve korkular başka bir yola kanalize olma şansı bulabilir. Bu çerçevede yapılan çalışma, 7 yaşındaki A.’nın vaka öyküsüyle birlikte kliniğe getiriliş sebeplerinden biri olan “sinek korkusu”nun araştırılması amacı taşımaktadır. Araştırma kapsamına uygun 6 görüşme belirlenmiştir. Bu görüşmeler nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan söylem analizi yoluyla incelenmiş ve psikanalitik kuram kapsamında tartışılmıştır. Söylem analizi ile öncesinde oluşturulmuş belirli kategorilerin dışına çıkılır. Bu yolla kişinin deneyiminin öznel anlatımına odaklanılması zengin bir bilgi kaynağı oluşturmaktadır. Bu kapsamda yapılan çalışma sonucunda A.’nın söyleminde ihmal, rekabet ve öfkeden; terapistle kurulan benzerlikler ve öznelliğe doğru bir değişim olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Bu yolla A.’nın yaşadığı korku, kendi öznelliği çerçevesinde değerlendirilerek çocukluk döneminde ortaya çıkan korkuların anlaşılmasında gelecek çalışmalar için katkı sağlayacağı öngörülmektedir.