Philosophical Studies Research Articles

Introducing an Epistemological Paradigm and Its Ontological Origin through the Metaphysical Deconstruction of Language as the Model of Expression

The model of language can relatively concretely reveal the mechanism of the epistemology, which is extended by the ontology that takes “person” as the unit. It unveils an intuitable dimension to represent the epistemolog’s paradigm and limitations. Deriving from the inherent relation between epistemology and ontology, the retrospection of the epistemology’s ontological origin can be actualized by locating or grasping the epistemological first person’s ontological essence. Hence, the illusional and frail essence of the ontology behind this epistemology would be uncovered. “Person” is not a stable unit in the ontological world, since the application of this unit stimulates the development of the operating style of the epistemology which relies on the supplement of paradox. After this study that intends to get the epistemological and ontological truth of the current using nominative, the new era of one or more unknown but solid epistemology and its ontology will be gradually recognized. Furthermore, the circumstance of past and current philosophical study is going to be changed.

The Three Postulate Idea: Between Limits and Metaphysical Beliefs in Immanuel Kant's System of Philosophy

In the history of Western philosophy, debates about truth and error have continued to develop, reflecting diverse views that have emerged over time. The question of human nature became the center of intellectual attention, expanding philosophical study from speculation to fundamental thinking. Amid this context, Immanuel Kant emerged as a key figure who brought a new approach to philosophical inquiry. Although he spent his life in Koningsberg, his ideas in epistemology, anthropology, ethics, and education gained global recognition and made him one of the most influential philosophers of the modern era. However, his views have also drawn criticism, especially for the inconsistencies that are perceived to support dogmatism, although he originally intended to criticize it. This research analyzes Kant's thought, especially about the limits of human knowledge, metaphysics, and criticism of dogmatism. The method used is qualitative text analysis, which examines Kant's main work, "Critique of Pure Reason," as well as the views of other philosophers. Primary and secondary literature is reviewed to identify inconsistencies in Kant's arguments. The results show that although Kant's philosophical system has made an outstanding contribution, there are significant areas for improvement in the handling of metaphysical concepts and the limits of knowledge, which ultimately has the potential to fall into dogmatism. This study concludes that Kant's thought remains relevant and essential, but it needs to be reread critically to fully understand its impact on modern philosophy.

Sustainability of Digital Friendship: Insights from Early Buddhist Mettā

One of the significant effects of technology on human relations is visible in friendship. Positively technology through its digital spaces is facilitating friendship that is instant and beyond the limitations of time and space. However, such digital friendships that operate through social media often suffer from issues of trust and sustainability. To resolve this predicament, we need to pause and reflect on how digital friendship can be reframed to improve its sustainability in a practical manner. The primary purpose of this article is to examine how helpful the early Buddhist concept of mittatā (friendship) is in sustaining friendship in the digital age. The article begins by eliciting the moral challenges people encounter in online friendships. The objective is to highlight the need for a more vital concept of friendship, such as the early Buddhist concept of mittatā, that can mitigate the moral concerns in digitized friendship, making it genuine and sustainable. The subsequent part of the article offers an overview of some of the significant theories of friendship upheld in the West and examines whether they can support the sustainability of a digitized friendship. The objective is to reflect upon the lacuna in the practice of such ideas of friendship in the contemporary digital age. To replenish the lacuna, the following section articulates the early Buddhist concept of mittatā as a noble concept of friendship that can be morally relevant and sustainable in this digital world. Based on the philosophical study of the early Buddhist literature, the present article investigates how helpful mettā (loving kindness) in this society to sustain a trustworthy friendship. It proposes an ethical and noble way to nurture and savour an honourable friendship relevant to the digital era by inculcating specific virtues advocated by the Buddha.

Derivative Desires and Plastic Pedagogies: Malabou, Psychoanalysis and The Big Short

This article explores Catherine Malabou’s philosophical foray into neuroscience, especially her continuing work on the topics of brain plasticity and epigenesis. I lay the groundwork for a productive intersection of Malabou’s philosophy with Lacanian psychoanalytic film theory, despite Malabou’s tendency to treat the brain’s plasticity as an issue beyond the scope of the Freudian-Lacanian conception of the unconscious. Through consideration of Todd McGowan’s development of a Lacanian ontology, and by reference to the structure of derivative finance in late capitalism, especially as depicted in The Big Short (Adam McKay, 2015), the article argues in favor of an epigenesis of desire, in which attentiveness to the sedimented layers and conflicted temporalities of the brain’s synaptic connections may prove illuminating for philosophical studies of films that adopt a pedagogical stance toward recent historical or political events.

KARAKTERISTIK POKOK FILSAFAT DALAM NOVEL PANGANTÉN KARYA DEDEN ABDUL AZIZ

This research aims to explain the philosophical study and key characteristics of philosophy in the novel Pangantén by Deden Abdul Aziz. A descriptive qualitative approach was used to analyze data from novel excerpts that reflect philosophical inquiry. Data were collected through the process of reading, noting, and marking relevant quotes. The results of the research show 63 pieces of philosophical data and 5 key characteristics of philosophy. Among them, 13 data points depict radical thinking, focusing on fundamental questions about human life and existence. A total of 20 data points relate to the search for basic principles or foundations, reflecting a contemplation of values that guide human behavior. Additionally, 8 data points reflect the pursuit of truth, another 8 depict efforts to achieve conceptual clarity, and 14 data points describe rational thinking, emphasizing logic and reasoning in decision-making. These results indicate that the novel Pangantén not only presents a narrative but also conveys deep philosophical reflections. These elements position the novel as a medium for illustrating philosophical ideas about existence, principles, truth, clarity, and rationality in everyday life.

Chronotope of an thing or chronotope thing: a thing as a structurizer of space and time

INTRODUCTION. The study is a philosophical and cultural analysis of the “thing” concept as a cultural form that structures the space and time of an individual’s daily existence. The main focus is on the role of things in creating and representing the chronotope, which is a combination of space and time. Things act as structurizers of space and time and occupy two positions in relation to the chronotope: 1) as an internal thing within the chronotopic space, and 2) as an external thing outside the chronotope. This allows things to fully realize their symbolic functions. The aim of the study is to substantiate the argument that things, as carriers of meaning and symbolic objects, play a crucial role in structuring and stabilizing human culture through their chronotopic indicators.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The material obtained as a result of the analysis and synthesis of both philosophical and cultural studies of the thing as an object and phenomenon of culture is presented.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Thing is a complex entity and cultural form that interacts with the chronotope bidirectionally, objectifying and subjectivizing it. It can act as an “thing” and as a “phenomenon”, and its symbolic meaning can be deep and multifaceted.CONCLUSION. The material presented in the study is intended to fund applied research on the spatial and temporal structure of human daily life, as well as for socio-cultural design in the field of preservation and actualization of cultural heritage.

Philosophical Study of "People-Centered" Thought in the Perspective of Marx's Thought

Tracing back to the source of the theory, the human thought explains the dialectical nature of human development from the perspective of historical materialism, which is an important theoretical basis for China to adhere to the "people-centered" development thought. Therefore, based on China's national conditions in the new era, exploring the important significance of "people's all-round development" in the "people-centered" development thought is conducive to exploring and sorting out the philosophical implications and contemporary value of Marx's "people-centered" thought.

Bias, Knowledge, Skepticism, and Disagreement: Précis of Part iii of Bias: A Philosophical Study

Abstract The third and final part of Bias: A Philosophical Study explores the connections between bias and some of the central topics of epistemology, including knowledge, skepticism, and disagreement. It defends the possibility of biased knowing: biased believers can sometimes know, even when they believe in accordance with their biases, and even if those biases guarantee that they would believe as they do even if the truth were otherwise. It argues that the possibility of biased knowing has significant implications for both philosophical methodology and traditional forms of skepticism. Extended consideration is given to the question of whether those of us who robustly favor our ordinary commonsense views over the possibilities that the skeptic calls to our attention are biased against skepticism in any objectionable sense. Finally, it critically examines our tendency to attribute bias to others in response to interpersonal disagreement and the epistemological significance of “the bias blind spot.”

Obstacles of Qualitative Research in The English Language Field from the Perspective of Its Faculty Members at King Abdul Aziz University (Case Study)

The current study aimed to identify the obstacles that prevent conducting qualitative research in the English Language field at university, as well as the theoretical and philosophical premises of qualitative research. The researcher used the explanatory approach, and used the interview as one of the qualitative research methods. The study found that we need to conduct qualitative research in the English language because of the predominance of quantitative research tools and methods in an explicit omission of qualitative research, despite its importance and suitability for the study of many phenomena and problems in the field of the English language. Philosophical study of the phenomenon is more in depth in the cognitive construction, in addition to its use of a number of means to collect the data of the phenomenon such as observation, interview, document analysis, and knowledge of the social, personal and material circumstances and scenes related to the phenomenon being studied. The study also found that there are many obstacles that prevent conducting qualitative research in the field of education in general and the field of English language in particular. The researcher has developed a set of proposals to overcome the obstacles of qualitative research in the English language field.

THE RECEPTION OF JEAN-PAUL SARTRE IN NORTH MACEDONIA: A CULTURAL ENCOUNTER AND INTELLECTUAL INFLUENCE

Jean-Paul Sartre, as a leading representative of French existentialism, began to be read and analyzed by literary critics and scholars in the Republic of North Macedonia after the publication of their works in Serbian and later in Macedonian. The reception started with Sartre’s most famous novel Nausea beginning in 1966. Subsequently, his works were translated, including Words, The Condemned of Altona, Dirty Hands and Being and Nothingness. Over a dozen scholarly works discuss Sartre’s life and literary-philosophical work, providing a deep insight into his treatment within the Macedonian cultural system. The reception of Sartre’s philosophy in North Macedonia has had a profound influence on the country’s academic and cultural world. Through translations of his works and extensive analyses made about his life and work, Sartre has become one of the key figures in literary and philosophical studies in Macedonia. Through these studies, a true enlightenment has been offered on the interpretation of his thought and his influence on Macedonian society. In addition to his literary works, Sartre is also known for his political engagement and his influence on social and intellectual debate. This represented a challenge for a large part of the Macedonian public, opening debates and further analyses on the role of intellectuals in their society. Some critics have questioned his interpretation of existentialism and political engagement, sparking debate about his interpretation and influence on Macedonian society. In conclusion, the reception of Sartre in North Macedonia is an expression of a vibrant relationship between cultures and an example of the profound influence such an intellectual figure can have in a specific cultural context.

Предмет и основные направления современной философии экономики: в поисках пути развития

In the previous article we described the general ideas about the history of the phi­losophy of economics and its subject in Russia and in the West countries, con­cluding that these ideas differ from thinker to thinker, in the West and in Russia. In this article, we will be interested in the main directions of modern philosophy of economics, and we will also reflect on the reasons for the lack of a general definition of the subject of philosophy of economics and possible (and optimal) scenarios for its development. The modern philosophy of economics – the so-called “new” philosophy of economics – differs from the “old” philosophy of economics by focusing on the premises of the post-non-classical philosophy of science and natural science as the ideal of rationality. Thus, it continues to deepen the break with philosophy, understood as the knowledge of the truth. In this case, the philosophy of economics turns into a set of theories that are in no way connected with each other, inheriting from economics the ambiguity of their subject. From our point of view, the philosophy of economics should move away from the “naturalistic turn” and return to philosophy itself. The main idea is that the philosophy of economics should cease to be only a tool for ana­lyzing economic problems and become a full-fledged philosophical study of eco­nomic science and economic reality. This will allow economic science itself to be considered as a single system. The complexity of this approach lies in the fact that it is necessary to rethink not only the subject of the philosophy of economics but also the subject of economic science itself

PERSPECTIVES ON VIDEO GAME RESEARCH THROUGH THE CONCEPT OF MEDIA ARCHAEOLOGY

This article delves into various approaches to the cultural and philosophical study of video games. It primarily examines the potential of employing methodological foundations of media archaeology to enhance the understanding of the history of video game technical media. Additionally, it offers a brief review of existing publications on the proposed topic.To justify the applicability of the media-archaeological approach, the article provides a concise analysis of key research directions in game studies, highlighting their advantages and main shortcomings. The paper includes a succinct history of video game research, elucidates the philosophical concepts underpinning early works on the essence of video games, and explores the principal directions within game studies. Special attention is given to several approaches: Espen Aarseth’s narratological perspective, which interprets the cyberspace of games as a text that can be decoded and read; Gonzalo Frasca’s ludological approach, where the primary characteristic of a game is its interactivity; and Ian Bogost’s multi-level theory of video game study, which integrates the use of media anthropology.Subsequently, the article outlines the core principles of media anthropology as an interdisciplinary field that not only investigates the past of media and attempts to forecast the future of technologies by identifying patterns in their development but also addresses the relationship between humans and technologies. The primary representatives of this field, such as Friedrich Kittler, Jussi Parikka, and Erkki Huhtamo, are also mentioned.In the final section of the article, the necessity of employing media anthropology for understanding video games is discussed, particularly emphasizing the hegemony of technical media over the content of video games. Furthermore, examples of the application of the archaeological approach in game studies are provided, illustrating the potential of this direction.This comprehensive exploration aims to advance the discourse on video game studies by integrating insights from media archaeology and media anthropology, thereby fostering a deeper and more nuanced understanding of video games as cultural and technological artifacts.

Psychological Reflections in the Philosopher’s Mirror: Comments on Thomas Kelly’s Bias: A Philosophical Study

Abstract In this brief commentary, we offer thoughts on Thomas Kelly’s Bias: A Philosophical Study. We focus on the book’s relevance to the study of cognitive biases, including Kelly’s discussion of naïve realism (in the psychologists’ sense). While we are largely enthusiastic about Kelly’s theorizing, we also provide some pushback against his notion of emergent biases. We hope that psychologists will engage with Kelly’s work and might consider how some philosophical refinements could improve the empirical study of biases.

"Animality runs right through the human being". Interview with Anne Simon

Zoopoetics studies the diversity of stylistic, linguistic and narrative means used to convey the diversity of animal emotions and behaviour, as well as the diversity of their worlds. How does this field of research fit in with environmental literary studies? How does zoopoetics help to renew the ways in which literature is studied, from school to university? Director of research at the CNRS, Anne Simon is a French researcher in literary and philosophical studies. A specialist in Proust, she has focused her work on the living and animality in literature, developing the field of zoopoetics research. Her publications include Une bête entre les lignes. Essai de zoopoétique (Marseille, Wildproject, 2021). She is in charge of the 'Animots' research programme, funded by the ANR between 2010 and 2014 and now supported by the République des savoirs unit (CNRS/ENS/Collège de France - PSL).

Asuransi dan Koperasi Syariah di Indonesia

This paper aims to optimize Islamic insurance and cooperatives in Indonesia, reviewed from philosophical, historical, juridical and sociological studies. The method used is library research which examines literature analyzed qualitatively using a sociological, historical, juridical, and philosophical approach. The study results show that insurance and cooperatives carry the spirit of togetherness and help each other. The spirit of insurance and cooperatives is deeply rooted in Indonesian society; it's just that they are not institutionalized regularly. The Indonesian government is trying to accommodate insurance and cooperatives in various laws and regulations legally. However, there is still a need for firmness and clarity regarding the Sharia insurance and cooperatives law, especially if there is a dispute. In addition, insurance and cooperatives must improve their practice and understanding so that the community feels their benefits.

Разум, язык, культура: как сегодня прочитывать концепцию «арабского разума» ал-Джа̄бири

In his four-volume Critique of Arab Reason the late Moroccan philosopher Muḥammad ‘Ābid al-Jābirī (1935–2010) argues that human history witnessed “Greco-European” and “Arab” variants of reason, and not the single one. He challenges the confidence of philosophers in the universality of reason which disclosed itself in the course of European history. Reading al-Jābirī’s theory in Kantian optics will prove fruitful in view of significant number of observations accumulated in Arabic philosophical studies and directly related to the question of the type of rationality that grounds Arab-Muslim culture. The Arabic linguistic tradition bases itself not on the being of substance but on the flux of action. The indivisible segment of the Arabic speech is the flow of sound between the two “sides” (ḥ arf, pl. ḥ urūf). The copulative function ensures the gluing of the subject and predicate into a single statement due to the action of “leaning” (isnād) between them, which excludes the use of the “to be”-like copula and removes “being” from the list of the fundamental metaphysical categories. All Arabic words, with few exceptions, are “branches” growing from “roots” represented by names of actions. The “root – branches” (’aṣl – furū‘) model, developed by the representatives of the Arabic linguistic tradition and Islamic jurists, explains the diversity of Islamic culture which allows for direct contradictions, legitimizing them by tracing down to a single “root”, which contrasts with the law of contradiction fundamental to European rationality. Islamic ethics is concerned not with the moral perfection of a single substantial individual, but with maintaining a network of interactions between human being and God and between members of society, constituting society not as a hierarchy of strata and classes, but as multiple networks of interactions. The concept of the “Arab reason” by al-Jābirī, read in Kantian optics on the basis of the achievements of philosophical Arabic studies, allows to substantiate the hypothesis of the plurality of types of rationality developed through the history of humankind.

Spiritual Quest of Ukrainian Thinkers of the 16th – Early 17th Centuries in the Context of the Doctrine of Theosis

Purpose. The main purpose of this research is to analyse and study the development of individual spirituality within the context of theosis doctrine in the religious-anthropological studies of Ukrainian philosophers from the 16th to the beginning of the 17th century. Theoretical basis. The basis of the research is determined by modern methodological approaches to examining the correlation between philosophical and religious visions regarding the representation of views on deification among representatives of contemporary global philosophical-religious thought, as well as among representatives of Ukrainian religious-philosophical thought of the 16th and early 17th century. Originality. The paper analyses the unique views of Ukrainian thinkers on the role of theosis in shaping individual spirituality. Conclusions. The spiritual development of individuals, according to contemporary religious-philosophical authors and Ukrainian thinkers from the 16th to the 17th centuries, consists of self-discovery and moral growth as a means of approaching God. This serves as the basis for understanding human sanctity and life purpose, where the path to God is linked with renouncing worldly desires and striving for union with Him. The state of theosis is perceived as a personal experience, a collaboration between humans and God. The primary purpose of asceticism is to attain grace, which leads to the transformation of will. The doctrine of theosis influences the formation of a theocratic idea in culture and expands the understanding of internal experience due to the pursuit of spirituality. Theosis is a transformation of anthropological reality that goes beyond natural limits. This process constitutes a stage of spiritual growth that involves cultivating fear of sin, self-observation, and overcoming passions. One of its key aspects is interpreting closeness to God as cooperation between humans and the Divine, crucial for realizing divine grace. Considering the question of theosis draws attention to the importance of spiritual values and the search for meaning in life, especially in complex and unpredictable circumstances accompanying military conflicts, which Ukraine is currently facing.

Kajian Filosofis Tentang Keadilan Sosial Dari Pemikiran Plato

Philosophical study of social justice from Plato's thought Throughout the history of philosophy, the topic of justice has been a very important topic. Theoretical thinkers such as utilitarianism, intuitionism, eudaimonism, perfectionism, liberalism, communitarianism, and socialism have discussed this topic. The core of political research from the time of Plato to the present is justice. Questions of fairness cannot be determined by the standards used to determine whether something is fair. Different versions of answers regarding the meaning of justice are often considered unsatisfactory, so they cannot be separated from the debate which ultimately constructs the meaning of justice itself, even into a relative formulation. This problem ultimately encouraged many groups to take an alternative path by returning the meaning of justice to those who set the laws and regulations and to judges who will develop their own considerations. This article will discuss the concept of justice from the perspective of Pre-Christian philosophers, especially Plato. Philosophically, there are two ways of expressing justice: First, the view that justice means harmony between the implementation of rights and the implementation of obligations according to the "balance of law" clause, namely "the scope of rights and obligations". The view of legal experts basically holds that justice is harmony between legal certainty and legal comparability. There are even those who argue that law must be combined with justice for it to truly have legal meaning. This is related to the answer that law is part of human efforts to create ethical coexistence in the world. Only through a just legal system can society live peacefully towards happiness, because the essence of law is to create fair rules in society.

On the culpable ignorance of group agents: the group justification thesis

ABSTRACT People are often responsible for what they do, but they also often possess an excuse. One of the most common excuses is ignorance. Not all ignorance constitutes an excuse, however, for some ignorance is culpable and culpable ignorance is no excuse. But what about group agents? In our everyday practices, we blame group agents constantly. But if groups can be blameworthy, they plausibly can also be excused. Surely one such excuse is ignorance. But, as with individual agents, some group ignorance is also surely culpable. How should we understand the culpable ignorance of group agents? In this paper, I argue for two conditional claims that together constitute what I call the Group Justification Thesis, which is a group-agent adaptation of the Justification Thesis put forth by Biebel [(2018). ‘Epistemic Justification and the Ignorance Excuse.’ Philosophical Studies 175 (12): 3005–3028]: (i) A group agent is excused because of ignorance only if that ignorance is justified, and (ii) a group agent is culpable despite being ignorant only if that ignorance is not justified. One interesting upshot of this view is that a group agent can be culpably ignorant even though none of the members are culpable for their ignorance.

Social kind realism as relative frame manipulability

In this paper we introduce the view that realism about a social kind K entails that the grounding conditions of K are difficult (or impossible) to manipulate. In other words, we define social kind realism in terms of relative frame manipulability (RFM). In articulating our view, we utilize theoretical resources from Epstein’s (Epstein, The ant trap: Rebuilding the foundations of the Social Sciences. Oxford University Press, 2015) grounding/anchoring model and causal interventionism. After comparing our view with causal and principle-based (Tahko, Synthese 200(2):1–23, 2022) proposals, we motivate RFM by showing that it accommodates important desiderata about the social landscape (such as recognizing the context-relativity of social properties and the emancipatory dimension of social practice). Finally, we consider three objections. First, we tackle frame-necessitarianism (FN), the view that social kind frames are metaphysically necessary (and thus unmanipulable). Secondly, we engage with what Epstein (Epstein, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 99(3):768–781 2019a) calls UNIVERSALITY (the view that social kinds can hold in the absence of anchors) and we argue that it should also be resisted. Finally, we tackle a recent objection from Mason’s (Mason, Philosophical Studies, 178(12):3975–3994) essentialism about social kinds.