Philosophy Research Articles

The Philosophical Athlete (2nd Ed.)

The Philosophical Athlete (2nd Ed.)

The Eventful Character of Bibikhin's Philosophical Thought

The article deals with the event-related aspects of V.V. Bibikhin's philosophical activities on the material of his lectures, texts and communication with contemporaries (S.S. Horuzhy, S.S. Averintsev and A.V. Akhutin). The eventfulness of the transfer of knowledge from teacher to student, as well as the unity of thought, word and life are the principles of teaching philosophy derived from the pedagogical experience of V.V. Bibikhin. He was a follower of A.F. Losev and M. Heidegger focusing his thoughts on clarifying ontological problems. Ontological thought is paradoxical in its own nature. This is revealed in the reading and interpretation of Bibikhin's writings, as well as in the evidence of his polemical communication with colleagues. One of the brightest ontological disputes of recent times is the discussion of V.V. Bibikhin and S.S. Horuzhy about the concept of energy which is an essential ontological category. These prominent Russian thinkers had a long-term friendship that included an element of intellectual rivalry. The author calls such communication “friendship in struggle” which has a paradoxical character. The philosophical definition of friendship presented in the book “The Pillar and Statement of Truth” by P.A. Florensky which has an antinomic character is used in the text. The paradoxical event and the polemic nature of V.V. Bibikhin's thought manifests itself in his works and correspondence with friends. The article provides illustrative examples of these moments of his intellectual creativity. V.V. Bibikhin is one of those thinkers who preserve the Russian philosophical tradition in the context of its disputes with other national traditions.

Событийный характер философской мысли В. Бибихина

The article deals with the event-related aspects of V.V. Bibikhin's philosophical activities on the material of his lectures, texts and communication with contemporaries (S.S. Horuzhy, S.S. Averintsev and A.V. Akhutin). The eventfulness of the transfer of knowledge from teacher to student, as well as the unity of thought, word and life are the principles of teaching philosophy derived from the pedagogical experience of V.V. Bibikhin. He was a follower of A.F. Losev and M. Heidegger focusing his thoughts on clarifying ontological problems. Ontological thought is paradoxical in its own nature. This is revealed in the reading and interpretation of Bibikhin's writings, as well as in the evidence of his polemical communication with colleagues. One of the brightest ontological disputes of recent times is the discussion of V.V. Bibikhin and S.S. Horuzhy about the concept of energy which is an essential ontological category. These prominent Russian thinkers had a long-term friendship that included an element of intellectual rivalry. The author calls such communication “friendship in struggle” which has a paradoxical character. The philosophical definition of friendship presented in the book “The Pillar and Statement of Truth” by P.A. Florensky which has an antinomic character is used in the text. The paradoxical event and the polemic nature of V.V. Bibikhin's thought manifests itself in his works and correspondence with friends. The article provides illustrative examples of these moments of his intellectual creativity. V.V. Bibikhin is one of those thinkers who preserve the Russian philosophical tradition in the context of its disputes with other national traditions.

Risks and threats of the digital age

The first steps on the way to the new century were marked by the almost instantaneous introduction of the latest information and communication technologies in all spheres of life and the desire to remove with their help the deep problems of the organization of our lives. We waited for it with incomprehensible thirst, and some invisible force pushed us to break the chains that connected the present with all the testaments of the past, which, however, have the meaning of real life. The world of digital technologies, in which we are immersed deeper, really changes our attitude to them and we should know that this is not only a new logical stage in the technological sphere of human development, but also the transformation of all legal, socio-political and, above all, scientific and educational reality. Unfortunately, there are still not many generally accepted and harmonized philosophical definitions and legal definitions, without which it is impossible to build a policy, however, digital technologies are already rapidly capturing bridgeheads for development, causing new risks and threats to which we must prepare an algorithm. Key words: information, communication, information and communication technologies, digitalization, digital society, education, national security.

The Nature and Potential Applications of Contextual Definition in Philosophy of Law

The paper analyses the nature and potential applications of contextual definitions in modern philosophy of language and jurisprudence. It is shown that the distinction between a contextual definition and a genus–differentia definition proposed by some legal philosophers, where the latter is considered ineffective and unproductive in analyzing legal concepts, is sometimes deceptive. The weaknesses of the argument about this distinction are shown by examining the constitutional legal rules, which can be considered an example of the application of contextual definitions in legal science. On the basis of this claim, it is shown that these two types of definition may well coexist at least in legal language and in some sense complement each other when different areas of their applicability are taken into account.

A study on the arguments of an infinite by succession in Muslim philosophy

A study on the arguments of an infinite by succession in Muslim philosophy

Designs of Academic Category and Modern Learning in Nishi Amane and Choe Han-gi’s Philosophy

Designs of Academic Category and Modern Learning in Nishi Amane and Choe Han-gi’s Philosophy

Actuated and Performative Architecture: Emerging Forms of Human-Machine Interaction

This Spool [CpA] #3 issue poses and attempts to answer questions on the nature of this intimate human-machine bond, encouraging the discussion of its potentials also in terms of individual and social resilience. This issue of Spool, moreover, attempts to explore the design of bio-cyber-physical systems, which requires integration of natural, physical, and virtual architectures with digital systems and social organizations. In designing interactions between the (augmented) human and cyber-physical environments, the collection and use of personal data, the management of a multi-layered design approach, and the ethics of such design activity require attention from experts in architectural design, interaction and UX design, civil and architectural engineering, mechanical and electrical engineering, computer and information science, sociology, psychology, education, ethics, philosophy, media arts, and science and technology studies.

LA SOMIGLIANZA ICONICA NELLA SCRITTURA DE-SOGGETTIVANTE TRA IDENTITÀ E DIFFERENZA

Riassunto: Il pericoloso potere di assimilazione renderebbe le cose identiche le une alle altre, uniformandole, smarrendone la singolarità. Il mondo senza alterità si ridurrebbe a una massa omogenea: l’Identico e la sua rappresentazione. L’esistenza di un segno non è semplicemente riflessa ma rifratta (Vološinov). In questa rifrazione gioca il ruolo determinante l’alterità. Produrre e comprendere segni significa partecipare ai processi comunicativi. Il segnico è il campo dell’ambivalenza in cui tutto si decide per relazioni e pratiche sociali (Bachtin). Uscire dalla filosofia del soggetto (Foucault), porsi in una posizione “fuori-di-sé”, configurare una scrittura in-ferma contro il soggetto statico, per recuperare il corpo sociale nelle parole e nelle immagini.Abstract: The dangerous power of assimilation uniforms things, making them lose their singularity. The world without otherness would be reduced to a homogeneous mass where representation always represents the Identical. The existence of a sign is not simply reflected but refracted (Voloshinov). In this refraction, otherness plays the decisive role. Producing and understanding signs means participating in communication processes. The sign is the field of ambivalence in which everything is decided by relationships and social practices (Bakhtin). In this field is possible as this paper tries to show, to get out of the philosophy of the subject (Foucault) in order to recover the social body of words and images.

SUL MEDESIMO E L’ALTRO. TRA FOLLIA E LETTERATURA NELLA PROSPETTIVA SEMIOTICA DI STUDI DI MICHEL FOUCAULT

Riassunto: Il rapporto tra il Medesimo e l’Altro rappresenta un leit motiv lungo l’intero arco della ricerca di Foucault. Negli anni Sessanta egli ha certamente tematizzato il problema, affrontandolo da due prospettive. L’altro è tutta la storia della follia dalla fine del Medioevo fino al limite dei primi studi di Freud. L’altro è la scrittura letteraria di Sade, Hölderlin, Nietzsche, Artaud, Bataille, Roussell, Blanchot, Klossowski, tutti insieme convocati su uno scenario filosofico, che si muove ad elastico tra teorie surrealiste della scrittura e dell’opera d’arte e prime forme di uno strutturalismo in pieno svolgimento.Abstract: The relationship between the Self and the Other represents a leitmotiv throughout Foucault’s research. In the sixties, he certainly addressed the issue from two perspectives. The Other is the whole history of madness from the end of the Middle Ages to the limits of Freud’s early studies. The Other is in the literary writings by Sade, Hölderlin, Nietzsche, Artaud, Bataille, Roussell, Blanchot, Klossowski, who are all summoned together on a philosophical scenario which ranges from surrealist theories of writing, and the work of art and first forms of structuralism in full swing.

Meditatio mortis meditating on death, philosophy and gender in late antique hagioraphy

According to Socrates, as he is described in Plato?s Phaedo, the definition of a true philosopher is a wise man who is continuously practicing dying and being dead. Already in this life, the philosopher tries to free his soul from the body in order to acquire true knowledge as the soul is progressively becoming detached from the body. Centuries after it was written, Plato?s Phaedo continued to play a role for some early Christian authors, and this article focuses on three instances where Christian women mirror Socrates and/or his definition of philosophy. We find these instances in hagiographical literature from the fourth and fifth centuries at different locations in the Roman Empire - in the Lives of Macrina, Marcella and Syncletica. These texts are all to varying degrees impacted by Platonic philosophy and by the ideal of the male philosopher Socrates. As women mastering philosophy, they widened common cultural expectations for women, revealing how Christian authors in certain contexts ascribed authority to female figures.

Ideological and ideological issues of protecting the interests of the people of uzbekistan in the period of national growth

The scientific article contains theoretical and practical views on the issue of ensuring the ideological and ideological security of the Uzbek people in the transition from national revival to the national upsurge. Concepts are given a philosophical definition and their current development trends are shown. Thus, the ideas of ancient philosophers on a systematic understanding of the issue of interest helped to create a unique philosophical paradigm about the “Benefit” of the philosophers of the XVIII century.

Poetologie der Stimmung. Ein ästhetisches Phänomen der frühen Goethezeit by Stefan Hajduk

Reviewed by: Poetologie der Stimmung. Ein ästhetisches Phänomen der frühen Goethezeit by Stefan Hajduk Daniel Purdy Stefan Hajduk, Poetologie der Stimmung. Ein ästhetisches Phänomen der frühen Goethezeit. Bielefeld: transcript, 2016. 513 pp. The notion of Stimmung is in the air, it is all around us. After having been pushed aside in the late twentieth century, Stimmung has returned as a priority for architecture, city planning, environmentalism, and literary criticism. The term has become the progressive angle from which diverse movements have sought to reverse the functionality of modernism without falling into retrograde traditionalism. The eighteenth-century affinity for nurturing Stimmung, first articulated in landscape gardening and sentimental prose, has been mobilized into a more active climate awareness, both local and global. Stefan Hajduk's massive Poetologie der Stimmung covers much more than the literature of the early Goethezeit, as it addresses the 250-year history of scholars who have sought to characterize the illusive quality. He engages earnestly with Leo Spitzer's articles on Stimmung's relation to ancient ideas of cosmological harmony while proposing Heidegger's Befindlichkeit as conceptually superior to nineteenth-century aesthetic articulations. He is also fully conversant with Gernot Böhme's more recent appeal to foster Atmosphäre in architecture. Most importantly for Goethe scholars, Hajduk builds his argument on David Wellbery's definitive essay on the subject in Aesthetische Grundbegriffe, providing interpretations and examples that augment Wellbery's reconstruction of the term's semantic field. For all his thoroughness, Wellbery's succinct review of Goethe's remarks on Stimmung leaves room for many more investigations into the term's poetic use around Strasbourg and Weimar. Hajduk's book takes up the challenge by finding diverse forms of Stimmung in the early Goethezeit, not just those that proffer a lyrical perception of nature. The core of Hajduk's book is organized around lengthy close interpretations of three texts: Goethe's Die Leiden des jungen Werthers, Karl Philipp Moritz's Andreas Hartknopf novels, and Ludwig Tieck's short drama, "Der Abschied." [End Page 362] Hajduk agrees with Wellbery's opening claim that the difficulty in translating Stimmung into other European languages reflects the manner in which the German term integrates both subjective and objective references. Stimmung appears both within the perceiving individual as well as in the surrounding environment. "Mood" and "atmosphere" capture different portions but by no means the full range of aesthetic connotations in Stimmung. Because the term is often invoked in such a manner as to take advantage of its rich metaphorical allusions, no single other word comes close to its fullness. Agreeing with Wellbery's Begriffsgeschichte, Hajduk reviews the many connotations of Stimmung, landing at the conclusion that "mood," "milieu," "ambience," "atmosphere," or "attunement" do not adequately correspond to the word's musical-cosmological resonance nor its indeterminate sense of an emotional landscape. Demonstrating the inadequacy of many translation choices makes clear how many diverse and complex connotations are carried by the word. Indirectly, both Wellbery and Hajduk underscore the distinctiveness of the German word. For both scholars, contextual usage remains vital to understanding the particular meanings invoked at any given instance. Wellbery refrains from offering a conceptual definition but turns instead to a history of its metaphorical application. In this regard, both critics agree with Spitzer that Stimmung's lexical career takes off in the eighteenth century. In building off his predecessors, Hajduk points out that Wellbery's focus on aesthetic theory serves an entirely different purpose than Spitzer's reconstruction of cosmology. Hajduk goes further than Spitzer and Wellbery in highlighting the inadequacy of all translations and conceptualizations of Stimmung to argue that philosophical definitions around 1800 were ultimately incomplete and poetic articulations increasingly subjective, thereby losing the term's spatial and natural dimensions. For Wellbery, the indeterminacy is a source of fruitful variation, whereas Hajduk sees a problem that ultimately requires Heidegger to provide an adequate answer. Contrary to Wellbery's conceptual history, Hajduk argues that from Kant to Humboldt, Stimmung loses its position within the aesthetic space of nature as something external to the subject, such as a musical tone or atmosphere—decisive connotations for Goethe, Moritz, and Tieck. The poetic texts Hajduk cites...

The role of education in the upbrinding of children

The scientific article contains theoretical and practical views on the issue of ensuring the ideological and ideological security of the Uzbek people in the transition from national revival to the national upsurge. Concepts are given a philosophical definition and their current development trends are shown. The ideas of ancient philosophers on a systematic understanding of the issue of interest helped to create a unique philosophical paradigm about the “Benefit” of the philosophers of the XVIII century. For example, the French philosopher Paul Henri Golbach, in his book On the System of Nature or the Laws of the Material and Spiritual Worlds, said: “Interest is the idea of one’s own happiness according to one’s character and ideas; are things that one of us thinks are necessary for our happiness”.

Вопросоответы о богословско-философских терминах в «Книге обличений» протопопа Аввакума

The author proposes explores the thesaurus of philosophical and dogmatic definitions in the second part of Archpriest Avvakum’s “Book of Rebukes”. The thesaurus has been preserved in a single fairly complete manuscript published by P.S. Smirnov, which had not been studied by researchers earlier. The growing value of the dogmatical, logical and philosophical issues in Moscow Russia coupled with Avvakum's personal polemical needs during the ‘Pustozersk controversies’ with his spiritual son, diakon Feodor, starets Ephrem Potemkin and Ignatiy Solovetsky inspired the creation of thesaurus. It has a question-answer structure consisting of such parts as Trinity, God’s entity, collected na­ture, nature, subsistence, being subsistent, entity, hypostasis, God. The thesausrus is di­vided into two parts; the first part contains definitions in a general sense, the second pro­vides those in relation to the Deity and the Trinity. Next, there is an extensive part where Avvakum explains the Trinity with new clarifications on the difference between individual and universal beings. The author explores each of these definitions and their respective in­terpretations and demonstrates that the text of the “Book” contains literal borrowings from “Capita Philosophica” of John of Damascus and “Small Catechism Book” of Pietr Mogila. Some of the terminological features of Avvakum’s language suggest the influ­ence of other logical works. It is further proposed that certain Avvakum’s articles were corrupted by the scribe. The article also contains a diagram of the relations that exist among Avvakum’s terms. The diagram helps the reader understanding his work better. The conclusion is that this thesaurus is very important for a correct reconstruction of Av­vakums’ trinitarian and metaphysical views.

Попытка целостного определения понятия «окружающая среда» в контексте философской антропологии Карла Маркса

The article attempts a broad (philosophical) definition of the concept of «environment». The relevance of this attempt is due to the fact that in the modern ecological discourse there is a narrow understanding of the environment, which is mainly reduced to the concept of nature. This one-dimensionality leads to the fact that the analysis of environmental problems does not take into account the multilateral dialectical interrelationships between a person and the whole environment in which he exists. Based on the philosophical and anthropological ideas of Karl Marx, the author shows that in the process of carrying out his activity (praxis), a person, entering into metabolic relations with nature (which acts as the «inorganic human body», his life means and an irreparable condition for his existence), transforms this nature (natürliche Welt) and thereby creates its «second nature» — the surrounding cultural environment (Umwelt). But since praxis is always carried out together with Others, relations with them form the world of people — the social environment (Mitwelt), which, being internalized in the psyche of the individual, forms his own world — the existential environment (Eigenwelt). Thus, the environment, understood in such a broad sense, is an integral, internally interconnected system of three worlds: animate and inanimate nature (natürliche Welt), material and spiritual culture (Umwelt) and human society (Mitwelt), through relations with which and there is a man and his own inner existential world (I, Eigenwelt). As a result, the author concludes that for a full-fledged and harmonious existence of a person himself, it is necessary, within the framework of a philosophical and ecological worldview and lifestyle, to treat with thrifty care not only the natural environment, but also human society and human culture, thanks to which a person exists as a person, for all these worlds — nature, society and culture — constitute the home (οἶκος) in which man lives.

Steps toward a Philosophy of Engineering: Historico-Philosophical and Critical Essays by Carl Mitcham

Reviewed by: Steps toward a Philosophy of Engineering: Historico-Philosophical and Critical Essays by Carl Mitcham Cyrus C. M. Mody (bio) Steps toward a Philosophy of Engineering: Historico-Philosophical and Critical Essays By Carl Mitcham. London: Rowman and Littlefield International, 2020. Pp. 466. Steps toward a Philosophy of Engineering: Historico-Philosophical and Critical Essays By Carl Mitcham. London: Rowman and Littlefield International, 2020. Pp. 466. Philosophy has many specialties: the "traditional ethics-politics-epistemology-ontology fourfold" of Western philosophy as well as narrower "regionalizations" such as bioethics or the philosophies of science, language, mind, religion, art, etc. (p. 352). One region that was missing from the philosophical map until recently—and is still hardly colored in—is the philosophy of engineering. Sure, many universities offer engineering ethics courses, and there is a long tradition of philosopher-engineers such as Walter Vincenti. But philosophers interested in what engineers do—well, that's a select group. No one has done more to put engineering on philosophy's map than [End Page 602] Carl Mitcham, both through his own writing and teaching and via tireless institution-building and collaboration. The present volume collects some of those writings (several of them co-authored) as a kind of survey of the field of philosophy of engineering. As the book's title hints, philosophy of engineering is still so new—especially compared to philosophy of science and even philosophy of technology—that any overview must be fragmentary, tentative, and tangled. Anyone looking for a synoptic presentation of the philosophy of engineering will have to wait. But as an introduction to a terra incognita, this collection of Mitcham's essays is a clearly-written, generous, and thoughtful guide. In other words, the volume as a whole should be assigned reading in graduate and advanced undergraduate courses, and some of the individual essays can go on syllabi for introductory or survey courses with an ENG, PHIL, STS, or HUMA prefix. As a book to read cover-to-cover, Steps toward a Philosophy of Engineering possesses both the charms and tics of any collection of previously published essays. There is, for instance, a fair bit of repetition. In particular, Thomas Tredgold's definition of engineering is offered at least six separate times. Not that repetition is all bad—some of Mitcham's points are planted in one essay and bloom in another. The essays also sometimes lurch from one topic to something entirely different, reflecting Mitcham's diverse interests. Thankfully, the conclusion summarizes all the chapters and shows how they relate to each other. Several chapters end with strange codas, perhaps to set them apart from their published versions. Some are quite interesting—for example, one on Harry Truman's penchant for Hegel—but others are rather elusive. Finally, I have to note that the copyediting is mediocre, especially in the later essays. Whomever Rowman and Littlefield assigned did not do a job worthy of this volume. Mitcham's starting point is the observation that engineering is philosophically "inadequate." That is, whatever philosophical definition of engineering you choose, it has something to do with the social good, and yet critical understandings of the social good and how to contribute to it are almost entirely missing from engineering's technical canon and curriculum. This may or may not separate engineering from other professions—Mitcham makes that claim but then very generously offers (and mostly defers to) David Goldberg's counterargument. Either way, engineering sorely needs a critical perspective on its aims and conduct; and that requires engagement with philosophy, science and technology studies, and other fields comprising the interdisciplinary constellation of engineering studies. History is in that mix; Mitcham is a fan of this journal, and several essays survey the history of concepts and movements such as sustainable development, humanitarianism, and engineering ethics, sometimes via crossnational comparisons. Mitcham explores various ways of overcoming engineering's philosophical inadequacy by offering various critical analyses of concepts like [End Page 603] "energy," "policy," and more. But the theme that runs throughout is what he calls engineering plus respicere—the obligation for engineers to take more into account and acknowledge the limits of technical knowledge. The profession's military roots and managerial responsibilities mean...

Felsefe grubu öğretmen adaylarının dramaya yönelik tutumlarının incelenmesi

Araştırmada, felsefe grubu öğretmen adaylarının bir öğretim yöntemi olarak dramaya yönelik tutumlarının incelemesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma betimsel tarama modelinde desenlenmiştir. Araştırmaya 132’si formasyon programına ve 55’i lisans programına devam eden toplam 187 felsefe grubu öğretmen adayı katılmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin toplanması için Kişisel Bilgi Formu ve Yaratıcı Drama Tutum Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Mann Whitney U testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda öğretmen adaylarının aldıkları puanlarının ölçek genelinde ve dramaya yönelik genel tutumlar faktöründe ortalamanın üstünde, kendine yönelik tutumlar faktöründe ortalama civarında ve dramaya yönelik eleştirel tutumlar faktöründe ortalamanın altında yığılma gösterdiği görülmüştür. Ayrıca, öğretmen adaylarının dramaya yönelik tutumlarının cinsiyet, drama ile ilgili ders alma ve ders almayı isteme durumlarına göre anlamlı düzeyde farklılık gösterdiği görülürken, devam ettikleri program türüne göre anlamlı düzeyde farklılık olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.

Sprezzatura: The Art of Concealing Art in Fashıon, Music and Painting

Baldassare Castiglione’nin 1528 tarihinde yazdığı Il Cortegiano isimli kitaba konu olan sprezzatura kavramı, dönemi ve sonrası için çığır açmış, estetik yaklaşımları derinden etkilemiş bir kavramdır. Bugün hala estetikte tartışılagelen; güzellik ve grazia gibi kavramları açıklamak için oldukça etkili bir araçtır. Başlangıçta, bir Rönesans aristokratının davranışları ve sahip olması gereken özelliklere yönelik kullanılan bir kelime olup; kavramsal kökleri Aristoteles ve Cicero’ya kadar dayandırılır. Antik Yunan’dan beri tartışılagelen sanat eserinde ulaşılmak istenen grazia’ya ulaşmak için mutlak bir gereklilik, bir araç olarak da görülür. İnsan eliyle yapılan bütün sanatsal eylemlerde sprezzatura, ustalık noktasının da ötesi, en üst olgunluk noktasının bir ifadesi olarak görülür. Edebiyat, resim, heykel, görsel sanatların tümü, moda, mimari, konuşma sanatı ve müzikte sprezzatura alana özgü farklılıklar doğrultusunda sanatçının dikkate alması gereken bir prensiptir. Bu makalede sprezzatura, estetik tartışmalar ışığında anlam ve kapsamı ile birlikte açıklanırken; özellikle moda, müzik ve resimde bu kavramın neyi ifade ettiği ortaya konulmaya çalışılmış, eğitim süreçlerine yönelik öneriler ortaya konulmuştur.Baldassare Castiglione’nin 1528 tarihinde yazdığı Il Cortegiano isimli kitaba konu olan sprezzatura kavramı, dönemi ve sonrası için çığır açmış, estetik yaklaşımları derinden etkilemiş bir kavramdır. Bugün hala estetikte tartışılagelen; güzellik ve grazia gibi kavramları açıklamak için oldukça etkili bir araçtır. Başlangıçta, bir Rönesans aristokratının davranışları ve sahip olması gereken özelliklere yönelik kullanılan bir kelime olup; kavramsal kökleri Aristoteles ve Cicero’ya kadar dayandırılır. Antik Yunan’dan beri tartışılagelen sanat eserinde ulaşılmak istenen grazia’ya ulaşmak için mutlak bir gereklilik, bir araç olarak da görülür. İnsan eliyle yapılan bütün sanatsal eylemlerde sprezzatura, ustalık noktasının da ötesi, en üst olgunluk noktasının bir ifadesi olarak görülür. Edebiyat, resim, heykel, görsel sanatların tümü, moda, mimari, konuşma sanatı ve müzikte sprezzatura alana özgü farklılıklar doğrultusunda sanatçının dikkate alması gereken bir prensiptir. Bu makalede sprezzatura, estetik tartışmalar ışığında anlam ve kapsamı ile birlikte açıklanırken; özellikle moda, müzik ve resimde bu kavramın neyi ifade ettiği ortaya konulmaya çalışılmış, eğitim süreçlerine yönelik öneriler ortaya konulmuştur.

INDIVIDUO Y COMUNIDAD EN SPINOZA

En esta conferencia se sostiene que el intento de retrotraer la política en Spinoza a sucesos describibles físicamente, que se puede leer en el texto homónimo de A. Matheron, es falso. La presentación tratará la ontología de Spinoza: se quiere mostrar que ella no se puede interpretar físicamente. La interpretación se dirige igualmente contra la hipótesis de J. Bennett en su libro A Study of Spinoza’s Ethics, para quien la filosofía de Spinoza es interpretada bajo la prioridad del atributo extensión y, con ello, según un modelo físico.