Hume's Philosophy Research Articles

The Meaning of Kant’s Attitude Towards the Technical Instruments of Science in the Atmosphere of Enlightenment

I mention the main, technophile and technophobe, positions towards technology in the Western 18th century, as the criterion of this paper. Then I show that, however unexpected would this be, the concept of technics – opening the problem of technics – was explicitly present within the transcendental philosophy. From its multiple meanings outlined in the logic of this philosophy, I focus on the technical instruments of science. Kant considered them optimistically, but insisted that they are only means subordinated to the capability of reason that alone is able to give knowledge. And the vault key of knowledge is the moral law (the moral telos) given by the human reason. Thus, answering to Rousseau, Kant indicates that the progress of knowledge is ultimately determined by this moral, and not by the enrichment of cognisance as a result of technical instruments. If we consider them as a model for the treatment of the technical objects in the broad sense of this term, Kant introduced the criticism of the technophile reductionism, while creating the frame of the positivist science and the humanistic philosophy of the 19th century.

Exploring sociocultural factors and ubuntuism for women living with HIV in rural Zimbabwe.

The focus of this study was on women living with HIV in rural Zimbabwe, who face many challenges, both in the family and community. Patriarchy compounds these problems as these women navigate access to health and other services. The study sought to explore ubuntuism and the sociocultural factors that facilitate or constrain women living with HIV from accessing community services and resources. An interpretive phenomenological analysis research design was utilised for the study. Purposive and quota sampling were applied to recruit 40 participants from six villages. Data were collected using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions that were audio recorded and transcribed. The data were analysed using the interpretive phenomenological analysis framework. The study found that women living with HIV face stigma and discrimination in the form of social exclusion and reduced access to community-based health activities and empowerment opportunities. These challenges were compounded by the negative impact of patriarchy that gives rise to land, resettlement and acculturation challenges. Ubuntu is a reflection of mutual dependence and can be used to promote more compassionate relationships with those who are HIV positive in the community.Contribution:The study provides unique insights into the challenges experienced by women living with HIV and how ubuntu could mitigate those challenges so that it adds to the humanistic philosophies in interpersonal relationships.

A Study on Baul Lalon Shah's Songs of Humanity in Communication Theory Perspective

This article explores the songs of Baul Lalon Shah, a prominent figure in the classical folklore of 19th-century Bengal under British rule. Lalon's music, deeply rooted in humanism, transcends caste, religion, and social divisions, emphasizing unity, equality, and peace. As a member of the Baul community, Lalon integrated diverse religious philosophies, including Hinduism, Tantric Buddhism, and Sufi Islam, into a unique spiritual discourse centred on humanity. His songs advocate for the primacy of humanism over religious and societal binaries. Despite their profound philosophical contributions, Lalon's songs have not been analyzed using rhetorical methods thoroughly. This study seeks to fill that gap by applying rhetorical analysis to examine the humanistic philosophy embedded in Lalon Shah's works. By doing so, it aims to reveal the enduring significance of his message in Bengali society and contribute to the broader discourse on global humanism. Disseminating these insights can play a transformative role in cultural and philosophical spheres.

Changes of the state in the commodity economy

The purpose of this article is to clarify the transformation of the state in the commodity economy, including the transformation from class domination to human management, which is the transition process from the division of labor to the regulation and distribution of society by monetary policy. To achieve this purpose, the content is approached from the methods of humanistic philosophy and social philosophy, and at the same time, uses qualitative, analytical, synthetic, and comparative methods, especially the inversion method, to clarify the transformation between the subject and the product in the means and purposes of the existence and development of the state. The results affirm that the state is a product established with a specific historical nature to serve human life. However, when each individual is a product, it carries the instinct of that state, depending on the state. Conclusion: First, the state is a product created by humans, established and produced to serve human life. Second, the state's primary function is to enforce justice, but it becomes the job of civil servants. Third, the function of the state in a commodity economy is to manage and regulate the commodity economic process according to the law and to direct and distribute it by money. Fourth, human rights are the basis for the existence and transformation of the state in a commodity economy.

Accepting or criticizing religion in the process of globalization

Religion, a belief system closely linked to social life, is the subject of research analyzing religious tolerance and criticism in the struggle for human rights. The issue of religious tolerance and criticism will be clarified based on human rights and religious rights. In addition, the relationship between personal ethics and religious ethics is also different, in which the method of combining humanistic philosophy and social philosophy is used to clarify the complex relationships between religion, people, and society, especially the power and role of individuals in religious communities. Research shows that religion influences behavior and shapes people's value systems and rules of life. However, these value systems sometimes lead to discrimination and conflict. From there, the article concludes that religion is a product of human beings, and its existence can be both a positive and an opposing force in society, depending on specific historical conditions. Studying religious tolerance or criticism is essential to building a harmonious society. People must respect the diversity of beliefs and seek common values in reclaiming human rights in globalization.

Personal Life in the Context of Globalization

The purpose of this study is to clarify the role of the individual in social life; each individual is not only a subject of cognition but also an object of cognition in the context of globalization. To achieve the above purpose, the author uses the methodology of humanistic philosophy and social philosophy, as well as qualitative, analytical, synthetic, comparative, and vice versa. The result is that the subject satisfies his capacity and needs through different activities and lifestyles. Respecting personal life is respecting differences in tradition, culture, religion, beliefs, occupation, and job position. The purpose, method, and results achieved by the author can lead to the conclusion that personal life is human communication. The capacity of an individual is the need of another individual. Mutual satisfaction between individuals is the ultimate happiness of life. In globalization, individuals have many opportunities to assert their abilities and needs, but at the same time, each faces challenges.

NATIONAL CHARACTER BUILDING MELALUI PENDIDIKAN HUMANISTRIK KI HAJAR DEWANTARA DALAM MERESPONS STEREOTIPE MANUSIA INDONESIA

Education fundamentally revolves around behavior, and a nation anticipates its citizens to exhibit behavior that aligns with the nation's esteemed values. This study seeks to examine six attributes of Indonesians in the 21st century and evaluate Ki Hajar Dewantara's humanistic philosophy as a potential means of cultivating a humanistic society in Indonesia as a national character-building strategy. This study employs library research methods. The employed data analysis approaches include reduction, presentation, and conclusion. The research findings indicate that the six attributes of Indonesians, as identified by Mochtar Lubis, namely hypocrisy, aversion to accountability, feudalistic conduct, superstition, artistic inclination, and fragility, continue to be observable in contemporary times. Ki Hajar Dewantara's humanist philosophy, implemented at the Taman Siswa school, offers a philosophical framework that can address Mochtar Lubis' six characteristics of Indonesian in the 21st century. This can be achieved through the principles of tetep, antep, mantep; ngandel, kandel, bandel; ngerti, ngroso, nglakoni; Ing Madya Mangun Karsa; as well as Ki Hajar Dewantara's views on education as a means of emancipating individuals both physically and mentally.

CONCEPTUAL IDEAS AND GUIDELINES OF NORTH AMERICAN MODEL OF ADULT EDUCATION

The article deals with conceptual ideas and guidelines of North American model of adult education. It is substantiated that North American model of adult education is based on the philosophical principles of liberalism, progressivism, behaviorism, humanism, radicalism, and constructivism. Liberalism has ancient roots and is based on the position that since the person is the real source of progress in society, it is necessary to ensure his/her rights and freedoms, providing equal access to education regardless of social status and well-being. The basic principle of liberal education is singled out, which is to develop a personality that meets the purpose of liberal education in ancient times – provision of education for citizens who can become active participants of a democratic society. It is proven that non-formal adult education should be continuous, focus on the development of intellectual abilities, be accessible to all layers of the population, and its content must meet their needs. It is found out that the historical roots of the philosophy of progressivism are associated with progressive political movement in society and education. Its basis is the concept of interaction between education and society, empirical theory of democratization of education. It is determined that behavioral philosophy, founded by John Watson, appeared in the USA in the early 20th century. Based on the theory of Pavlov's conditioned reflexes, its supporters (J. Watson, B. Sninner and E. Thorndike) considered personality as a set of behavioral responses to stimuli of the environment. It is identified that the purpose of adult education is the modification of a person’s behavior. It is proven that unlike behaviorists, representatives of humanistic philosophy (J. Brown, A. Maslow, M. Knowles, K. Rogers, etc.) considered a man to be independent, active, open to change and self-actualization. It is stressed that the founders of the radical trend, based on theories of anarchism, marxism, and socialism, considered education in general and adult education, in particular, as an important mechanism to achieve radical changes in society. Meanwhile, the social role of non-formal adult education was updated, because it required critical thinking and personal participation in these changes.

Exploring the Humanistic Philosophy of Srimanta Sankardeva in the Material Culture of the Neo-Vaisnavite Traditions of Assam

Initiated by Saint Srimanta Sankardeva (1449 CE-1569 CE) to improve the terrible socio- religious and cultural state of Assam at the time, the Neo-Vaisnavite movement was humanistic and creative. Sankardeva wanted to transform Assamese society by transforming its people into value searchers who achieve values via artistic and creative endeavors. His actions were motivated by his belief in “Eka Sarana Nama Dharma”, which is the refuge in a single ultimate reality or God. He carried out this belief through a variety of mediums, including tales, art, institutions, and symbols. These establishments and artifacts have grown to be vital components of the Neo-Vaisnavite tradition's material and spiritual culture of Assam. Even though the laities currently utilize these items on a daily basis, a brief investigation would show that they originated from Saint Sankardeva's creative humanism. The present paper explores to find the material cultural identity of this tradition as the source of Srimanta Sankardeva's creative humanism.

TEORI PENDIDIKAN HUMANISTIK DAN IMPELEMENTASINYA DALAM PROSES PEMBELAJARAN


 
 
 
 Learning should help people become more like themselves, says humanistic thinking.Assuming the learner has a firm grasp on both himself and his immediate surroundings, we may say that the learning process has been fruitful. Put another way, pupils are able to reach their full potential as individuals. Among the numerous advantages of incorporating humanistic approaches into equitable learning are the following: the cultivation of a more complete person, a more developed conscience, a shift in societal attitudes and phenomena, the establishment of routines that are more democratic, participatory, dialogic, and human, the promotion of an atmosphere of mutual respect in the classroom, the promotion of free speech, and the submission of ideas. Reading, taking notes, and organizing research resources are all part of library research, which is a way of gathering library data. Learning within the context of humanistic philosophy, this study's findings support the premise that students perform better academically when they are emotionally and psychologically well-supported. It also confirms that students develop greater resilience and self-assurance when they are more comfortable opening up about their thoughts, feelings, values, expectations, and aspirations. Personality and conscience development, attitude and thought shifts, examination of social phenomena, democratic and participatory learning, interactive and human nurturing are just a few of the many advantages of using humanistic methods to equitable learning.
 
 
 
 

Characteristics of Educational Management Based on Humanistic Philosophy

Characteristics of Educational Management Based on Humanistic Philosophy

Reinvigorating Social Support Systems in Rural Northwestern Ghana: Towards Affective Empathy in a Neoliberal Age

Abstract Scholars frequently allude to the concept of a supportive extended family system that provides a lifeline to less privileged members of society, such as the indigent and the aged. Yet, the extended family and the network of support it enables have come under immense threat from neoliberalism. This article examines the constrained role of the extended family system and its implications, based on residential ethnographic fieldwork data gathered in rural northwestern Ghana. It draws on transnational discourses on empathy and local conceptions of interdependence and unity as encapsulated by African communitarian philosophies such as Ubuntu and Te jaa bonyeni of the Waala people of northwestern Ghana to explore how to generate empathy. Neoliberal individualist values have intensely undermined the support networks of the extended family system. Te jaa bonyeni philosophy, similar to Ubuntu, and many humanistic philosophies, offers important opportunities for reinvigorating debates on African indigenous support networks as important steps towards nurturing affective empathy. This study contributes to discourses on affective empathy by connecting it to communitarianism. Cultivating empathy is necessary towards imagining forms of existence that are dignifying for the marginalized and preventing them from descending into abysmal deprivation.

The Structural-Genetic Theory Programme as General Theory to Social Sciences

The structural-genetic theory programme is an offshoot of Piagetian theory and Piagetian Cross-Cultural Psychology. It resorts to the application of stage theory to history, that is to parallels between ontogenetic and historical stages. Accordingly, the adolescent stage of formal operations evolved late in history, usually not before the 17th century, making and causing the Age of Enlightenment, with its manifestations: rise of physical sciences, industrial economy, formulation of liberty rights and humanistic philosophy, emergence of classical music, etc. The new theory offers possibilities to unify all human disciplines and social sciences under one common roof as they all need a general theory of the human being which stage theory can provide. They all deal with historical developments such as the history of language, law, sciences, economy, morals, philosophy, arts, worldview, religion, and politics that is shaped and carried by psychogenetic stage developments of humans in history.

How Fromm’s Ideas Resonate Politically as well as Philosophically: The Contemporary Case of Guaranteed Income

ABSTRACT Erich Fromm is not generally associated with policy positions and politics. Yet, Fromm was an early proponent of guaranteed income as an important practical entitlement necessary if greater human freedoms were to be realized. The article traces the development of the idea of basic (or guaranteed income) in US social movement history going back to the 1960s and including the writings of Erich Fromm on this topic. It argues that the concept of guaranteed income flows easily from, and is consonant with, Fromm’s humanistic philosophy overall. Four reasons are offered, including those that are politically, ethically and pragmatically oriented, as to why providing basic income to all citizens has major advantages over the kind of economic precarity and anxieties that many people currently experience. Lastly, after making a multi-dimensional case for guaranteed income, the article responds to a common objection – namely, if basic income became universally available, people would not wish to work. Quite to the contrary, and as empirical experiments have shown, Fromm’s ideas suggest that guaranteed income would encourage people to work with increased commitment and passion and that more positive than negative consequences would ensue from the concept becoming a widespread and much more generally accepted public policy.

On the Humanistic Philosophy’s View of Health Education and Its Contemporary Value

On the Humanistic Philosophy’s View of Health Education and Its Contemporary Value

Charles S. Peirce and Chinese Philosophy: A Comparative Study

Abstract: In this paper, I situate C.S. Peirce's theory of knowledge and action in comparison to Chinese philosophy. My argument is that the comparison makes it important to understand Peirce's abduction and his maxim as a much more potent force in comparative philosophy. Peirce's priority of practical effects over theory is similar to Confucian conceptions of truth and action. Jon Alan Schmidt has summarized sixty-one formulations of Peirce's maxim, from which I draw the four main expressions of the maxim here. According to Peirce, understanding the meaning of concepts in terms of actual effects is the core element of the maxim. This view can be seen as an echo in Wang Yangming's theory of the unity of knowledge and action. The theory is essentially a moral humanist philosophy. It integrates morality, ethics, and politics. It is similar to Peirce's pragmatic maxim, as James Liszka has explained. Finally, reflecting on the recent studies of Peirce's semiotics in China, I discuss the significance of Peirce's pragmatism in Chinese philosophy.

Sensing the Future in Contemporary Anglophone Literature: Utopian Practice in Times of Global Emergency

Abstract: Due to contemporary experiences of climate crisis, large-scale migration, and global ruptures such as the spread of COVID-19, futurity has become newly problematized in both public discourse and critical discussions in literary and cultural studies. This article argues that literary texts contribute to the renegotiation of futurity for the cultural needs of the present. The article discusses how two contemporary Anglophone novels, Mohsin Hamid’s Exit West (2017) and Nnedi Okorafor’s Lagoon (2014), redirect both ecocritical and critical posthumanist concerns towards an ethics of open futurity that is, counterintuitively, contiguous with the humanist philosophies of Hannah Arendt and Emmanuel Levinas. The novels express forms of anticipation in which open futurity and the experience of encounter with the other form a basic ethical orientation, thereby pointing to an emergent reshaping of utopian practice in times of global emergency.

The humanistic perspective as “a lighthouse” for the perception of QOL/FQOL and its application

AbstractQuality of life (QOL) has become an increasingly important topic in the field of intellectual and developmental disabilities. Those efforts have included the structuring of models of QOL and more recently Family Quality of life (FQOL). The time has arrived to examine other developments and consider their place in a QOL paradigm. In this article, we have described one of the aspects of QOL that does not appear to be formally or directly structured into models of QOL, namely the role of the humanistic perspective as “a lighthouse” concept for the perception of QOL/FQOL and a vehicle for its application in practice. It is recognized that many researchers and practitioners have considered or practised a humanistic approach but the core beliefs and elements on humanism have received less specific or detailed attention in the QOL literature. This article proposes humanistic philosophy to be the basis for defining humanistic theoretical principles and guidelines for practice, and to be an important vehicle for operationalizing and applying quality of life.

The social self in humanistic counseling: A dialogical alternative for the practice of wellness and social justice

AbstractClassical humanistic philosophy and psychology both infer the persistence of a stable, authentic, and volitional self, which neither fully coheres with the values implicit to professional counseling nor offers sufficient relevance to culturally diverse client groups. As an alternative, the authors suggest that humanistic counseling can emerge as a distinct discipline of practice independent of its early influences. Further, the authors offer a dialogical alternative for humanistic counseling practice that might better support contemporary clients and their various social determinants of experience.

Laughter as Natural Piety: John Dewey, Humor, and the Religious

Abstract One topic frequently explored in the philosophy of humor is the relationship of comedy and laughter with other facets of human existence—including theological insight and religious experience. The aim of this essay is to employ the mature thought of John Dewey not only to illuminate the nature of humor, but also to discern the deep source and connection between the spiritually exalting and the funny from a naturalistic perspective. While a number of passages on comedy and humor from Dewey’s later work are addressed, mostly from Art as Experience, they are synthesized with other ideas from this same text along with a few quotes from John Morreall. The focus is then shifted toward the central themes of A Common Faith, Dewey’s proposal for a de-supernaturalized form of the religious life. It is suggested that the humorous and the religious, understood through Dewey’s refined account of experience, disclose a few very important things about our place within the cosmos as a whole—that greatest of contexts in and through which laughter and the spiritual alike acquire their significance. This Deweyan vision is further clarified by way of comparison with Peter Berger’s theological reflections on humor. The controversies over sin and the place of tragedy in Dewey’s religious naturalism are briefly discussed in the conclusion.