Internal Jugular Vein Phlebectasia Research Articles

Profiling of right internal jugular vein phlebectasia: a rare case study

Internal jugular vein phlebectasia (IJP) is a congenital non-tortuous dilatation of the internal jugular vein that manifests as a soft, compressible mass in the neck under stress or while doing the Valsalva maneuver. As per a review of several articles, children are more likely to be impacted than adults. It is a benign disorder that often exhibits no symptoms. However, alterations in voice, paralysis of the vocal cords, and/or dysphagia are some symptoms that may be observed. The present case report is that of a 4.5-year-old male child with right IJP and cervical lymphadenopathy, who presented with symptoms of swelling in the neck on straining and pain while swallowing.

Congenital Phlebectasia of Internal Jugular Vein

The internal jugular vein ectasia, or phebectasia as it is also called, is a rare entity that consists of the fusiform dilatation of the vein. Due to their thin walls, veins are often prone to dilation. In the neck, this dilation becomes apparent during the Valsalva maneuver, leading to the appearance of cervical enlargement. We report the case of a 8 old year child, presented a phlebectasia of the internal jugular vein. The clinical examination reveals a soft right-sided lateral cervical mass that increases in volume during the Valsalva maneuver. The diagnosis of internal jugular phlebectasia was confirmed by an CT angiography, which reveals a fusiform dilation of the internal jugular vein without complication.

Right internal jugular vein phlebectasia-a rare cause of neck swelling in paediatric population

<p>Reporting a case of an 8-year-old boy presenting with a right neck swelling appearing on straining which otherwise not seen with a diagnosis of right internal jugular vein phlebectasia. Paediatric population with neck swellings more commonly misdiagnosed clinically and hence with non-invasive radiological investigations like Ultrasonography with colour doppler and contrast enhanced computed tomography was done to confirm the diagnosis. Phlebectasias are at times incidental findings and stay asymptomatic, hence proper diagnosis with radiological investigations is needed as they are misdiagnosed with other neck swellings. Only few cases of internal jugular vein phlebectasias have been reported and approximately 20 cases have undergone surgery for cosmetic purposed and majority were managed conservatively like in our case report. This needs to be kept as a differential diagnosis in a paediatric patient presenting with neck swelling.</p>

Internal jugular phlebectasia communicating with a cervicomediastinal lipoma: a case report

Venous aneurysms are an atypical presentation of neck masses in the paediatric population. The evaluation and surgical removal of internal jugular vein phlebectasia and a lipoma coexisting are described in this report. Internal jugular vein phlebectasia is theorised as a congenital defect and is becoming more common with advancing imaging technologies. Both phlebectasia and lipomas are considered benign conditions, but clinicians must be aware of tumours producing mass effect.

The Role of Non Invasive Diagnosis of Internal Jugular Vein Phlebectasia.

Phlebectasia is the abnormal saccular fusiform dilatation (without tortuosity) of a vein, which may affect any vein. Its etiology remains unknown and it is seen usually in the pediatric age group as a unilateral lower neck swelling, mostly on the right side. The other differential diagnoses of the neck swellings which increase in size during a Valsalva manoeuver are tumors or cysts of the upper mediastinum, external laryngeal diverticulum or laryngoceles. Our case report has highlighted the importance of understanding the nature of this lesion by using non-invasive radiological diagnostic modalities (USG), in order to avoid invasive investigations which can lead to catastrophic results. Case report. We describe a case of five year old boy with history of inguinal hernia repair a year ago presented with intermittent right sided neck swelling since he was two years old. His examination at rest was normal. However, with the Valsalva manoeuver a soft, painless, compressible swelling which appeared in the right lower neck was seen, which was not attached to the deep structures. Flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscope revealed normal laryngeal finding. Initial ultrasound finding revealed normal looking cervical lymph nodes bilaterally with no suspicious cystic lesion or collection. Patient then arranged for MRI neck where there are multiple bilateral subcentimeter cervical lymph nodes. However, repeated ultrasound neck while performing Valsalva manoeuver by patient showed sonographic features in keeping with bilateral internal jugular veins phlebectasia. Patient then was referred to pediatric surgeon for further management. A clinical diagnosis can be achieved by having a strong suspicion about this intermittent neck mass. It should be evaluated with non-invasive radiological modalities to avoid the possible catastrophic results which result from invasive techniques.

Neck masses due to internal jugular vein phlebectasia: Frequency in Menkes disease and literature review of 85 pediatric subjects.

Classic Menkes disease is a rare X-linked recessive disorder of copper metabolism caused by pathogenic variants in the copper transporter gene, ATP7A. Untreated affected individuals suffer failure to thrive and neurodevelopmental delays that begin at 6-8 weeks of age and progress inexorably to death, often within 3 years. Subcutaneous injections of Copper Histidinate (US Food and Drug Administration IND #34,166, Orphan product designation #12-3663) are associated with improved survival and neurological outcomes, especially when commenced within a month of birth. We previously identified internal jugular vein phlebectasia (IJP) in four Menkes disease subjects. This feature and other connective tissue abnormalities appear to be consequences of deficient activity of lysyl oxidase, a copper-dependent enzyme. Here, we report results from a prospective study of IJP based on 178 neck ultrasounds in 66 Menkes subjects obtained between November 2007 and March 2018. Nine patients met the criterion for IJP (one or more cross-sectional area measurements exceeding 2.2 cm2 ) and five subjects had clinically apparent neck masses that enlarged over time. Our prospective results suggest that IJP occurs in approximately 14% (9/66) of Menkes disease patients and appears to be clinically benign with no specific medical or surgical actionability. We surveyed the medical literature for prior reports of IJP in pediatric subjects and identified 85 individuals and reviewed the distribution of this abnormality by gender, sidedness, and underlying etiology. Taken together, Menkes disease accounts for 16% (15/94) of all reported IJP individuals. Neck masses from IJP represent underappreciated abnormalities in Menkes disease.

Internal jugular vein phlebectasia in a one‐year‐old Warmblood stallion

SummaryInternal jugular vein phlebectasia (IJVP) is a saccular or fusiform dilation of the internal jugular vein without tortuosity. In human patients, it causes an asymptomatic intermittent unilateral swelling in the lower part of the neck. Although the diagnosis can be suggested based on the clinical features, confirmation by imaging techniques is necessary. This report describes the first reported case of IJVP in a one‐year‐old Warmblood horse. The horse was admitted with a large, soft intermittent swelling in the right jugular groove, especially when lowering the head. Ultrasound showed an enlarged vein (10 cm diameter) draining normally towards the heart. Furthermore, contrast‐enhanced CT (CECT) revealed a large distention of the deep venous system on the right side of the neck. Due to uncertain future athletic performance and both the extent and the complexity of the venous dilation, surgical intervention was declined and the horse was subjected to euthanasia. Post‐mortem dissection revealed a small right external jugular vein but a markedly dilated right internal jugular vein (10 cm diameter), which is normally absent in horses. Based on the imaging and necropsy findings, diagnosis of IJVP was made.

Internal jugular phlebectasia: A rare case report in an Indian female

Phlebectasia is an abnormal dilatation of an isolated vein, which may affect any vein, and is rarely symptomatic. Internal jugular vein phlebectasia (JVP) presents as fusiform neck mass during straining or triggered by Valsalva maneuver. Due to its rarity, it is often misdiagnosed and ignored. Most cases are reported in children and sometimes later in age. The authors here report a case of right internal JVP, with an unusual coexisting presentation of tongue deformity in an Indian female patient. The aim of documenting this case is to sensitize the oral physician of this rare neck mass which is seldom reported in the dental literature. Furthermore, phlebectasia should be one of the differential diagnosis of neck mass. Although there are rarely any complications recorded in the literature, thorough investigations (ultrasound with Doppler) are needed for correct diagnosis and referral if needed. Diagnosis would prevent unnecessary surgical interventions. The patients are generally followed up by conservative treatment.

A rare internal jugular vein phlebectasia: Review of the literature

A rare internal jugular vein phlebectasia: Review of the literature

Dysphagia because of unilateral internal jugular vein phlebectasia in an infant

Phlebectasia affecting the internal jugular vein is a rare cause of a benign neck swelling in children. They are mostly asymptomatic and therefore managed conservatively. Ligation of the vein and excision is usually avoided owing to the worry of raised intracranial pressure. We report a case of a large right internal jugular vein phlebectasia, causing dysphagia in a 7month old male child. Contrast enhanced computed tomography with 3-D reconstruction helped in pre-operative anatomical delineation, especially of the lower extent. It was excised through a cervico-thoracic approach with postoperative amelioration of symptoms. Contrary to expectation, the ectasia was not friable and was covered with a pseudocapsule of fibrofatty tissue, making excision easy.

Endoscopic treatment with wrapping by a vascular prosthesis for internal jugular vein phlebectasia

The management of jugular vein phlebectasia through a transverse cervical incision provides good direct exposure. However, patients having such a procedure will have a scar in the neck, which may be cosmetically unsatisfactory. The authors describe in this communication a transaxillary subfascial endoscopic treatment of internal jugular vein phlebectasia with wrapping by a vascular prosthesis in a 6-year-old boy. The wrapping prevented the vein from dilating, and at the same time preserved its function. The transaxillary endoscopic technique, with a working cavern created under the fascia of the pectoralis major, offered a safe and straightforward way of surgical management of jugular vein phlebectasia, while exempting injury to noninvolved tissues and avoiding the potential for poor cosmesis from any neck scar.

Diagnostic Imaging of a Child with Congenital Internal Jugular Vein Phlebectasia

A 10-year-old male child without a history of trauma or inflammation was referred to the Kyushu University Hospital for a soft and compressible mass in the right side of the neck during straining. The swelling was not observed at rest, but on Valsalva maneuver, the mass appeared in the right side of the neck without pain, bruit, or pulsation. Ultrasonography and color Doppler flow imaging during Valsalva maneuver demonstrated local dilatation of the right internal jugular vein (IJV) without thrombosis (Figure 1).

Internal Jugular Vein Phlebectasia Presenting with Hoarseness of Voice

Internal jugular phlebectasia presents as a soft cystic mass in the neck that appears on straining. We present a case of a 7-year-old girl who presented with a painless soft cystic mass in the neck associated with hoarseness of voice. Based on clinical examination and CT image, diagnosis of right internal jugular phlebectasia was made.

Phlebectasia of Internal Jugular Vein

Internal jugular phlebectasia (IJP) is a rare disease in which there is a fusiform dilatation of internal jugular vein, usually presenting as a neck mass in children. Accurate diagnosis from careful history, physical examination, and radiological study can be made. We report a 12-year-old boy with history of swelling appearing on the right side of the neck only on straining, coughing, or during a Valsalva maneuver. Diagnosis of right IJP was made. Exploration and wrapping the dilated segment in an 8-mm-diameter polytetrafluoroethylene tube graft was done. Because of its rarity, this entity is frequently ignored or misdiagnosed. This case report intends to stress the importance of keeping IJP as differential diagnosis while dealing with such a swelling to avoid invasive investigations and inappropriate treatment.

Congenital internal jugular phlebectasia

Congenital internal jugular phlebectasia corresponds to congenital dilatation of the vein without tortuosity. More than one hundred cases of phlebectasia involving the neck veins have been reported in the literature. The authors describe the clinical features, treatment and outcome of this anomaly. A six-year-old child with no particular past medical history presented with a two-year history of progressively enlarging mass on the right side of the neck. Physical examination revealed a non-pulsatile mass that was increased in size by all manoeuvres increasing intrathoracic pressure. Neck computed tomography confirmed the diagnosis of internal jugular vein phlebectasia. In the absence of complications, simple surveillance was advised with a follow-up of 20 months with no complications. Congenital internal jugular phlebectasia is a rare condition. Management must include imaging to confirm the diagnosis. Long-term surveillance is recommended and surgery is only required in the presence of complications.

Bilateral Internal Jugular Vein Phlebectasia

Phlebectasia is a dilation of a vein. Jugular vein phlebectasia can occur in any part of the jugular venous system. It is an uncommon cause of cervical swelling in children. We report a rare case of bilateral internal jugular vein phlebectasia presenting as bilateral neck swelling in a child. We also review the literature on the clinical features of this entity and the differential diagnosis, methods of imaging, and treatment.

Phlebectasia as a cause of intermittent cervical mass

Phlebectasia is an abnormal sacculofusiform dilatation, usually unilateral, which may affect any vein. It is infradiagnosed as it is generally asymptomatic. Sometimes it is diagnosed during the study of an intermittent mass. Phlebectasia of internal jugular vein is a rare disease, which mostly involved only the right side and it usually is a childhood disease. Its treatment is controversial. Nowadays a conservative approach to unilateral or bilateral asymptomatic phlebectasia is recommended. Symptomatic phlebectasia requires surgery. We present a case of a bilateral phlebectasia in a 23-month-old male child.

Internal Jugular Vein Phlebectasia Masquerading as an External Laryngocele

Otolaryngologists are frequently called on to evaluate patients with neck masses. In the pediatric population, the pathogenesis of a neck mass is more likely related to an underlying congenital anomaly, infection, and/or inflammation than to a malignancy. The character and location of a mass are particularly helpful in establishing a differential diagnosis, especially in children. We describe a child who had a neck mass with presenting signs and symptoms that mimicked other lesions on the basis of its location and character.

Gadolinium-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography in jugular phlebectasia and aneurysm

True jugular vein aneurysms and phlebectasias are very rare abnormalities, which are usually discovered in children. Though their ultrasonographic features have been well described, magnetic resonance angiographic appearance of these lesions has not been reported in the radiology literature. We describe gadolinium-enhanced MR angiographic findings in two patients with internal jugular vein phlebectasia and one patient with anterior jugular vein aneurysm. The jugular venous system and its abnormalities were successfully depicted in the coronal plane, much like the images of coronal angiography.

Internal jugular phlebectasia in children

Phlebectasia is an abnormal dilatation of an isolated vein, may affect any vein, and is usually asymptomatic. When the internal jugular vein is involved, it presents as a cervical swelling that can mimic the signs of either pharyngocele or a laryngocele and, because of its rarity, is frequently misdiagnosed. We describe 2 cases of phlebectasia of internal jugular vein in children with voice change in one of them. No treatment is necessary for this benign, self-limiting condition. Clinical features, diagnosis, treatment options, and a review of the literature about this rare venous lesion are presented.