Husserl's Philosophy Research Articles

Zwrot transcendentalny jako przejście od perspektywy posybilistycznej do perspektywy aktualistycznej

The thesis of the article is that transcendental reduction means not only the purification of consciousness from of all natural and naturalistic apperceptions, but also from logical apperceptions. The transcendental turn itself in Husserl's philosophy can be understood as a transition from the possibilistic perspective, in which actual consciousness is treated as the realization of the idea of consciousness in general, to the actualistic perspective, recognizing the state of actually experiencing consciousness as the source of all possibilities. In transcendental phenomenology, the actually experiencing consciousness in its absolute reality retains primacy over all possibilities, including possible consciousness, and consequently, from the transcendental perspective, pure possibilities are related to the fact of my “I am”, which is the limit of eidetic possibilization of factuality.

Community perception and experience of health services in the midst of an earthquake and COVID-19 pandemic: A phenomenological study

Indonesia is located on the Pacific Ring of Fire with various disasters occurring frequently and causing tremendous impacts. Recently, Mamuju Regency in West Sulawesi was hit by an earthquake during the COVID-19 pandemic, making primary health care (PHC) a major community health care provider facing several issues. This study aims to explore the challenges and supporting factors of the recovery of PHC after the earthquake during the COVID-19 pandemic using a descriptive phenomenology grounded in Edmund Husserl's philosophy. The Bamboo PHC (Puskesmas Bambu) was selected as the only PHC in Mamuju which was most affected by the earthquake. A focus group discussion method was conducted by involving 15 participants selected using purposive sampling and divided into three groups (health workers, health cadres, and community members). As a result, the community members acknowledged that the Bamboo PHC services programs in general were favorable before the pandemic, there were several basic and superior health service programs that the community felt were valuable. Yet, the COVID-19 pandemic worsened the situation and the use of healthcare facilities decreased. Coupled with the occurrence of natural disasters in vulnerable areas, it is increasingly causing fatalities. Therefore, disaster preparedness and community empowerment are the key to successful disaster management.

Interplay of tradition and modernity in contemporary art practices

The purpose of this article is to examine the profound transformation of artistic consciousness in recent years, drawing attention to the relationship between traditional philosophy and art and modernity. Despite the instability of this connection, art today reflects the reality of our time and focuses on social problems and political revolutions. Using the method of literary analysis and processing of such databases as Scopus, Google scholar and Research Gate, the paper analyses the impact of postmodernism on contemporary art and culture, expanding the horizons of interpretation and understanding of the image in art. The results of the work revealed theories that enable each individual to express their ideas and views through art, creating new ways of perceiving the world around them. It has been shown that the interaction of tradition and modernity in contemporary art practices occurs through the image as a key element of postmodernism, which plays an important role in the modern world. Visual perceptions, symbolism, fantasy and imagination are combined in the work of artists and contribute to the formation of reflective thinking. Husserl's philosophy and approaches to the perception of entities helped to develop reflection and understanding of the contemporary socio-cultural environment through the image as a “condition of possibility” for perceiving the world. We conclude that the visual dimension reflects the social construction of the gaze and the atmosphere of our time, reflecting the unique spirit of the era in which we live. The result is a relevant and important understanding of the importance of the image in contemporary culture and the impact of tradition on society.

Perceptions of Women in Turkey on the Concepts of “Caesarean Section” and “Vaginal Birth After Caesarean Section”: A Metaphor Analysis

Background Determining how women make sense of their birth preferences with metaphor analysis will be an important step in determining perceptions about birth options.
 Objective The aim of this study is to examine the perceptions of women who had cesarean section regarding the concept of “cesarean birth” and “Vaginal birth after cesarean section” with metaphor analysis.
 Materials and Methods: This study is a qualitative research based on the philosophy of Husserl’s phenomenology, which was carried out between June and November 2022. Within the scope of the research, 50 women who had a cesarean section were interviewed face to face. The metaphor form prepared in line with the international literature was used to determine women’s perceptions of the concept of “Cesarean section” and “Vaginal birth after cesarean section”.
 Results 25 metaphors for cesarean birth and 28 metaphors for vaginal birth after caesarean section were identified. Considering the common features and analogy aspects of the metaphors obtained, three themes were determined within the scope of cesarean section and vaginal birth after caesarean section.
 Conclusions This study took a unique approach to revealing women’s birth experiences and perceptions. Vaginal birth after caesarean section is a very valuable birth method for women who have had a cesarean section and are curious about the feeling of vaginal birth.
 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 02 April’24 Page : 418-428

The shift from quantitative to qualitative thinking-problems and prospects as viewed from Husserl's and Hegel's philosophy.

This article contrasts the views of the philosophers Husserl and Hegel on quantification in science and compares their proposals for conducting rigorous qualitative research. Both deem quantification integral to science, but furthermore proposed methodologies to investigate qualitative necessities achieved by a shift in conscious activity and awareness. However, their methodologies differ significantly. While Husserl rejects idealization and instead proposes intuitive means to ideate qualitative essential relations, Hegel suggests idealizing less one-sidedly, namely, qualitatively over and above quantitatively. The article first examines how quantification is achieved and how it contrasts with measuring. This contrast reveals that measuring implies knowledge of qualities. These qualities, however, thus far remain oddly external to the mathematical relations linking the various established equations. The article then follows Husserl's reconstruction of the development of science to illustrate the dismissal of many experiential qualities and how philosophy further amplified skepticism about science on qualities. Husserl's notion of the life-world and the method of eidetic variation are then introduced as means to counterbalance mathematical proceedings in science. However, this method reveals both eidetic qualitative structures and psychical structures without being able to distinguish between them. It is thus susceptible to idiosyncratic, traditional, and cultural biases. Subsequently, Hegel's description of the shift in conscious experience that sets qualitative from quantitative thinking apart is introduced. This shift may overcome the biases, but it faces skepticism that calls for further investigation of the experience of different kinds of thinking.

Сознание и понимание: Деннет, Гуссерль, Витгенштейн

The article deals with the problem of understanding in the mentalist and naturalist traditions. For comparison, two extreme approaches are considered: Husserl and Dennett. Husserl's mentalistic philosophy interprets understanding as a special experience that can only be described from the first person's point of view. Husserl distinguishes two levels of understanding: more superficial linguistic and deeper mental ones. Dennett, as a prominent representative of naturalism, considers understanding to be the highest degree of competence, i.e., from a third person's point of view. In his evolutionist interpretation of consciousness, the appearance of understanding can be inherent in any organism or inanimate being, and human understanding differs from other stages only quantitatively. In the literature devoted to Wittgenstein, there is an opinion that his philosophy of understanding is anti-mentalist, and this is confirmed by some of his statements. However, Wittgenstein did not argue that understanding cannot be an inner experience. His indications of the criterion of understanding, which is the right action, are connected with the philosophical grammar of the word "understanding" itself. He points out that the nature of mathematical normativity, truth and falsity lies in the joint, intersubjective understanding of mathematicians, which is always mediated by language and activity. In connection with the theme of understanding, attention is drawn to Wittgenstein's concept of "seeing aspect". One can see in it something in common with Husserl's notion of the constitution of sense. To see something in an aspect (spots as an image of an object, a grimace as an expression of a certain emotion) means to place it in a certain environment, in a network of new connections. This is not only a way of seeing but also of understanding. Wittgenstein is interested in the language games associated with such experiences. These language games are not descriptions of inner experience but an integral part of it. At the same time, the philosophical grammar of such games leads us to the intersubjective and normative and forces us to comprehend consciousness from this perspective.

Methodological - Theoretical approach to phenomenological studies on the experience of medication use: A systematic review.

The study of medication use should include pharmacological, family, and social dimensions to explain how the lived experiences, beliefs, and perceptions of everyone, and their social and cultural environment affects consumption, using for this purpose the qualitative approach. To conduct a systematic review of the theoretical-methodological approaches to phenomenology to identify studies that allow an understanding of patients' experiences with the use of medications.a. A systematic literature search was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines to identify studies that address phenomenological research on patients' experiences of medications used and to apply them in subsequent studies. A thematic analysis was performed using ATLAS.ti software to facilitate data management. Twenty-six articles were identified, most of them including adult patients diagnosed with chronic degenerative diseases. The semantic network obtained places Phenomenology at the center as the interpretative referential framework, with three theoretical approaches: descriptive, interpretative, and perceptual under the philosophies of Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty respectively; two techniques to collect data which are in-depth interview and focus groups; and to explore the life experiences of patients and understand the meaning in the context of their lives, thematic analysis, content analysis, and interpretative phenomenological analysis were identified. It was evidenced that Qualitative Research approaches, methodologies, and techniques are applicable to describe people's experiences towards the use of medications. Phenomenology constitutes a useful referential framework in qualitative research to explain the experiences and perceptions about the disease and the use of medicines.

The use of Husserl's phenomenology in nursing research: A discussion paper.

To discuss how Husserl's descriptive phenomenology, as a philosophy and approach, has been used and reported in researching the experiences of others, using the topic of foreign-trained nurses. Discussion paper. A systematic search of MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, SCOPUS, British Nursing Database and PsycInfo was carried out in December 2021. The inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed phenomenological research articles, grounded by Husserl's philosophy, conducted among foreign-trained nurses and published in English from 2000 to 2021. Two main themes were the outcome of critically reviewing relevant selected literature, 'referring to the original philosophy is not enough' and 'phenomenological findings need to be phenomenological'. These findings confirm some arguments about nurse researchers' discrepant use of phenomenology in their studies, including the proper application of phenomenological notions on the ground. Nurse researchers need to clearly distinguish between phenomenology and other qualitative research approaches and consider the uniqueness of philosophical underpinnings that are essential in Husserl's phenomenology, which also need to be clearly applied and reflected in their studies. There are continually existing discrepancies and variations in using phenomenology by nurse researchers. These variations were uniquely evident when nurse researchers could not provide enough philosophical grounds and assumptions to their studies and underestimated the need to keep up with the various applications of Husserl's phenomenological notions, including the proper practice of phenomenological attitude. Therefore, it is recommended that nurse researchers should opt for different, less complex qualitative approaches if they do not adequately prepare and understand what constitutes phenomenology and the particulars of Husserl's philosophy. What problem did the study address? Phenomenology remains popular in nursing. However, it can confuse nurse researchers and may result in an improper understanding of its core concepts. The use of phenomenology in nursing has been criticized over the years with nurse researchers being accused of conducting phenomenological research inconsistent with the original philosophy. What were the main findings? Using phenomenology by nurse researchers is various and includes some discrepancies. This variation is caused by not complying with essential philosophical grounds and underestimating proper applications of Husserl's phenomenological notions. Where and on whom will the research have impact? Outcomes of this paper illustrate examples of proper and improper uses of Husserl's phenomenology in nursing research, including critical considerations, which can guide nurse researchers aiming to conduct descriptive phenomenological research. Additionally, nurse lecturers can utilize this paper to show and emphasize the importance of philosophical grounds in phenomenology. Due to the nature of this discussion paper addressing philosophical and methodological aspects using examples from the literature, no direct patient or public contribution was required.

Without Spouse: Phenomenology of Widowhood among Hindu Young Widows.

When a woman is widowed, it is a traumatic moment in her life. The pain would aggravate a widowed woman whose husband died at a younger age. This paper attempts to depict the lived experience of widowhood from the perspective of young Hindu widows by using a descriptive phenomenological approach guided by Husserlian philosophy. The selected widows for this study were under 45years old when they had lost their husbands. This paper excerpts from the author's empirical study for his doctoral thesis. The article will focus on four major themes that emerged from analysing the transcribed data collected from seventieth widows through personal face-to-face interviews. These themes are grief, restrictiveness, suspiciousness, and loneliness, which will discuss elaborately throughout this article. The article advocates that researching the lived experience through a phenomenological approach can enhance understanding of any traumatic phenomenon humans encounter. This way, specific initiatives can be taken by the community, non-governmental organisations, etc., for better counselling and redressing widows' mental issues.

Lived experiences of Iranian nursing managers in organizing and confronting the COVID-19 pandemic.

The prevalence of the new infectious disease is a global health issue and a threat to nurses and other health care workers. In addition to nurses who have been directly involved in the care of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), nursing managers have also played a key role in the management and control of this disease. The present study aimed to investigate the lived experiences of nursing managers in organizing and confronting COVID-19 in Iran. This study was a qualitative research design conducted by descriptive phenomenology based on Husserl philosophy. Participants consisted of 32 nursing managers working in general public hospitals in East Guilan, north of Iran, selected using purposive sampling. In-depth and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Colaizzi's strategy was used to analyze the data. Coding was done with MAXQDA 2007 software. Lincoln and Guba trustworthiness criteria were used to achieve accuracy and reliability of the data. Data analysis led to the emergence of a main theme called "Management in the COVID-19 Crisis" and three sub-themes: "Dealing with the unknown", "Managing deficiencies and assets" and "Structural challenges". In this study the nursing managers experienced how to deal with the COVID-19 crisis. By examining the experiences of managers involved in the COVID-19 pandemic, a rich set of managerial experiences can be gathered that prepare them for other infectious diseases in the future.

PERSPEKTIF MASYARAKAT DEWASA MENGENAI COVID-19: SEBUAH STUDI FENOMENOLOGI DESKRIPTIF

T The COVID-19 pandemic in the globalization era has brought infodemic resulting from easy access to information on various social media platforms followed by the emergence of various responses in the community in this pandemic. The study aimed to explore the perspective of the adult community in Airmadidi Bawah of the current COVID-19 pandemic. This is a descriptive phenomenology qualitative design study based on the Husserlian philosophy and Colaizzi's method. The sampling technique is a simple random sampling technique that reached data saturation in five participants. Two themes emerged from the thematic analysis, which was the cognitive perspective and the emotional perspective. Overall, there are several cognitive perspectives that the community are less likely to capture. Then from an emotional perspective, there were two sub-themes, namely positive and negative emotions, but negative ones dominate. It is recommended that there be thorough and detailed education from the local government and related agencies for the people in the local area regarding COVID-19 to reduce the inaccurate perception of the local community to reduce unnecessary fear in the community.

Derrida on Exile and the Nation: Reading Fantom of the Other by Herman Rapaport

Reviewed by: Derrida on Exile and the Nation: Reading Fantom of the Other by Herman Rapaport James Martell Herman Rapaport, Derrida on Exile and the Nation: Reading Fantom of the Other, London Bloomsbury, 2021. 248 pp. As Rapaport explains, Derrida on Exile and the Nation is "a study of Jacques Derrida's lecture course, Philosophical Nationality and Nationalism: Fantom of the Other … given at the École des Hautes Études en Science Sociales (EHESS) during 1984–85" (1). For Derrida scholars, this will become a definitive text in the study of Derrida's complex investigation into the aporias and complexities of Western political thought, especially as they are embodied in the plurivalent German term Geschlecht. As is well [End Page 497] known, Derrida had planned a four-essay monograph on this term that slowly appeared, albeit in separate parts, during and after his lifetime, with the missing third part, Geschlecht III, being published in 2018. While David Farrell Krell already wrote an amazing study, Phantoms of the Other (2015), on the possibility of this full monograph on Geschlecht, Rapaport's volume distinguishes itself not only by focusing on this fascinating and undecidable term but also by trying to "relate the whole of the Fantom course's lectures and to contextualize them in terms of one another" (6). However, it would be a mistake to consider the book a simple recounting or relation of the Fantom course. As Rapaport's chosen title suggests, he has discovered two constant concerns during the course, and perhaps throughout Derrida's career as a whole: the nation and exile. What will be more interesting to the reader is the way Rapaport explains the Derridean problematization of these terms through a notion extrapolated from Derrida's own engagement with Heidegger and Trakl: the inceptual. As Rapaport explains in his consideration on the complexity of Geschlecht, especially given its etymological sense of hit, strike, or imprint (Schlag), "Derrida will become very attentive to Heidegger's innovation, by way of Trakl, of an account of an inceptual or latent Schlag whose disruption is gentle—a privative or withheld violence—given alongside a successive or manifest Schlag that is overtly violent and divisive" (10). Thus, Rapaport's focus on the term and dimensions of the "inceptual" is an attempt to rethink Derrida's notorious interest in the philosophical dimensions of the question of the origin, since his master's thesis, The Problem of Genesis in Husserl's Philosophy, through his first important works like Dissemination, and up to his focus on Geschlecht, as both a political and a gender question. In Rapaport's words: "Derrida is inherently fascinated by not just genus but genesis as a philosophical problematic" (148), which consequently makes deconstruction a writing or philosophizing inherently enmeshed in the question of the origin and its distinctions. This focus on the inceptual as the pre-originary allows Rapaport to create a direct connection between what he calls "Heidegger's inceptual philosophizing" (111) as a questioning of Being/beings, with Derrida's own "différance" as the original marking, first Schlag or Geschlecht. In this way, the inceptual becomes the pre-space where identity and difference converge or have not yet been distinguished, consequently giving to space a certain preeminence over time as a genealogical dimension. Given that the book is a relation of the seminar, its structure follows that of the course. After the introduction, where Rapaport explains his project and the plan of the volume, part 1 focuses on Derrida's own engagement with (1) the question of philosophical nationalism versus cosmopolitanism, (2) Adorno's return after the war, and the question of Germanness, (3) certain universalist tendencies in Tocqueville, Schlegel, [End Page 498] and the Greek poet Adonis, and (4) the problem of world and worldlessness in Arendt and Wittgenstein. Part 2 focuses more directly on the plurivalences and aporias of (5) the term Geschlecht, (6) the inceptual itself as a place of retreat, and, finally, on the idea of the nation as (7) promise and (place of) return. This more or less strict chronological structure does not prevent Rapaport from not only making connections that Derrida himself will make in later publications (like Khôra), but...

Fenomenologia, cognitivismo e teoria musicale

This paper explores the relationships between phenomenology, cognitive sciences, and music theory. West Coast school of phenomenology, by subscribing a Fregean reading of Husserl, interpreted Husserlian philosophy as strictly related to cognitive computationalism (Fodor) and Artificial Intelligence project (Minsky). In his musicological research, David Lewin was involved in this suggestion and modeled mental actions to formalize musical perceptions. The study of phenomenological intentionality and time-consciousness can be useful to improve Lewin’s model. Furthermore, the idea of embodied cognition is noteworthy in order to analyze motor intentionality in musical experiences.

A Phenomenological Study: Student Nurses' Perceptions of Care of the Dying in a Hospice-Based Facility.

Despite emerging evidence of increased death education in nursing curricula, research suggests the graduate nurse is unprepared to effectively communicate and manage the array of symptoms experienced by the dying patient. This qualitative phenomenological research study's intent was to explore the impact of clinical experience in a community-based free-standing hospice facility as an effective pedagogical strategy for preparing student nurses to care for patients and families at the end of life (EOL). The researchers used descriptive phenomenology rooted in Husserl's philosophy. The qualitative data source included semistructured individual interviews. Convenience sampling yielded 10 senior-level nursing students in a community health nursing course. The analysis yielded 6 major themes: (1) fear of witnessing death, (2) contrasting care priorities in a hospice-dedicated versus acute care setting, (3) value of storytelling from hospice team members, (4) unprepared for EOL conversations, (5) guidance and support, and (6) benefit of hospice-dedicated experiential learning. The findings of this study support the use of expert hospice team members to guide and mentor students. Didactic and video-enhanced education, storytelling, preparation in EOL conversations, and experiential learning seem essential to familiarize students with EOL care and improve perceptions about caring for patients and their families.

Influencia del pensamiento fenomenológico en el desarrollo de la disciplina etnográfica

Esta investigación explora la relación epistemológica entre la antropología y la etnografía con la filosofía husserliana, desde una serie de autores que articulan las ideas de la fenomenología con los presupuestos de la etnografía, en especial, en lo concerniente al desarrollo de la noción de intersubjetividad. Una primera generación de autores incorpora de forma indirecta y parcial las bases epistemológicas y ontológicas de la propuesta filosófica de Husserl. Así, autores como Clifford Geertz, Maurice Natanson, Thomas Luckmann, Harold Garfinkel, Michael Agar y Thomas Csordas, construyeron parte de su pensamiento con la continuación de la fenomenología husserliana realizada por Merleau-Ponty y Alfred Schütz, utilizando los conceptos operatorios de ambos filósofos. Aun así, la profundidad y rigurosidad en el tratamiento de estos conceptos fenomenológicos por esta primera generación llevará a un manejo de la noción de intersubjetividad de forma más restringida y específica que los planteamientos realizados por Husserl. En los años 70 y 80, las influyentes y discutibles críticas realizadas por Bourdieu y Derrida a la filosofía husserliana tuvieron un importante eco en la antropología y la etnografía, propiciando el abandono del tratamiento directo de las ideas de Husserl. A pesar de esto, en las últimas dos décadas, autores como Michael Agar, Michael Jackson, Vincent Crapanzano, Alessandro Duranti, Jason Throop conforman una tercera generación que retoma las ideas husserlianas, logrando establecer una serie de dimensiones y aplicabilidades del concepto de intersubjetividad introducido y desarrollado por Husserl, que podrían servir de fundamento posible para un estudio de la condición humana y la cultura. This research explores the epistemological relationship between anthropology and ethnography with Husserlian philosophy, from a series of authors who articulate the ideas of phenomenology with the presuppositions of ethnography, especially as regards the development of the notion of intersubjectivity. The first generation of authors indirectly and partially incorporate the epistemological and ontological bases of Husserl’s philosophical proposal. Thus, authors such as Clifford Geertz, Maurice Natanson, Thomas Luckmann, Harold Garfinkel, Michael Agar, and Thomas Csordas, built part of their thinking with the continuation of the Husserlian phenomenology performed by Merleau-Ponty and Alfred Schütz, using the operative concepts of both philosophers. Even so, the depth and rigor in the treatment of these phenomenological concepts by this first generation will lead to a handling of the notion of intersubjectivity in a more restricted and specific way than the approaches made by Husserl. In the 70s and 80s, the influential and debatable criticisms made by Bourdieu and Derrida to Husserlian philosophy, had an important echo in anthropology and ethnography, leading to the abandonment of the direct treatment of Husserl’s ideas. Despite this, in the last two decades, authors such as Michael Agar, Michael Jackson, Vincent Crapanzano, Alessandro Duranti, Jason Throop, make up a third generation that takes up Husserlian ideas, managing to establish a series of dimensions and applications of the intersubjectivity concept introduced and developed by Husserl, which could serve as a possible basis for a study of the human condition and culture.

KREATIVITAS PESERTA DIDIK PADA SEKOLAH DASAR DI MASA PANDEMI COVID 19 DALAM KONTEKS FENOMENOLOGIS HUSSERLIAN

This study aims to discuss the limitations of creativity in the COVID 19 pandemic phenomenon in the view of Edmund Husserl's philosophy. phenomenology only wants to highlight what is visible to consciousness or only wants to see what is visible as far as it is visible, which is called pure phenomena. The method used in this research is qualitative research methods. The approach used in this research is the phenomenological approach. Several techniques are used including interviews, observation and documentation. The subjects of this study were students in elementary schools. In creativity, it is stated that there are four ways to achieve creativity, namely, Person, Product, Process, Press. At the elementary school level, students fall into the little-C category. For example, doing different activities, new everyday things, and returning to aspects of local culture. Keywords: Creativity, Phenomenology, Husserlian

Phenomenological Research Methods: Extensions of Husserl and Heidegger

The relevance to understanding the lived experience and consciousness is the focus of a movement that began in the early part of the 20th Century. Phenomenology is a movement that explores the lived experience of a given phenomenon. Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger were two of the most prominent philosophers who spearheaded this movement and subsequently, they developed their own distinct philosophical approaches and methods of inquiry as means to exploring and understanding the human experience. Various and more distinctive psychological research approaches emerged in other disciplines from the philosophies of Husserl and Heidegger, and the researchers who developed these methods contribute to expanding repertoires aimed at understanding of the human experience.

Adorno Contra Transcendental Idealism: A Critique of Husserl’s Notion of Objectivity

The work intends to reconstruct Theodor Adorno’s critique of Edmund Husserl’s transcendental idealism. The intended goal of Husserl’s phenomenology was to continue the Cartesian project of attaining certitude, and in the process, dismantle the alleged arbitrary division between subject and object. Despite sharing the latter’s goal of effecting a radical turn against traditional epistemology, Adorno, however, criticizes Husserl’s idealist position. The latter’s position asserts that objectivity is laden not only within the object, but is also reliant within the internal structures of consciousness, and its relation with the object. By virtue of the a priori, and transcendent nature of the Husserlian eidos, Adorno asserts that this idealism merely posits an abstract “philosophical First” that reveals nothing concrete about the object itself. Consequently, instead of taking a revolutionary approach, as Husserl would have it, it instead becomes an affirmation of the totalitarian nature of the classical notion of subjectivity. The paper will demonstrate how the abstract and dominating nature of Husserl’s philosophy fashions objectivity as its necessary instrument. Objectivity for Husserl only occurs once the transcendental subject exhausts the horizons of meaning of an object thereby implying the necessity of the subject’s participation in the creation of meaning for an object. Following this, I will demonstrate Adorno’s critique of objectivity in the backdrop of his confrontation of the crisis of philosophy, vis-à-vis his own proposed materialist dialectic method.
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Color as a problem of phenomenological aesthetics

The aim of the study is to clarify the aesthetic concept of color perception from the phenomenological reasoning of Edmund Husserl. Today, the orientation diagram of the field of phenomenological research is formed in various zones: from theological to naturalistic. In which of these zones the structures of the phenomenological analysis of color are located is not an easy question. The coloristic region is constituted according to the degree of consciousness, including aesthetic consciousness. It is extremely difficult to meet with the phenomenon of color, if only because its obviousness is fulfilled only by the fervor of the contemplative consciousness with its aesthetic pathos, a consciousness that distinguishes between, as it were, the reality of transcendent color and the aesthetic "continent of givens". We are talking, as Husserl would say, about the halo of consciousness, referring to the essence of perception performed in the mode of turning to the beauty of color. For the first time, approaches to the study of such a complex phenomenological topic as the description of a coloristic attitude, the eidetics of color experiences in Husserl's philosophy are outlined, the significance of its development for the comprehension of aesthetic and artistic consciousness is revealed. The main conclusions of the study are related to the philosophical interpretation of the idea of color as included in phenomenology in the experience of philosophical surprise, which turns into the acquisition of the essence of "phenomenological color" in general, and in aesthetics it is directly correlated with the appearance of its structures on the horizon of the harmonic synthesis of acts of perceptual performance in the imagination, "primordial giving visions" of color, with the creation of a picture coloristic impressions as cognitive emotions, reduced pure color perception, with an understanding of how art makes the very conditions of color visibility obvious, how its artistic synthesis is made, in the structure of which correlation analysis can see an analogue of a priori empiricism – this fundamental characteristic of purely Husserl synthesis and method revealed in domestic studies.

Reading Sign as a response to an architectural work (Case study: Wisma Garuda)

Between objects and observers in the world of architecture have a close relationship. In assessing and appreciating an architectural work it is necessary to synchronize architectural objects as a sign. The sign in question means an architectural work that functions as a sentence that can be read and has a meaning or meaning. The position of an architectural work depends on the observer in appreciating it. In general, this paper explains that an architectural object has an understanding that can be understood by the observer in accordance with the appreciation reached to the observer. The object under study was Wisma Garuda, a budget hotel. Where the hotel applies the concept of experience in architecture, but it reads as Buddhist philosophy by the curator of the Indonesian Pavilion 2018. Even though the architect of the building does not use Buddhist philosophy, based on an analysis of the interconnectedness of Husserl's and Buddha's philosophy it proves that the meaning received by the curator is something natural.