Economic Ideology Research Articles

Unlocking Synergies: Sufficiency Economy Philosophy for Sustainability

ABSTRACTThe 2030 Agenda, represented by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), signifies a global commitment to peace, prosperity, and sustainability. However, the lack of a unified strategy has slowed progress, raising concerns about meeting the 2030 deadline. Thailand's progress toward the SDGs has been influenced by various factors, including the role of the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy (SEP). This study uses corporate‐level data and Refinitiv ESG ratings as proxies for sustainability performance to assess the impact of SEP score, as a proxy for SEP disclosure, on corporate sustainability. We find that Thai firms with higher SEP scores tend to exhibit better sustainability performance, especially in the environmental and governance dimensions. Our analyses reveal a causal relationship between SEP scores and corporate sustainability performance, with a one standard deviation increase in the SEP score leading to a 35% increase in sustainability performance. The findings support our hypothesis that SEP fosters stakeholder engagement and long‐term value creation while aligning corporate strategies with sustainability goals, thereby contributing to the SDGs. Furthermore, the SEP score serves as a nonfinancial indicator that signals a firm's commitment to sustainability strategies.

Studi Kualitatif Tentang Peran Filsafat Ekonomi Islam dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam

This study aims to analyze the role of Islamic economic philosophy in the management of natural resources using a qualitative approach. Islamic economic philosophy offers a holistic and transcendental perspective that integrates spiritual, moral, and social values into every aspect of the economy, including natural resource management. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques such as literature reviews, in-depth interviews, and participatory observations. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key patterns and principles of Islamic economic philosophy relevant to natural resource management. The findings reveal that Islamic economic philosophy emphasizes justice, sustainability, and social responsibility as the primary foundations for managing natural resources. These principles are reflected in the concepts of trust (amanah), benevolence (ihsan), and public benefit (maslahah), which guide the responsible utilization of natural resources for collective welfare without compromising environmental balance. Moreover, spiritual values such as monotheism (tauhid) and awareness of accountability before Allah SWT motivate individuals and institutions to manage natural resources ethically and sustainably. Thus, this study contributes to the development of new insights into how Islamic economic philosophy can serve as an alternative solution to addressing challenges in natural resource management in the increasingly complex modern era.

Assessing Risks in Otop Production: Integrating Sufficiency Economy Philosophy and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for Sustainable Business Practices in Samut Prakan Province

Objectives: This research assesses risks in One Town One Product (OTOP) production in Samut Prakan Province, exploring how the integration of the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can foster sustainable business practices in response to the new normal lifestyle. Theoretical Framework: The study combines the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy, emphasizing self-reliance and moderation, with SDGs—especially Goal 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), Goal 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), and Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production)—to create a sustainable OTOP production model. Method: Using an Action Research methodology, the study incorporates qualitative and quantitative methods, including document reviews, field surveys, risk assessments, and interviews with OTOP producers, experts, and government officials. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics and content analysis. Results and Discussion: Fifteen risks were identified across five categories: moderation, reasonableness, self-immunity, knowledge, and morality risks. Overall, risks were found to be low. The PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle demonstrated the potential of sustainable development strategies, including product innovation using traditional Thai medicine knowledge, which improved product value and market demand. Research Implications: This study provides a risk management framework for OTOP production, offering insights for producers and policymakers to foster sustainability through local knowledge and innovation, aligned with SDGs. Originality/Value: This research integrates the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy with SDGs to assess risks in OTOP production, offering new perspectives on sustainable entrepreneurship and contributing valuable insights for both academia and OTOP stakeholders.

Dualistic and Multiple Approaches to the Study of Ideology in Economic Science

The article analyzes modern Russian and foreign literature devoted to studying ideology in economics. In contemporary Russian scientific economic discourse, a significant variety of values and ideological attitudes determine the vision of economic processes, which ultimately affects the basic theoretical foundations and subject area of study and can also influence normative judgments and research in economic policy. Moreover, analysis, apologetics, and criticism of ideology in economic science have a deeply rooted scientific tradition. The article develops D. North's approach to studying ideologies as mental models. Based on a systematic review of scientific papers from eLIBRARY.RU, ScienceDirect, Lens. org and Google Scholar databases analyzed in this article, the authors have come to the following conclusions: firstly, the approach defining ideologies as general mental models is rooted in economic science; secondly, the presence of ideology in economics is often underestimated; and, thirdly, the dualistic approach to the study of ideologies is widely represented. According to the authors, this dualistic approach should be transformed into a multiple one to studying ideologies in economic science, which includes a comparison of five economic ideologies: neoliberalism, socialism, dirigisme, special path, and environmentalism. On the one hand, this typology of ideologies is not political and is directly related to economic science and the corresponding theoretical narratives (proto models). On the other hand, it will avoid emphasizing the antagonism between ideologies.

An Empirical Study of the Ideological Component in Russian Economic Science

Ideology plays a significant role in forming economic theories and models, although its influence is often underestimated or denied. In economics, the desire for objectivity prevails. However, historically, economic theories often bear the imprint of certain ideological attitudes. In this paper, the authors analyzed the ideological component of Russian economic science from 1992 to 2023. The total sample consisted of 134,124 scientific publications divided by year. As a hypothesis, we identified five economic ideologies: neoliberalism, socialism, dirigisme, special path and environmentalism. In this work, we classified economic scientific articles based on their ideological coloring using vector representations of texts (embeddings) obtained using the SciRus-tiny model and the LSTM neural network, which acts as a classifier. The accuracy of the model on cross-validation was 77.45%. The array of scientific articles was classified by ideology in the following proportions: dirigisme – 29.86%, environmentalism – 18.85%, special path – 16.60%, neoliberalism – 14.53%, socialism – 12.16% and 8.00% of articles remained unallocated. Our hypothesis was confirmed during the machine analysis of article texts since the smallest number of texts was undetermined during the classification. Further, the authors analyzed the representation of bigrams and trigrams. As a result, bigrams and trigrams found in each ideological group were determined, and the first ten were identified in prevalence for each ideological group separately. Using factor analysis (principal component analysis), we identified ten key micro-themes in each period (1992–1997, 1998– 2002, 2003–2007, 2008–2012, 2013–2017, 2018–2023). Based on the interpretation of the obtained factor loadings of the principal components in each group and the correlation of the bi- and trigrams identified for each ideology, we analyzed how different ideologies manifest themselves and what scientific problems they are associated with. The analysis showed that the most discussed issues in the articles were the problems of government regulation, the labor market, and industrial development throughout the entire period.

The Junction of Economic Ideologies

The Thai Constitution functions as a political instrument outlining state powers and relationships and as a meta-institution shaping societal norms, particularly in terms of economic frameworks and ideologies. Earlier Thai constitutions mainly endorsed market-oriented liberal economic systems. But the Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand, B.E. 2560 (2017) newly included the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy (SEP). However, the inherent ambiguity of SEP poses significant challenges for its translation into coherent economic policy. This development may have impacted the enforcement of law recently, especially in the context of regulating major corporate mergers. This inquiry studies mechanisms underpinning the ideological transformation in the legal framework and its implications for the theoretical foundations and practical application of the law. Legally analyzing the three most recent Constitutions and an institutional economic perspective, this study examines the Constitutions’ ideological and economic provisions. It aims to understand the emergence of ideological divergence, the institutional ascendancy of SEP, and preliminary implications arising from this ideological conflict.

Optimizing Maqasid Syariʿah in Sharia Banking Law: A Philosophical Perspective on Islamic Economics

This research looks at Sharia banking rules from the point of view of Sharia economic philosophy. It focuses on the ideas of maqāid syarīʿah, which are the main goals or principles of Islamic law that are meant to improve people's lives and make things fair. The study employs a mixed-method approach, integrating normative legal analysis with the maqāṣid syarīʿah framework as defined by classical and modern Islamic thinkers. A lot of primary and secondary sources were looked at to get the information. These included fiqh books, academic journals, and scholarly articles about the rules of maqāid syarīʿah and how the law works. The findings indicate that the implementation of maqāṣid syarīʿah in legal evolution transcends mere compliance with religious duties. It encompasses safeguarding five essential aims (dharuriyyat): religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property. The research illustrates that laws derived from maqāṣid syarīʿah not only guarantee lasting justice but also display adaptability to societal changes while maintaining the fundamental principles of Islamic law. This research adopts an interdisciplinary approach that connects ancient Islamic jurisprudence with modern legal concerns, especially within the Sharia banking sector. The paper gives a new perspective on how Islamic legal principles can help make Sharia banking rules that are flexible and can be used by everyone by basing its research on maqāid syarīʿah. What this shows is that maqāid syarīʿah can improve modern legal systems by combining Islamic values with basic human rights to create a more dynamic and fair financial system.

The American Industrial Consensus and Its Enemies

The article analyses a fundamental shift in the philosophy of U.S. economic policy implemented by the administration of President Biden in the so-called "Bidenomics". It is shown that Biden's economic policy, despite sharp contradictions with the policy of D. Trump, continues the course of the previous U.S. president on protectionism and the safeguarding of American industry. Bidenomics embodies a final break with the fundamental principles of Reaganomics and the "Washington Consensus", which for more than 40 years defined the global economic order. The economic ideology of protectionism and industrial policy is gaining more and more adherents among representatives of the U.S. scientific and political establishment, even among former proponents of neoliberalism. The arguments of Bidenomics opponents, represented by advocates of neoliberal ideology who see danger in the bipartisan consensus on the issue of industrial policy, are analysed. The essence of their criticism boils down to fundamental rejection of the apparent collapse of globalisation and the formation of a new model of the global world order, which requires a different value-based economic paradigm.

Exploring the influence of military experience directors on corporate governance: Evidence from Thai‐listed companies

AbstractDifferent board of directors (BODs) characteristics influence corporate strategy and performance. Essential attributes such as gender, education, and experience determine the preferences, opinions, and decisions to prioritize the strategy, which normally focuses on profitability. In 1997, during the Asian financial crisis, the Thai government and Thai firms adopted the sufficiency economy philosophy (SEP) approach to overcome financial catastrophes. This study explores the relationship between one distinct characteristic of the BOD, directors with direct and indirect military backgrounds, and the SEP performance. To minimize endogeneity and eliminate reverse causality, we apply a two‐stage least squares instrumental variable (2SLS‐IV) analysis. We find evidence supporting the upper echelons theory (UET), where the characteristics of the BOD, such as military experience, determine the organizational decision to enhance SEP performance.

Development of High-Quality Organic Fertilizer from Biomass Waste and the Application of Biochar in Local Areas of Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand

This study investigates the production of high-quality organic fertilizers from biomass waste in the Ban Wa Yai community of Sakon Nakhon Province, Northeastern Thailand, aimed at promoting sustainable agricultural practices amidst challenges such as soil degradation and reliance on chemical fertilizers. The primary objective was to develop organic fertilizers that enhance soil health and support plant growth while utilizing locally sourced biomass materials, including cow and buffalo manure, finely ground fermented leaf scraps, and weed debris. A fermentation process lasting 15 to 30 days was used, integrating biochar to improve nutrient profiles and microbial activity. Results showed optimal pH levels of 8.04 after 15 days and 7.94 after 30 days of fermentation, beneficial for addressing the region’s acidic soil conditions (pH 4.67 - 5.38). The germination index (GI) was notably high at 129 ± 1.86 after 30 days, indicating effective growth promotion potential. Analytical assessments confirmed nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations in the organic fertilizers met or exceeded organic standards, supporting plant nutrition and fostering healthy microbial ecosystems. The organic matter (OM) and organic carbon (OC) content were approximately 40 - 60 % higher than commercial alternatives, enhancing soil structure, aeration, and water retention. Additionally, calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) levels improved the nutrient profile, with Ca slightly exceeding standard limits, which helps ameliorate soil acidity. Economic analysis indicated a 40 % reduction in fertilizer costs for local farmers, promoting a shift towards organic practices. Overall, this study emphasizes the significance of self-reliance and the sufficiency economy philosophy in fostering sustainable agriculture practices within the Ban Wa Yai community. By utilizing local resources and transitioning from chemical fertilizers to high-quality organic fertilizers, the community enhances agricultural productivity while promoting economic independence and resilience. Such initiatives exemplify the potential for integrating traditional practices with modern agricultural methods to ensure a sustainable future. HIGHLIGHTS The study developed high-quality organic fertilizers from local biomass waste, enhancing sustainable agricultural practices in the Ban Wa Yai community. Fermentation resulted in optimal pH and nutrient levels (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg), surpassing commercial fertilizer standards and improving soil health. Transitioning to organic fertilizers led to a 40 % cost reduction for farmers, promoting self-reliance and aligning with the sufficiency economy philosophy. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Epistemological Foundations of Fashion Pedagogy: Investigating Knowledge and Emerging Issues

Fashion pedagogy, an emerging field within fashion studies, plays a critical role in contemporary culture by integrating elements of body education, expression, and socio-economic values. This paper explores the epistemological foundations of fashion pedagogy through a comprehensive review of the current scientific literature. We address the multifaceted relationship between fashion pedagogy and body education, highlighting how this discipline influences and reshapes people's perceptions of body image and self-expression within informal education. The interplay between fashion pedagogy and capitalist values is also examined, revealing how fashion education reflects and critiques prevailing economic ideologies, promoting a more conscious engagement with fashion as a form of cultural production. Furthermore, this study delves into the interdisciplinary nature of fashion pedagogy, which draws upon diverse fields such as art, aesthetics, psychology, anthropology, sociology, and business to enrich learning experiences and outcomes. The paper also reviews how fashion pedagogy can be implemented within the curricula of higher education institutions, emphasizing innovative teaching methods that foster critical thinking and creativity. Through an analysis of various educational models and practices, we identify key trends and challenges that influence the effectiveness and relevance of fashion pedagogy in today’s educational landscape. This paper argues that fashion pedagogy is significant in educating about fashion and fostering critical awareness among students about its broader social, cultural, aesthetic, and economic implications. It is a pivotal tool for empowering students to navigate and influence the evolving dynamics of contemporary culture through informed and thoughtful fashion practice.

Eco-Friendly OTOP Production for Sustainable Society: A case study of Thailand

The government of Thailand launched the OTOP program as a grassroots economic development strategy in 2001, and it has been functioned nationwide. However, some instances of environmental pollution occurred over a decade due to human activities. This research aimed to develop an environmental education strategy that enhance eco-friendly production and respond to the sustainability concept. The participatory action and survey research were applied. The policy makers and key informants were the target groups of this study namely; 10 policy executives, 25 entrepreneurs, and 20 OTOP representatives, meanwhile, structured-questionnaire was applied among 411 consumers. The results showed that the awareness level for pollution problems and participation in environmental conservation activities among the stakeholders were high. Majority of participants have high level of knowledge, attitude, skills and practices on eco-friendly production. The strategy based on sufficiency economy philosophy was developed, whereas four strategies with specific goals, measures, and 19 associated projects included. Expert evaluation and quality assessment were carried out, and showed that the strategy is highly rated in terms of satisfaction and confidence. As recommendations, the government agencies and stakeholders should promote targeted education and awareness programs about integrated eco-friendly OTOP production. Comprehensive learning centers, integrated budgets, initiatives for green marketing and communication strategies should be encouraged. Further in-depth research should be conducted for creative OTOP and green products to get better understanding about the overall market dynamics and respond to the sustainable concept of society.

Women who pay their own brideprice: reimagining provider masculinity through Uganda's thriving wedding industry

AbstractIn Uganda, the ‘traditional’ wedding, wherein a groom brings money and gifts to his father‐in‐law's home, has long been understood as the ultimate demonstration of a man's social maturity. Yet masculine adulthood is becoming increasingly elusive as weddings become more difficult to afford. Widespread unemployment has rendered most young men unable to fund the rituals while weddings themselves have become exceptionally lavish: brideprice payments now include ‘cows’, or millions of Ugandan shillings, as well as furniture sets, refrigerators, televisions, and even cars. With wedding expenses surging and their fiancés out of work, women have begun ‘paying their own brideprice’, as Ugandans say, by contributing substantially to wedding costs. In this article, we explore this oft‐debated phenomenon. We propose that the emergence of women who pay their own brideprice has invited a broad reimagining of the gendered economic ideologies that tether men to money under the rubric of provider masculinity. That celebratory, seemingly innocuous events such as weddings occasion the questioning of hegemonic forms of masculinity is particularly notable in Uganda, where gender conservatism dominates public discourse. Beyond Uganda, our case suggests revisiting the normative as a potent site for observing gendered social change.

Educational Institution Administration Using the Philosophy of Sufficiency Economy under the Jurisdiction of the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office

Background and Aims: Education is an important factor that helps develop the people and the nation in every aspect. The Ministry of Education therefore has a policy to develop every educational institution to be able to carry out teaching and learning according to the philosophy of sufficiency economy. Focusing on quality and sustainable development so that the educational institution can be a learning center according to the aforementioned philosophy. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a model for organizing learning activities and school administration in line with the philosophy of the sufficiency economy. This research has three objectives: (1) A study of educational institution administration using the philosophy of sufficiency economy in educational institutions under the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office. (2) Comparison of educational institution administration using the philosophy of sufficiency economy in educational institutions under the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office. And (3) a study of guidelines for developing educational institution administration using the philosophy of sufficiency economy in educational institutions under the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office. Methodology: The research sample consisted of 280 school administrators and teachers under the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office. The research tools were questionnaires and interviews. which is a 5-level rating scale. The reliability value was 0.90 and the consistency value (IOC) was in the range of 0.8 to 1.00 for basic statistics used in data analysis, including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Statistics used in hypothesis testing include T-test, F-test, and Scheffe's Method. Results: The results of the research found that (1) the administration of educational institutions using the philosophy of sufficiency economy under the Office of Learning Promotion, Chaiyaphum Province Overall it is at a high level. When considering each aspect, it was found that all aspects of educational institution administration using the philosophy of Sufficiency Economy were at a high level. The side with the highest average is Academic administration. (2) Comparative analysis of educational institution administration using the philosophy of sufficiency economy classified by position Education level and experience in performing budget work, it was found that: 1) Management of educational institutions using the philosophy of sufficiency economy classified by position overall there is no difference. 2) School administration using the philosophy of sufficiency economy. classified by educational level, it was found that overall, there were differences. 3) School administration using the philosophy of sufficiency economy categorized by work experience, it was found that those with less than 3 years of management experience, 3 – 5 years, and more than 5 years had statistically significantly different opinions. (3) Guidelines for developing educational institution administration using the philosophy of sufficiency economy under the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office. Divided into each area, including general administration, budget management and academic administration. Conclusion: School administrators and teachers are aware of the importance of school administration using the philosophy of Sufficiency Economy. Under the Chaiyaphum Provincial Learning Promotion Office, there are clear operating procedures. There is coordination and cooperation both inside and outside the educational institution, all sectors, communities and related agencies. Applied in educational operations efficient administration of educational institutions using the philosophy of sufficiency economy according to the context of each educational institution. It will cause the promotion and development of students with good results, being accepted and trusted by the community and society, showing the potential of the educational institution in terms of educational institution administration.

The Interlink between Stakeholder Influence and Sustainable Practices: A Case Study of Thai Agriculture Enterprise

Nowadays, agriculture businesses have been significantly impacted by rapid global changes, compelling the agro-industry to adopt sustainable development practices to remain resilient. Moreover, the application of stakeholder theory has become essential in business management to achieve inclusive growth and fulfill sustainable business. Understanding the interlink between stakeholder pressure and the motivation to transform an enterprise’s practices into sustainable development is imperative. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the direct pressure of stakeholder groups on sustainable practices in agriculture enterprises in Thailand through a questionnaire survey. This paper focused on the influence of primary and secondary stakeholders and evaluated the weighting of sustainability practices. The survey was conducted on employees who work in enterprises that apply Thailand’s Sufficiency Economy Philosophy (SEP). The research adopted the regression and information entropy methods for result analysis. The results showed that employees, shareholders, and competitors are significant stakeholder groups that drive sustainable capital covering economics, nature, society, and human capital. Last, stakeholder management is an outstanding practice in a SEP thinking enterprise. Concurrently, human capital is the highest priority to fulfill this alternative pathway to be successful in enterprise sustainability.

On the limits of economic activity: bridging degrowth and modern monetary theory for socio-ecological sustainability and justice

This paper advances recent work exploring synergies and tensions between two schools of political-economic thought—degrowth and modern monetary theory (MMT)—and posits that this synergy warrants closer attention from International Political Economy and Environment (IPEE) scholars. Thus far, degrowth policies have largely been proposed upon the assumption that governments are limited in budgetary terms. MMT theorists have offered an alternative perspective on fiscal policy space but generally provide insufficient ecological considerations. This paper asks how each school’s underlying assumptions about the limits of economic activity might inform the other’s framework of action. We find that while there are tensions between the two schools’ economic philosophies, there are possibilities for cross-fertilization, which ought to interest IPEE scholars. MMT could engage degrowth’s perspective of ecological limits and global socio-ecological justice in its discussions about what economies can ‘afford’, whereas degrowth could use MMT insights to shift from a ‘pay for’ to a ‘resource’ frame, while centering abundance before limits. Meanwhile, IPEE can provide insights to an MMT-informed degrowth transition by grounding this debate in material analyses of class and power. Our findings suggest that degrowth and MMT could provide a normative direction for IPEE research centered around meeting material needs within planetary boundaries.

Economic ideology: Versions of the concept’s acceptations and application

Economic ideology: Versions of the concept’s acceptations and application

INVESTIGATION OF BLUE ECONOMY AND ITS IMPACT ON GLOBAL MARITIME TRANSPORTATION

According to sustainability, the Strategy to protect the oceans, water surfaces, and water resources that constitute 70% of the world is generally called a Blue Economy (BE). This Strategy maximizes the return from the aquatic environment, which can only be achieved when economic activity is perfectly balanced with the long-term activity of ocean ecosystems. Threats arising during and after studies and activities should be anticipated and actively reduced. This proactive stance is fundamental to the Blue Economy philosophy and allows us to reap its benefits while protecting our oceans. One of the most essential elements of the Blue Economy philosophy is maritime transportation, Ships, and Ports. The maritime industry should remain sustainable and green as it develops. The study investigated the impact of the Blue Economy on maritime transportation and how maritime transportation affects world trade.

Game Theory Applications In The Airbus-Boeing Dispute

This study examines the intricate trade dispute between Airbus and Boeing which took place from the late 1970s all the way till 2021. By using game theory tools including Nash equilibrium, mixed strategies, Stackelberg competition and credible threats, I can explore the strategic trade decisions, such as tarif s, subsidies and complaints to the WTO, taken by each player and how this af ects the overall competitiveness and the health of the LCA sector. Each of these games use data from the real world in order to ef ectively depict the outcomes that could have arisen and those that actually happened. The key findings were able to illustrate how although some of the theoretical economic ideologies were used, the real life decisions still deviated from the stable outcomes due to external pressures and factors. The results provide us a more intricate understanding of the trade world and the economic environment of the LCA industry

Application of the Sufficiency Economy Philosophy for Work and Integration of Life and Work Affecting the Career Success of Commercial Bank Employees in Northeastern Thailand

This research aimed to study the application of the sufficiency economy philosophy in the workplace and the integration of life and work, and how they affect the career success of commercial bank employees in northeastern Thailand. The population consisted of commercial bank employees. The sample included 383 commercial bank employees, selected using stratified random sampling based on the population proportion in each province of northeastern Thailand. A questionnaire was used as the research tool. Statistics for data analysis included percentage, mean, standard deviation, and multiple regression. The results indicated that the application of the sufficiency economy philosophy at work, particularly in the aspects of reasonableness, knowledge, and moderation, as well as the integration of life and work in terms of readiness to always work, significantly influenced the career success of commercial bank employees in northeastern Thailand. Additionally, the integration of life and work, specifically in the area of work-time flexibility, also had a notable impact on the career success of these employees.