Ancient Philosophy Research Articles

Critical Analysis of Gurvadi Guna According to Hemadri- A Review Article.

Introduction-The ancient philosophy of well-being and healing called Ayurvedais the ‘Science of Life’, which has its roots back to the civilizations. Thegurvadigunahelpustoputwordstowhatwesenseandfeel.They are 10 pairs of opposite gunas. For example-heavy-light (guru-laghu), cold-hot (shita-ushna),unctous-dry (snigdha-ruksha), etc. Some of them make perfect sense in modern medicine too, as hot for fever or cracking skin would be dry etc. The same concept can be used to find any balance in life. Materials and Methods-Among all the samhitasof Ayurveda, the Acarya Hemadri in his commentary, Ayurveda rasayanaon Ashtang Hridaya; have done the detailed analysis about gurvadi guna, which no one else has done. These attributes can be seen as energies or forces in our environment and within us. Results-The exact estimation of predominance of gunaleading to vitiation of doshashelps us to understand the pathogenesis and treatment can be planned with the help of opposite guna. The detailed discussion about each and every gunahelps to develop a better understanding and clarification of the concept. Conclusion-It is important to estimate the hetusof every individual and estimate the gunapredominance out of it which leads to vitiation of doshasand generation of disease for proper diagnosis and effective treatment. Appropriate knowledge of gunamay help the practitioner to understand the disease along with that the drugs used for the treatment would be well understood at every minute level and prescribed

МОДЕЛЬ АНАЛИЗА ИСТОРИКО-АРХИТЕКТУРНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ

The purpose of the study is to consider the classical model of the analysis of an architectural object, which is a trinity of traditional (universal), professional (modern) and general scientific research methods (methods of related sciences). Traditional research methods include the analysis and interpretation of historical research, archival documents, manuscripts and other sources. Professional methods include examination, engineering analyses and research using modern technologies. General scientific research methods include the use of knowledge from various scientific disciplines, such as history, archaeology, architectural theory and practice, sociology, psychology, and others. The process of formation of classical analytical methods for studying architectural objects took place within the framework of ancient philosophy and aesthetics. formation and development of the analysis methodology. Structural analysis involves the consideration of the scientific method as a system of its constituent elements and the principles of interaction of these elements, the study of their interrelationships. The application of this approach in the study of the scientific method is justified by the complexity of its organization. Attention is paid to the analysis of aspects of the perception of architectural monuments. The structure of the method of historical and architectural research allows us to show the theoretical foundations of a special research method that establishes a link between the categories of general and particular in the methodology of architectural monuments, analyze historical and architectural data in the context of their general significance and specific features. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the importance of analyzing historical and architectural objects for the preservation of historical heritage and cultural value of buildings.

Hegel on the need for transformation historical forms of Christianity

The article is devoted to Hegel’s contribution to solving the problem of the further development of Christianity and the religious spirit in general. Although the philosopher himself did not directly state the need for such a development anywhere, the article shows that the entire content of Hegel’s “Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion” speaks precisely about it. To demonstrate this, the author of the article analyzes, firstly, the final part of the last lecture of the named course and, secondly, traces the lecturer’s train of thought leading to this conclusion. From certain religions Hegel proceeds to the absolute religion, as he calls Christianity, interpreted by him as the result of the historical development of the religious spirit. The author of the article, following Hegel, identifies and examines the philosophical prerequisites and results of the formation of the Christian doctrine. The philosophical principle of absolute religion laid down by ancient thought, he argues, in the course of the history of Christianity turns into its philosophical outcome — into the philosophical removal of the revealed religion of representation into the concept of the religion of truth and freedom. In patristics, the immediate reasonableness of the philosophical teaching of the Neoplatonists, who summarized ancient philosophy as a whole, made itself felt. Medieval scholasticism undertook a rational exposition of the reasonable content of the most important Christian dogmas. The reason, strengthened in the scholastic school, initiated the Reformation of Catholic Christianity. The Enlightenment declared itself a resolute opponent of any, including religious, superstitions, identifying with them the reasonable content of the historical form of Christianity. Classical German philosophy flourished on the premises created by the Reformation and the Enlightenment. In Kant’s critical philosophy and Fichte’s science, she overcame the intellectual abstraction of a transcendent god. The possibility of transforming the historical form of Christianity into an absolute religion of truth and freedom from the formal possibility originally inherent in it became a real possibility due to the fact that in Hegel’s works the philosophical negation of the denial by the enlightened mind of the religious idea of God into the concept of an absolute idea was realized. The processing of the ideological content of the historical form of Christianity into the logical form of philosophy allowed Hegel to devote the third part of his lectures on the philosophy of religion to a detailed explication of the philosophical idea of absolute religion, understood as a concrete identity of the concept of the idea of God and the process of realization of this concept in the world, man and the spirit of a religious community. This allows the philosopher to discover the inner necessity of the transformation of historical Christianity. According to Hegel, only philosophy, which through rational thinking restores the true content of the form of religious representation in the concept, can save the Christian community from its progressive decomposition. The article concludes with the conclusion that Hegel’s interpretation of Christianity as an absolute religion of truth and freedom remains to this day the only detailed philosophical exposition of the true Christian faith, as it was articulated by a Lutheran of the first third of the 19th century, who understood what he believes in.

А. Ф. Лосев о неоплатонической сущности музыки в контексте философии субстанциального музыкального бытия (к 130-летию со дня рождения Алексея Фёдоровича Лосева)

The article is written in connection with the anniversaries of the life of the great Russian thinker Alexey Fedorovich Losev and is devoted to one of the aspects of his aesthetic research related to the interpretation of music in Neoplatonism. This article makes sense to emphasize the substantial ontological essence of music, relying on Losev’s phenomenological-dialectical method, on his commitment to Neoplatonism as the last significant ancient philosophical movement. Losev considered the philosophical foundations of music in the cosmological treatises of such philosophers as Quintilian, Proclus, Sallust. Touching upon the ancient origins of the philosophy of music as an aesthetic field, the author refers to the Pythagorean teaching of the divine number and the musical harmony of the spheres. At the same time, Neoplatonic ancient philosophy demonstrates different types of existence of music, or ancient Greek music. The combination of the logical and the illogical in Losev’s philosophical thinking allows the author to present through the prism of the philosophy of substantial musical existence the closeness of the idea of the existence of the music of the Neoplatonists, proceeding from the ideas of the One, and Losev, the divine unity, where the thought of music goes far beyond the limits of the actual musical art. Music in philosophical knowledge is outside of art as world harmony, substance, becoming in time, divine number, or the life of numbers, the expression of the numerical first principle. In the sources, the author used the works of A. F. Losev: “The History of ancient Aesthetics”, “Dialectics of myth”, “Dialectical foundations of mathematics”, which presents a deep connection between mathematics and music. At the same time, the author relied on his aesthetic research “The Logos of music in the phenomenological-dialectical method of A. F. Losev”, and other chapters of his book “The Value of Music: a philosophical aspect” and his dissertation “The concept of the value of music as a substance and a way of value interaction of a person with the world”. Summarizing, the author moves from the dialectic of musical-substantial being to the philosophical concept of “musical” as an aesthetic category that requires further research.

Beauty perception: A historical and contemporary review.

The power of beauty influences many aspects of modern society and daily life-perceptions surrounding beauty date back to ancient philosophers and have evolved significantly throughout history. Still, there appear to be universally accepted physical characteristics of beauty that span different cultures. Human beings have an inherent ability to distinguish between attractive and nonattractive based on physical features that include facial averageness, symmetry, skin homogeneity, and sexual dimorphism (sex-typical characteristics). Although beauty standards have changed over time, youthful appearance has remained a permanent influential component of facial attractiveness. Each person's perception of beauty is influenced by environment and perceptual adaptation, an experience-based process. Perception of beauty varies by race and ethnicity. We discuss typical features of White, Asian, Black, and Latino beauty. We also review the effects of globalization on spreading foreign beauty culture and discuss how social media change traditional beauty stereotypes within the different races and ethnicities.

ЕВОЛЮЦІЙНІ АСПЕКТИ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ТЕОРІЇ Й ПРАКТИКИ РОЗВИТКУ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦТВА У СИСТЕМІ РИНКУ

The article carries out a theoretical and methodological assessment of the evolution of the formation and development of entrepreneurship concepts, presents and highlights the modern features of the institutional characteristics of the implementation of this process as a social and economic mechanism for the formation of well-being and meeting the needs of the population. Scientific theories of understanding the essence and definition of organizational and economic functions of entrepreneurship are systematized. The factors of the development of entrepreneurship are determined, which make it possible to note the priority forms of enterprises as organizational structures. The expediency of understanding entrepreneurship as: a socially, economically significant productive force has been proven; organizational and economic system of creation and application of innovations, the latest methods of production, economic activity. It was determined that, on the one hand, entrepreneurship is a socio-economic phenomenon, and on the other, it is: an economic system in which products are created to meet needs; mechanism of invention of new processes, formation of markets. That is, the economic architecture of the development of entrepreneurship is built by its functions, goals, and tasks, which are aimed at obtaining profit, but in the process of social transformation of this phenomenon, the institution is organizationally and economically socialized. The theory of entrepreneurship, in particular its development and organizational and economic socialization, evolves within the framework of the doctrine of social and individual wealth. The fundamental recognition of the social foundations of management, which means the development of entrepreneurship, is also indicated in the treatises of ancient philosophers, published primary sources, classic works of economists and publications on the history of economic thought. As a phenomenon, entrepreneurship was formed in the historical process of the development of humanity, the construction of a socioeconomic mechanism for the creation and distribution of goods through the value mediation of the market. Forms and organizational structures of entrepreneurship have become more and more efficient, constantly adapting to new conditions. Entrepreneurial activity is positioned in any field as subjective, as it is based on the entrepreneur’s ability to effectively organize business.

On the Rhetoric of Sports Heroism in Ancient and Modern Times

Contemporary fascination with sports champions is the subject of many sociological and psychological analyses. The article complements this multi-level perspective with philosophical analyses in the field of the history of ideas and rhetorical communication. It presents the idea of sports heroism as a historically developing form of communication discourse. The premise is the thesis that the figure of a sports hero is each time a creation of a communication context, i.e. a message and interpretation using axio-normative, appealing and persuasive rhetorical means. In this rhetoric, objective and measurable sports mastery is strengthened and transformed into a communicative image enriched with moral, social, aesthetic, ludic-hedonistic and marketing meanings. The article is located in the humanistic area of the history of culture, and its reflection, which is the fruit of desk research, is developed in relation to the existing thematic literature using the hermeneutic principle of the fusion of interpretative horizons. The aim is to show the spectrum of meaning pertaining to the sports hero’s character components, starting from Greek athletics, through the discourse of ancient philosophers (developed by Coubertin) to the media fame of today’s sports champions. The rhetoric and practice of sporting mastery are two sides of the sporting coin.

V.S. Nersesyants as a philosopher of law: from Soviet to Post-Soviet

The article analyzes the philosophical and legal ideas and ideas of the famous scientist, thinker, jurist of the last quarter of the XX - beginning of the XXI century, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences V.S. Nersesyants. The ideas of ancient philosophers and representatives of the German transcendental-idealistic philosophy had a great influence on the formation and evolution of his legal views, the concept of jurisprudence formulated by him. In this regard, the comparison of his legal views with the ideas of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law, taking into account both dissertations of V.S. Nersesyants, is quite traditional for connoisseurs of the concept of jurisprudence of our contemporary. However, as the experience of a more detailed and in-depth analysis shows, interesting points of similarity of his legal ideas and the nature of their justification are also connected with other representatives of the German intellectual and philosophical culture of discussing the main problems of law and jurisprudence. Understanding the nature of successive and new aspects in the system of legal views of V.S. Nersesyants can serve as a basis for the development of his legal views in modern topical and prospective studies. The article offers some significant clarifications of the content and nature of the philosophical and legal heritage of V.S. Nersesyants, traces the connections of his concept of jurisprudence with the ideas of not only Hegelian philosophy, but also the teachings of other legal philosophers, as well as the later ideas of the neo-Kantian lawyer R. Stammler, the interpretation of law in the “Pure Doctrine of Law” of the Kantian G. Memel, and not only G. Kelsen, which allows us to present the theory of law of V.S. Nersesyants as an original version of this doctrine. The study also demonstrates that the concept of justice in the Philosophy of Law of V.S. Nersesyants has remained one of the unexplained, and promising studies of the foundations of social theory in the doctrine of civilization are also indicated.

Konsep Sikap Bijaksana sebagai Bentuk Pengendalian Emosi dalam Perspektif Taoisme

Emotions greatly affect human behavior because humans express themselves through emotions. Emotionally capable humans can understand, know, and handle feelings well. On the other hand, a wise attitude is able to guide a person in dealing with various and complicated life circumstances. This research aims to discuss the teachings of wisdom, especially in Taoism. This research uses qualitative method through literature study. The primary data used is a book entitled "A Translation of Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching and Wang Pi's Commentary" which was translated by Paul J. Lin. The secondary data used as support is an article entitled "Unsur-unsur Filsafat Manusia yang Terkandung dalam Pemikiran Filsafat Cina dan Manfaatnya bagi Peningkatan Sumber Daya Insani" written by Lasiyo. The findings of this research show that according to Taoism, wisdom is an attitude that is simple, gentle, natural, humble, and surrenders to the way of the universe. The conclusion of this research is that Taoism is an ancient philosophy that is practical and focuses on human life. Emotional control contained in the teachings of Taoism includes a wise attitude that relies on the role of intuition, passive, and pessimistic by always accepting all things that happen.

THE STUDY OF INDIAN PHILOSOPHY AND ITS INTEGRATION WITH INDONESIAN PHILOSOPHY FROM THE DISTRIBUTION OF THEIR IDEAS IN THE LIGHT OF QUR'ĀN AND SUNNAH, AND THE PREFACE OF AL-TAMĪZ; A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Philosophy is high ranked art which left imprint in its revolutionary stages from ancient to modern on the different regions of the world depending upon their mind and environment. After the last Prophetic age, Many Muslim interpreter Philosophers for the thinkings of Great Ancient Philosophers like [Pythagoras, Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato and like them Hindi philosophers such Apanshsad, Sidhārtā, Kaplā etc. (Who didn’t get fame as a philosophers)]; were born who are called the latter Philosophers (Al-Mut'akhirīn) like Ibn Sīnā, Al-Farābī, Al-Shaikh Al-Maqtūl, Ibn Rushd etc. These Philosophers started teaching people the different arts of Philosophy such as Theology, Logic, Mathematics, Ethics, and Politics in the interpretation of Ancient Philosophers. These arts had been adopted by different regional people basis on their zone such the Hindi Philosophy demonstrates the arts of Theology, Body Sciences, Mathematics, Medical etc and the Indonesian Philosophy deals with the social sciences like Ethics, Politics, Sociology. Moreover, these regional Philosophies impacted each other. In another dimension, Muslims scholars who believed in the quotations of Qur'ān and Sunnah without paraphrasing them; neglected these arts outright or partially. So, this study aims to illuminate the Hindi and Indonesian Philosophy with their revolutionary stages and also highlights the views of Muslims Scholars in the light of Manuscript Al-Tamīz written by ʿAbd Al-ʿAzīz Al-Firhārwī (1206AH-1239AH), great Muslim thinker of the Indo-Pak.

Educational Guidelines from Antiquity – as Incentives for Contemporary Upbringing

Upbringing is a complex life process of building and developing a human being following his/her characteristics. For the process of upbringing to culminate in the formation of intellectually and morally complete and independent people, the question has always arisen as to what it is that makes it effective. The main intention of this paper is to present and analyze fundamental educational guidelines devised and posited by famous philosophers of antiquity –Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle who focused on achieving personal autonomy, without neglecting the fundamental characteristics of socially acceptable frameworks of morality. The paper will present the development of fundamental educational ideas in antiquity, with special emphasis on building the authentic individual and the citizen as one of the main instruments of upbringing both in the past and today.

Emblematic codes of Hryhorii Skovoroda’s dialogue A Colloquy, called “Alphabet,” or “Primer of Peace”

The paper focuses on the features, origin, and functions of Hryhorii Skovoroda’s (1722–1794) emblematic language (speech) in the dialogue A Colloquy, called “Alphabet,” or “Primer of Peace”. The objective is to study the emblematic arrangements of Hryhorii Skovoroda within the European emblematic literature context, focusing on eventual intertextual relations and striking semiotic interactions. The text of the paper interprets the artistic and stylistic features of the emblematic construction of eide of the Ukrainian writer, their sources, contexts, and the author’s conceptual nominations. Theoretical generalizations are made primarily from the text of Skovoroda’s dialogue A Colloquy, called “Alphabet,” or “Primer of Peace”, as well as from his other works, the scholars’ works, and the European literary context. The structural-semiotic methodology has been employed to trace the identified issues. The main idea of the paper is to highlight the dominance of the emblematic way of meaning stating in Hryhorii Skovoroda, thus, the emblematic code as the core in the sense-modelling activities. Emblematic forms have a special place in the coverage of anthropological, metaphysical, ethical, aesthetic, and hermeneutic eide of the Ukrainian poet and philosopher. Skovoroda considers emblematics as a particularly effective visual-verbal (iconic-conventional) type of signification functioning as a kind of refined meta-language, an ancient arcane semiosis practice of intellectuals. He had his personal insight into the nature, structure, and potential of such an expression, which was elaborated by the long-term, permanent hermeneutics of biblical texts, formed on the logic and metaphysics of ancient philosophers, the context of literary and artistic baroque, European emblematic models. Skovoroda uses significative re-referencing as a means of interpretation, therefore, individual images, embodied in the word, resemble semiotic bunches, concise visual-verbal meaning-making entities, disclosed through associations, comparisons, oppositions, metaphors, and structural-emblematic representation.

Неочевидная очевидность. От загадки авторства к прояснению смысла

The article is devoted to a specific ‘riddle’ - the authorship of the work published in 1587 in Madrid: “New Philosophy of Human Nature. Neither Known to nor Attained by the Great Ancient Philosophers, Which Will Improve Human Life and Health”. The author of the work - Oliva Sabuco - under this name it became known, and has been repeatedly reprinted. The innovative idea of the work consisted in the statement that a person, having understood his nature, will be able to find out the natural reasons why he lives and dies, or is ill and will be able to avoid an early or painful death and live happily until he reaches a natural, pain-free death from old age. Sabuko’s proposed physiological justification of the dependence of human health on feelings, emotions and passions correlates with the methodological direction of modern medicine focused on psychosomatics. In 1903 archival documents were found and made public, according to which the author is not Oliva Sabuco, but her father, Miguel Sabuco. For more than a hundred years the dispute about the authorship of this work has been going on. The semantic and content analysis of the text and its correlation with the reconstructed cultural and temporal reality allows us to solve the question in a new way not only about its creator, but also provides material for generalizations of a philosophical nature. The return to the historical-philosophical and historical-scientific circulation of the ideas and discoveries of many forgotten thinkers will help in debunking some ‘obvious’, familiar truths and facts that have turned into prejudices of scientific and mass consciousness.

The dynamics of bioethical discussion in religious and philosophical doctrines about the living

The article presents a study of the formation and development of bioethical discourse based on the analysis of leading philosophical concepts, doctrines, and religious beliefs about the value of life in various manifestations of its being. The authors note that the beginning of axiological reflection on the problem of the living can be found in the works of ancient philosophers and the early Christian discourse as attempts to sacralise life. Moreover, the authors attribute a significant role in the development of bioethical discourse to the ethical doctrine of Kant and his opponents, representatives of the phenomenological direction of philosophical anthropology. Finally, the article notes that in modern conditions, bioethical discourse is concentrated around the axiological paradigm in the doctrine of the living. The various viewpoints are proposed to be grouped into two main approaches: the ethics of sacredness (sanctity) of life and the ethics of quality of life. These approaches have significant scientific potential, which allows for the development of bioethical doctrine, employing forming moral norms and imperatives of human behaviour, as well as establishing restrictions on human influence on the means and forms of existence of the living.

CREATIVITY AS THE MOST IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT AND SELF-REALIZATION

The main feature of creativity is the creation of new values of material and spiritual culture. Modern scientists, when exploring creativity, use two basic approaches, one of which views creativity as an activity that creates a new product that has social value, and the second approach defines creativity as a means of self-realization of man. The self-development of man has caused the attention of the philosophers of the ancient world. The development of both physical and spiritual, intellectual abilities of man were interested in ancient philosophers, such as Democritus, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, who believed that self-development was the main purpose of human life.Creativity in antiquity is considered in the aspect of the divine, as the creation of cosmos and human-craft, art, where creativity is embodied in subject-practical activity. Thomas Aquinas, Aurelius Augustine, Erasmus Rotterdam, J. Bruno, B. Spinoza linked self-development with the need to improve human spiritual forces. The Renaissance embodies the idea that man is a master and sculptor himself, and knowledge is an act of individual creativity. For representatives of German classical philosophy G. Hegel, I. Kant, F. Schelling Self-Development is a freedom of choice. In N. Berdyaev, creativity is a higher manifestation of the spiritual essence of man. G. Skovoroda, because of the principle of “affinity”, considers the conditions for the development of human creative abilities. Undoubtedly, the center of creativity is the personality itself, without which creative activity is impossible. Personality has knowledge and skills, abilities, motivation through which it has the opportunity to create a new, unique product. And in order to reveal and expand creative opportunities, personality, it is necessary to have a developed imagination, intuition, creative perception, creative thinking and motivation for the activity in which it can self-actualize itself. Self-development, self-realization of personality, integrity of the components of its individuality is a consequence and condition of creative activity, and the development of socially significant values contributes to improving the level of social maturity of the individual. Therefore, we can talk about the interdependence of creative activity and self-realization of personality in society.

André Motte (1936-2021) Belgian Friend of Classical Philologists and Ancient Philosophy Specialists in Poznań

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Prigimtinė žmogaus teisė auklėti savo vaikus

In the article, we analyse the natural right of parents to raise their children, the law arising from their being natural parents and bringing children into the world. We make an analysis of the problematical understanding of natural law and rights. These form not only the point of view of the right education and the educational powers of separate individuals (parents), but also of all of society and the state. We analyse the challenges to the modern Western world which questions the ability of parents to raise their children in the best and most acceptable way to them. We delve deeper into the pre-Christian understanding of natural rights and laws exposed in the reflections and conceptual understanding of the Ancient philosophers, as well as the Christian approach in understanding the natural law and rights of parents on the understanding of children’s education, analysing and understanding the guidelines presented by the Pontifical Council for the Family, and looking at the tradition of the Roman Catholic Church’s concept of education.

Can Stoicism inspire stuttering intervention? The clinical usefulness of an ancient philosophy.

A range of psychotherapies are effective in managing an individual's personal reactions to stuttering and reducing the impact stuttering has on their lives. Many of these therapies, such as cognitive behavioural therapy, have their origins in Stoicism, an ancient Greek philosophy founded in 301 bce. Stoicism remains a relatively unexplored topic in the psychotherapy and speech and language therapy literatures. This paper aims to highlight the potential benefits of integrating Stoic principles and techniques into stuttering intervention. This aim is achieved through a discussion on Stoic philosophy and the range of techniques that have informed modern evidence-based psychotherapies that are effective with the stuttering population. This paper initiates an important conversation on the usefulness of Stoicism to the field of stuttering. Key recommendations are provided for the integration of Stoic philosophy into future clinical and research practice related to stuttering. Stoicism offers philosophical guidance for the art of living, but also provides a range of strategies and practical techniques that have potential to expand the clinical toolkit of modern psychotherapy and speech and language therapy. Scientific validation of the clinical application of Stoicism is recommended to exploit its effectiveness with the stuttering population. What is already known on the subject Stoicism is an ancient philosophy that has informed modern-day psychotherapies including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). Such therapies are recommended for use with individuals who stutter to target their personal reactions to stuttering and reduce any adverse impacts on their lives. What this paper adds to existing knowledge This paper discusses the principles and techniques of Stoicism with reference to how they align with modern psychotherapeutic approaches and speech and language therapy interventions used with individuals who stutter. Clinical implications and directions for future research are also presented. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Speech and language therapists (SLTs) are recommended to continue their use of psychotherapies such as CBT and ACT with individuals who stutter. In addition, SLTs are advised to explore Stoicism and its range of techniques to better understand the philosophical underpinnings of evidence-based psychotherapies and to expand their clinical toolkit.

POETRY IN THE WORK OF THE MEDIEVAL POET M.H. DULATY «TARIKH-I RASHIDI»

The article tells in detail about the work of the public figure, the first Kazakh historian Mohammed Haydar Dulaty. Various genres were explored that were written in the direction of poetry in the famous work of the thinker and scientist «Tarih-i Rashidi» («The history of those who are on the way to the Almighty»). Also, poems written in the rubai genre are analyzed in depth. Each of them is differentiated from a meaningful, artistic point of view. Rubai is a one-syllable type of verse. The peculiarity of the genre is that even one verse has a deep meaning. Ancient philosophers, sages, and ruling bi-orators conveyed their wise thoughts through this genre. The article focuses on the etymology, and specifics of the development of this genre. Poems by M.H. Dulaty are systematized by content in several forms and examples are given, and his poems by construction, content, meaning are also analyzed in depth. Many literary genres are reflected in the classical work of the great scientist. Absolutely each of the works will give a person joy and warmth. The poetry itself in this work of the poet is partially divided into several contents. Rubayats of M.H. Dulaty are written in two big motifs. The first motif is philosophical, the second is lyrical. The article provides a comprehensive analysis of these areas.

Implicitness of Logos and Explicitness of Logics in Ancient Philosophy

We consider semantic and syntactic transformations of the concept of "the logical" in the ancient philosophy in the form of crypto-logos, para-logismos, dia-logos, and syl-logismos. We interpret Heraclitus' concept of Logos as a cryptologos through which intuitive insight (epístasthai gnóomen) reveals hidden or implicit harmony (harmoníe aphanés) in nature (phýsis) as a conceptual unity of ontic opposites (tà enantía). In Pramenides' paraconsistent concept of the identity of Being and thought, we point to para-logical hypotheses about the One that are carried out through antithetical deductions of thought and which maintain the dynamics of the ontic determinations of being (ón) in the statics of the conceptual determinations of Being (tò eînai). As the beginning of the explicative granulation of ''the logical'' we consider Plato's concept of the dialectical skill (dialektikè tékhne) of dividing concepts of genus into species and sub-species that logically represent ontic opposites in problem-formulated questions. Finally Aristotle's concept of lógos as a statement-making sentence / proposition (lógos apophantikós) made explicit the Being (tò eînai), or the Being as Being (tò ón hê ón), in semantic and syntactic figures and modes of syllogistic inferences in which ontological (eînai), ontic (ón), conceptual (logikôos) and linguistic (légomenon) correspondence is shown. We conclude that with these changes in the concept of lógos, the path has been taken from the hidden or implicit Truth of the phenomena of nature and the world (pân) to explicit truthfulness of propositions as the unhiddeness (alétheia) of Being trough the semantical and syntactical visibility of the logical structures of being, thought and language in scientific knowledge based on demonstration (apoódeiksis).