Philosophical Studies Research Articles

ORTHODOXY IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE FORMATION OF COMPLIANCE WITH LEGAL, JOURNALISTIC, SCIENTIFIC-HISTORICAL AND ARTISTIC SOCIAL SUBCULTURES IN THE SECOND QUARTER OF THE 19TH CENTURY (ACCORDING TO NATIONAL CORPUS OF THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE)

The second quarter of the XIX century became the era of the reign of Nicholas the First, when the number of texts with the lexeme “Orthodoxy,” according to the materials of the linguistic academic resource “National Corpus of the Russian Language,” exceeded their volume for the entire XVIII century. We can say about continuation of the formation of an academic tradition of objective description of confessional, ethnic, ethno-confessional and religious communities in a multi-confessional country of the Enlightenment, combined with the formation of the so-called “protective” direction in politics. In search of compensation (consent) between the court, legal, journalistic, church and scientific elites, new denotations and connotations are formed (for example, “Orthodoxy of the Greek-Russian Church”, “Christian Orthodox Catholic Faith of the Eastern Confession”, etc. in the texts of laws), a romantic understanding of “Orthodoxy” is developing as “the unanimity of the people” (I.V. Kireevsky), normative requirements for the work of writers called upon to create literary works “in the spirit of autocracy, Orthodoxy and nationality” are being constructed (N.A. Polevoy). Along with this, the importance of “inner Christian life” is recognized (V.A. Zhukovsky). The article sets out the position of social philosophy with an orientation towards the approaches of modern philosophical religious studies.

Spiritual Quest of Ukrainian Thinkers of the 16th – Early 17th Centuries in the Context of the Doctrine of Theosis

Purpose. The main purpose of this research is to analyse and study the development of individual spirituality within the context of theosis doctrine in the religious-anthropological studies of Ukrainian philosophers from the 16th to the beginning of the 17th century. Theoretical basis. The basis of the research is determined by modern methodological approaches to examining the correlation between philosophical and religious visions regarding the representation of views on deification among representatives of contemporary global philosophical-religious thought, as well as among representatives of Ukrainian religious-philosophical thought of the 16th and early 17th century. Originality. The paper analyses the unique views of Ukrainian thinkers on the role of theosis in shaping individual spirituality. Conclusions. The spiritual development of individuals, according to contemporary religious-philosophical authors and Ukrainian thinkers from the 16th to the 17th centuries, consists of self-discovery and moral growth as a means of approaching God. This serves as the basis for understanding human sanctity and life purpose, where the path to God is linked with renouncing worldly desires and striving for union with Him. The state of theosis is perceived as a personal experience, a collaboration between humans and God. The primary purpose of asceticism is to attain grace, which leads to the transformation of will. The doctrine of theosis influences the formation of a theocratic idea in culture and expands the understanding of internal experience due to the pursuit of spirituality. Theosis is a transformation of anthropological reality that goes beyond natural limits. This process constitutes a stage of spiritual growth that involves cultivating fear of sin, self-observation, and overcoming passions. One of its key aspects is interpreting closeness to God as cooperation between humans and the Divine, crucial for realizing divine grace. Considering the question of theosis draws attention to the importance of spiritual values and the search for meaning in life, especially in complex and unpredictable circumstances accompanying military conflicts, which Ukraine is currently facing.

Kajian Filosofis Tentang Keadilan Sosial Dari Pemikiran Plato

Philosophical study of social justice from Plato's thought Throughout the history of philosophy, the topic of justice has been a very important topic. Theoretical thinkers such as utilitarianism, intuitionism, eudaimonism, perfectionism, liberalism, communitarianism, and socialism have discussed this topic. The core of political research from the time of Plato to the present is justice. Questions of fairness cannot be determined by the standards used to determine whether something is fair. Different versions of answers regarding the meaning of justice are often considered unsatisfactory, so they cannot be separated from the debate which ultimately constructs the meaning of justice itself, even into a relative formulation. This problem ultimately encouraged many groups to take an alternative path by returning the meaning of justice to those who set the laws and regulations and to judges who will develop their own considerations. This article will discuss the concept of justice from the perspective of Pre-Christian philosophers, especially Plato. Philosophically, there are two ways of expressing justice: First, the view that justice means harmony between the implementation of rights and the implementation of obligations according to the "balance of law" clause, namely "the scope of rights and obligations". The view of legal experts basically holds that justice is harmony between legal certainty and legal comparability. There are even those who argue that law must be combined with justice for it to truly have legal meaning. This is related to the answer that law is part of human efforts to create ethical coexistence in the world. Only through a just legal system can society live peacefully towards happiness, because the essence of law is to create fair rules in society.

On the culpable ignorance of group agents: the group justification thesis

ABSTRACT People are often responsible for what they do, but they also often possess an excuse. One of the most common excuses is ignorance. Not all ignorance constitutes an excuse, however, for some ignorance is culpable and culpable ignorance is no excuse. But what about group agents? In our everyday practices, we blame group agents constantly. But if groups can be blameworthy, they plausibly can also be excused. Surely one such excuse is ignorance. But, as with individual agents, some group ignorance is also surely culpable. How should we understand the culpable ignorance of group agents? In this paper, I argue for two conditional claims that together constitute what I call the Group Justification Thesis, which is a group-agent adaptation of the Justification Thesis put forth by Biebel [(2018). ‘Epistemic Justification and the Ignorance Excuse.’ Philosophical Studies 175 (12): 3005–3028]: (i) A group agent is excused because of ignorance only if that ignorance is justified, and (ii) a group agent is culpable despite being ignorant only if that ignorance is not justified. One interesting upshot of this view is that a group agent can be culpably ignorant even though none of the members are culpable for their ignorance.

Social kind realism as relative frame manipulability

In this paper we introduce the view that realism about a social kind K entails that the grounding conditions of K are difficult (or impossible) to manipulate. In other words, we define social kind realism in terms of relative frame manipulability (RFM). In articulating our view, we utilize theoretical resources from Epstein’s (Epstein, The ant trap: Rebuilding the foundations of the Social Sciences. Oxford University Press, 2015) grounding/anchoring model and causal interventionism. After comparing our view with causal and principle-based (Tahko, Synthese 200(2):1–23, 2022) proposals, we motivate RFM by showing that it accommodates important desiderata about the social landscape (such as recognizing the context-relativity of social properties and the emancipatory dimension of social practice). Finally, we consider three objections. First, we tackle frame-necessitarianism (FN), the view that social kind frames are metaphysically necessary (and thus unmanipulable). Secondly, we engage with what Epstein (Epstein, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 99(3):768–781 2019a) calls UNIVERSALITY (the view that social kinds can hold in the absence of anchors) and we argue that it should also be resisted. Finally, we tackle a recent objection from Mason’s (Mason, Philosophical Studies, 178(12):3975–3994) essentialism about social kinds.

Depression in Ibn Miskawaih's Perspective A Review of Islamic Psychology

The purpose of this study was to study the importance of a sick and healthy mental condition and its healing methods, through the thoughts of Ibn Miskawaih by referring to one of his works, namely, Tahddzib Al-Akhlaq. This research found that Ibn Miskawaih's Islamic psychology was studied through the discourse of al-quwwah al-ghadabiyyah, which influenced the suffering of sadness or even depression, which had an impact on the human mind, using the discourse of philosophy of the soul, through philosophical studies, Ibn Miskawaih observes that the human soul's nervousness in processing and stimulating all aspects of reality has its roots in Suffering, depression, and sadness, mental illnesses often experienced by modern man.

Illegal Translation Activities of Ján Ivan Mastiliak CSsR

Ján Ivan Mastiliak was born on 5 November 1911 in Nižný Hrabovec. In August 1922 he entered the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer (Redemptorists), where he took his religious vows and completed his philosophical and theological studies. As a young priest, he studied in Rome from 1937 to 1944. From September 1945, he taught students of theology in Obořiště. In 1950, as a monastic priest, he was unjustly sentenced to life imprisonment in a staged monster trial. He became one of the victims of the communist regime in Czechoslovakia. He was released from prison on 10 May 1965 on the basis of an amnesty granted by the President of the Republic. It was not a true freedom. He lived under constant surveillance by State Security officers. Mastiliak understood that his place was in the secret Church. He undertook the secret formation of theologians, monks and nuns who needed suitable literature for their formation and spiritual growth. This was an important impulse why he undertook the translation of valuable literature, which was distributed as samizdat. It is documented that from 1965 until his death in 1989, he translated more than 100 works from various languages. The presented study deals with Ján Ivan Mastiliak as a scholar who could not create on his own because the communist totalitarian power prevented him from doing so, but he devoted his efforts to illegal translation activities. Thanks to his contacts, he found ways to obtain quality religious literature. From this he selected works that were suitable for the formation and spiritual development of the initiated and the laity, whom he secretly formed. The subsequent translation, reproduction and distribution of samizdat were also done illegally, under threat of further condemnation and imprisonment. He was aware of this danger, but accepted responsibility for the formation of clandestine clerics and religious was greater.

Wilhelm von Humboldt’s theory of Bildung as a moral conception of the good life

While the concept of Bildung has acquired international currency in educational and philosophical studies, its moral implications have been obscured by existing educational accounts. I present the moral implications inherent in the term through specific reference to the early works of Wilhelm von Humboldt. In contrast to previous scholarships, where Humboldt’s theory of Bildung has been deployed for drawing on the account of the true end of the human being and the inner process of interaction between the self and the world, I draw on Bildung as a moral conception of promoting a good life for others. To illustrate this conception, I (a) demonstrate the basic structure of Humboldt’s theory of Bildung by examining its four core components, (b) reconstruct Humboldt’s notion of virtue balanced state of various faculties as a moral ideal (c) consider Humboldt’s philosophical historiography to illustrate how Bildung can be mediated at individual and collective levels, and (d) present the concrete forms of the obligation to promote the good lives of others in his anthropological writings.

Makna Ketaatan bagi Para Calon Imam Diosesan dalam Terang Injil Yohanes 8: 32-33

The calling to be the ministers of Word and Sacrament is considered God’grace granted upon His people of God who are faithful and willing follow His path. This sacred calling of priesthood undergoes in a long-tiring process started from basic to higher formation (read education) when the candidates take their philosophical and theological studies, and finally they are ordained priests for the services of God’s people. The Interdiocesan Seminary of Saint Peter, Ritapiret in Flore, Indonesia is an educational body for the candidates of the local priests under the local Church of Maumee diocese, where in the candidates grow and mature in many aspects, including intelectual, spiritual, missionary and human characteristics which are centered in the loving service characteristics that have been lived out by the High Priest, Jesus the Lord. ‘The meaning of obedience for the the Diocese priestly candidates in the light of John 8: 32-33’ aims at searching and tracing the divine values treasured in the Gospel of John 8: 32-33, on which the writer will base the whole juxtaposition on the matter of the spirit of obedience which are comprehended and lived out by the Interdiocesan seminarians – the candidates of the local Church priests.

ҚОҒАМНЫҢ САЯСИ-ИДЕОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ ҮДЕРІСІН ФИЛОСОФИЯЛЫҚ ТАЛДАУ

Kazakhstan's political science is at the stage of formation. This means that their own explanatory models begin to be built, mainly in the field of the formation of a new political system and its components. There is almost no philosophical study of the problem of ideology in Kazakhstan. The article discusses the problem of philosophical analysis of political and ideological processes of modern transforming Kazakhstani society. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that the subject field of ideological processes is studied in many Sciences. Philosophical analysis of the theory of ideology allows us to more clearly identify the main components of the ideological chain. The philosophical study of ideological processes in Kazakhstan reveals the importance of the formation of the national ideological process of Kazakhstan's society in the context of globalization.

In Defense of Introspective Affordances

AbstractPsychological and philosophical studies have extended J. J. Gibson’s notion of affordances. Affordances are possibilities for bodily action presented to us by the objects of our perception. Recent work has argued that we should extend the actions afforded by perception to mental action. I argue that we can extend the notion of affordance itself. What I call ‘Introspective Affordances’ are possibilities for mental action presented to us by introspectively accessible states. While there are some prima facie worries concerning the non-perceptual nature of introspection, I will argue that our internal mental lives share enough commonalities with experiences in our environment to warrant this extension. I will demonstrate the value of introspective affordances by showing how they allow us to explain an underexplored aspect of thought insertion.

‘The queer pedagogical encounter: a continuum of futures’, introduction to ‘In Queer Minds’ special issue

ABSTRACT This article introduces the special issue of ’In Queer Minds’ by discussing the conceptual impact of queer in formal educational institutions and the importance of developing and sustaining the queer pedagogical encounter. The introduction provides a brief philosophical and cultural study of queer as critical to the understanding of what it means to be human. It argues that universities and other educational contexts must make queer a common cause for the betterment of self, society and the world. The various articles in the special issue are also briefly introduced.

Unconscious prioritization for face-to-face people.

One central question in the scientific and philosophical study of consciousness is regarding the scope of human consciousness. There is a lively debate as to whether high-level information integration is necessarily dependent on consciousness. This study presents a new form of unconscious integration based on the facingness between two individuals. Using a breaking continuous flash suppression paradigm, Experiments 1-3 found that two facing human heads got a privilege in breaking into awareness compared to nonfacing pairs. Experiments 4 and 5 demonstrated that the breakthrough difference between facing and nonfacing pairs could not be attributed to low-level or mid-level factors. Experiments 6, 7a, and 7b showed that the unconscious priority of facing pairs was significantly diminished when the holistic processing of the two agents was disrupted. Experiments 8-11 demonstrated that the advantage of facing pairs was only observable for human agents and not for daily objects, directional arrows, or nonhuman animals. These findings have critical implications for better understanding the scope of human consciousness and the origins of social vision. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Clipping and Blending Words in Japanese Internet Slang: Philosophical Perspective

Philosophy is a system of thought or rather a way of thinking that can be challenged. Philosophy is also a process, a way of searching for truth indefinitely. The philosophy of science, on the other hand, is a philosophical study that seeks to answer questions about the nature of science in terms of ontology, epistemology, and axiology. More than two decades ago, the world was stunned by a new technology known as the internet. As the internet matures into a technology that connects the world, the number of internet-related languages grows. Similarly, in Japanese, there are many words that were created and are related to the internet. There are special internet terms in Japanese that arose as a result of borrowing from English terms. There are also those that arise as a result of the word process. Some internet-specific terms, such as web or bug, are derived from English vocabulary that predates the internet. However, in Japanese, the term has been adapted into a new vocabulary related to the internet. This paper is designed to highlight the particular forming new words through the process of blending and clipping. This paper also intends to highlight philosophical aspects. It investigates the use of blend words and clipping in Japanese internet slang. In terms of internet in Japanese, the blending process consists of a combination of Japanese (wago) and English (gairaigo) words from different or the same word classes. Blends created from word which belong to the different words classes, the interpretation of their meaning generally involved straightforward process. Keywords: Clipping, Blending, Japanese, Internet slang

Rausyan Fikr: Gerakan Intelektual Syiah di Yogyakarta

Rausyan Fikr is a research institution that operates in the field of philosophy, particularly Islamic philosophy. Established by Romy Fibri and colleagues in 1995, Rausyan Fikr aims to enlighten students from various campuses. The name Rausyan Fikr itself is derived from Ali Syariati's concept, which refers to an intellectual who achieves enlightenment. The focus on philosophical studies responds to the intellectual fluctuations among students torn between Islamic and Western thought. Additionally, Rausyan Fikr houses a library and has branches for study, such as the Muthahhari Student Islamic Boarding School (PPM) and JAKFI (Islamic Philosophy Activist Network). This study is open to various groups, with increasing interest each year from students and academics in Islamic philosophy. The research methods employed are field studies and qualitative analysis. The theoretical frameworks used include social movements, social intellectuals, and their roles. The objective is to examine the influence of Islamic thought, particularly from Iranian thinkers, on academics and students in Indonesia, especially in Yogyakarta, near Kaliurang road.

Afro-Brazilian religions and religious diversity: contributions to pluralism

Abstract My objective is to explore a possible contribution of Afro-Brazilian religions to a pluralist philosophy of religious diversity. I will especially explore the syncretic wisdom of these religious traditions, showing how it can help us better understand interreligious dynamics. To do this, I begin by exposing some challenges of pluralist theses, highlighting two problems: homogenization and isolationism. Following that, I briefly introduce some characteristics of Afro-Brazilian religiosity, emphasizing its syncretic aspects, and then argue in favour of syncretism as a kind of wisdom intrinsic to Afro-Brazilian religiosity. This wisdom encompasses both practical and conceptual aspects. I conclude by demonstrating how this Afro-Brazilian wisdom can contribute with philosophical studies on religious diversity.

Ethnoscience: A Philosophical Study with Anthropological, Ontological and Axiological Perspectives

One of the emerging scientific developments is science-based local wisdom, or "ethnoscience." This research examines the urgency of ethnoscience when viewed from a philosophical perspective with an anthropological, ontological, and axiological perspective approach. This research uses a library research method with relevant sources related to the studied topic, such as books, scientific articles, and other relevant sources. The results of this study present how critical philosophical studies are to a science that is being developed, especially those that involve community culture. In addition, anthropological, ontological, and axiological perspectives provide an idea of a point of view that not only always refers to the research process but also the need to pay attention to the norms and values of the local culture. That way, future research related to ethnoscience has excellent potential to continue to be carried out through rational considerations and benefit science, culture, society, and the nation.

Inside Jesuit Classrooms: Students’ Notebooks from the Austrian Province of the Late Sixteenth Century

Abstract In the sphere of education, early modern Jesuit documents prescribed a large variety of didactical methods. As a result, Jesuit education was perceived as facilitating a dialogue between traditional Scholasticism and humanism or scientific progress. However, complaints from the first half-century of the order indicate that Jesuit schools fell short in terms of their compliance with prescriptive regulations. Indeed, non-Jesuit scholars often considered the order to be conservative traducers of Renaissance scholarship. To assess these contradictory evaluations, this article proposes to scrutinize manuscripts produced by students during their philosophical studies at the colleges of Vienna, Olomouc, and Graz, falling within the timeframe of c. 1580–90. Here, I look to argue that, even before the universal presence of comprehensive Jesuit textbooks, the teaching of philosophy was not only surprisingly unified within the province but new scientific and scholarly developments, including the Gregorian Reform and the debates around Copernican views, were also presented in the Jesuit classroom.

The philosophy of Stanislaw Lem through the eyes of Professor Okolovsky. Review of the book “Stanislaw Lem and reason. Philosophical studies"

The article is a review of the publication: Okolovsky P. Stanislav Lem and reason. Philosophical studies. Minsk: Galiafi, 2022. 224 p. The author is a professor at the University of Warsaw, researching the philosophical legacy of Stanislaw Lem. The book is a collection of essays and interviews that reveal Lem's vision of resolving ontological, epistemological and axiological questions. The Russian-speaking reader is offered an analysis of the philosophy of the mature Lem: it is little known and does not fit into the canonical approaches expressing the history of philosophy of the 20th century. This publication makes a significant contribution to Lemology, allowing one to get an idea of the principles and approaches of Lem as a philosopher, and to look at his philosophical heritage against the background of the ancient classics.

Creating the ‘dictatorship of the proletariat’: early socialist literature on the Paris Commune in Britain and the United States

ABSTRACT School of Historical and Philosophical Studies, Faculty of Arts, Australia This article analyses the role of early radical and socialist texts in forming the understanding of the Paris Commune in Britain and the United States. The Commune, while a French event, came to be associated with socialists, radicals, and as a symbol of internationalism. Marx’s The Civil War in France established the interpretation of the Commune that would see it become a radical shibboleth. This article analyses articles by Edward Beesly, Lissagaray’s History of the Commune of 1871, E.B Bax’s Short History of the Commune, and Lenin’s State and Revolution to trace the influences of Marx’s interpretation. This analysis includes examination of the radical publishers in both Britain and the United States to explore how these texts were edited and changed, and how they were circulated to reach the intended working-class audience. The article’s core questions are where did this interpretation come from, how was it constructed, and how did it come to dominate the interpretation of the Commune. This is significant due to the Commune’s pre-eminence within socialist history and how it became an example of the ‘Dictatorship of the Proletariat’ for many future revolutionaries.