Philosophical Level Research Articles

Challenges to the Loss of Educational Capital in Ukraine through the Lens of Identity Threats

The vision of the future is not clear for Ukrainians. However, despite the challenges, we should not lose our prudence regarding the prospects that await us in the post-war world. The war provoked many problems, not the least of which was the loss of human and educational capital due to the mass departure of Ukrainians abroad. The educational category of migrants deserves more careful attention, namely schoolchildren, students, teachers, scientists, etc. This category of citizens of Ukraine is significant for the further existence of Ukrainian identity. This category is an expression of the nation, a guarantee of its further prosperity. Ukraine is currently losing educational capital, not only due to external circumstances but also due to the desynchronization of citizens' values and the formality of the actions of state institutions. No matter how many pompous and pathetic appeals to treat with understanding and take into account the circumstances, a person, being inclined to find a comfortable environment for the realization of his values, begin to look even more actively for a better environment where they are acceptable. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to this issue, not only as a study of it at the theoretical (philosophical) level but also from the perspective of developing practical actions that can change the situation in order to secure the future from dispersion and loss of Ukrainian identity.

Методы и способы защиты и самозащиты индивидуального сознания в условиях информационно-психологического давления

The subject of the study is the safety and methods of protecting individual consciousness in conditions of psychoenergetic information influences. The relevance is determined by the increasing pressure on personal consciousness with the use of information and programming technologies. This goal is solved by the method of philosophical consideration of the phenomenon, structure, dynamics of self-awareness, as well as identification of the sequence of psychoenergetic informational influence. The novelty is determined by the consideration of the problem at the philosophical and psychological level. The theoretical significance lies in a certain contribution to the study of the problem of psychoenergetic information security of individual consciousness, practical – in practical recommendations on psychological, psychoenergetic, information protection of individual consciousness. As a result, it is argued that information and psychological protection consists in strengthening and developing self-awareness through the accumulation and use of mental energy, the development of thinking, reflection, the use of mental protection techniques: receiving information and psychological assistance in specialized institutions, from a friend who is not subject to influence (an outside perspective), via the Internet; dissemination of knowledge about the types of impacts and ways to protect consciousness.

A brief discussion on the coupling principle of positive and negative feedback in the economic system

This study clarifies the concepts of “feedback”, “positive feedback”, and “negative feedback” and explains the philosophy of the coupling principle of positive and negative feedback. The evolution process of the system is the organic coupling of positive and negative feedback, and only the reciprocating cycle of positive and negative feedback can ensure the occurrence and existence of heterogeneous new things. In the economic system, the law of increasing returns corresponds to the positive feedback mechanism, whereas the law of diminishing returns corresponds to the negative feedback mechanism. This study briefly expounds on the differences in understanding between the law of increasing returns and diminishing returns, and the equilibrium and disequilibrium of economic operation in the economics circle, based on the histories of economic thoughts and social and economic forms. This study emphasizes that instead of dividing and opposing each other, the idea of static partial equilibrium and dynamic general nonequilibrium in epistemology can be united to solve this difference. Finally, this paper explains the essential relationship and compatibility between the law of diminishing returns and increasing returns from the characteristics, nature, and proportional changes of tangible and intangible factors of production. Applying the positive and negative feedback coupling principle can clarify the essential relationship between the law of diminishing returns and increasing returns. From the philosophical level and epistemological significance, it can bridge the fundamental differences between equilibrium and nonequilibrium theories, which in turn, can help realize the creative synthesis of economic theory.

Sections of Hell in Ancient Egypt

The ancient Egyptian mentality was characterized by endless philosophical ideas. The foundations of the sources of these philosophical ideas were born from the natural phenomena in ancient Egypt. The ancient Egyptian found the phenomenon of the Nile flooding and then its recession and the drought that affected the country and its positive and negative impact on crops. He also found the phenomenon of sunset at night and its interpretation was its death. The explanation for the sunrise in the morning was its revival after death. Also, in ancient Egyptian mythology, the god (Osiris) was resurrected after his death. All of this naturally had an impact on the ancient Egyptian mentality and its reality on ancient Egyptian society in particular. The concept of death and resurrection that emerged in the ancient Egyptian mentality explained that there is another life after death and this life settles in a world that separates his material world. The life after death that the ancient Egyptian believed in was settled in the underworld. What concerns us here is the section in which the guilty were punished after their trial in the court of the god (Osiris) in the underworld. It is known that criminals and outlaws in the material world were punished and held accountable according to the decisions of the court that were conducted inside or outside the temples. Among these decisions were execution, flogging, imprisonment, and others. The ancient Egyptians worked to apply them to the underworld by recording the texts of (Coffins), the Book of the Dead, the Book of (Amudat), and the Book of (Caves). He included in these books a topographical division of the underworld, the most important of which is the section of Hell, which in turn divided it into many sections, including lakes of fire, islands of flame, and hills, as well as the presence of fiery pits and fiery furnaces. These sections related to Hell played an actual role in punishing the guilty for what they committed in their earthly lives. Because of the breadth of the subject, the areas of hell in the underworld, we have chosen for this research the section (Fire Pits, Fire Furnaces), and other places that were used for torture, as this subject carries the utmost importance to know what is going on in the ancient Egyptian mentality and the extent of the religious and philosophical intellectual level that he reached to uncover the mystery of life after death, and his awareness of the topography of this hidden world and his attempt to match it with his material world, and to put forward different ideas for punishing sinners in the material world and seeking to apply it in the underworld.

Размышление о понятии совести: сравнительный анализ подходов в арабо-тюркской исламской философии

The concept of conscience is one of the main unsolved problems of moral philosophy. It is of great importance to reveal the discussions about this con­cept until today collectively on the philosophical level, in terms of clarifica­tion the questions related to the source of morality and moral propositions and the subjectivity or objectivity of ethical values. We can evaluate the ex­planations related to the concept of conscience in two categories as etymolo­gical and terminological. While explanations on the etymology of the con­cept are naturally based on classical dictionaries, conceptual explanations are based on classical, medieval and modern Western and Islamic moral philo­sophy texts. The main purpose of the study is to discuss the moral content of the concept of conscience in the light of Islamic philosophies compara­tively, based on the basic works related to the concept in Islamic thought. The main thesis of the study is that conscience is a deeply appealing power that has metaphysical, psychological and epistemological aspects. Conse­quently, we can define conscience as a spiritual force with cognitive, emo­tional, and voluntary aspects

Principles of barrier-free formation of “green” architecture in the contemporary spatial-object environment

The relevance of the chosen topic lies in the necessity of developing barrier-free architecture that incorporates the principles of inclusivity. This study examined the trends in leading architectural and urban planning areas, specifically “green” architecture, through the lens of addressing the needs of all population groups, including those with limited mobility. The purpose of this study was to analyse the key trends in barrier-free “green” architecture and to determine their role in shaping modern accessible urban environments. In conducting this study, the philosophical level included principles of objectivity, a holistic approach, and the consideration of processes in development and interaction with other systems. The study employed general scientific methods such as the comparative-historical method, modelling, and a systemic approach. The special scientific methods involved a structural-functional approach. Each of these methods was implemented through distinct approaches, methods, and tools. The study found the key issues and prospects for developing the barrier-free “green” architecture concept. In identifying the main issues, the relevance of the study in the contemporary spatial-object environment was determined. Through an in-depth analysis of the current state of barrier-free “green” architecture formation, it was found that the barrier-free “green” architecture is multifaceted and encompasses inclusive energy-efficient, ecological, and economic aspects with minimal impact on the environment. The principal trends in developing barrier-free "green" architecture were identified, which helped to determine their role in shaping the modern accessible urban environment not only in terms of sustainable development but also in modern aspects of accessibility and inclusion. Based on the conducted research, the key principles of barrier-free “green” architecture were determined – the principle of energy efficiency, the principle of solar orientation, the principle of inclusivity, the principle of ecological sustainability, and the principle of autonomy. The practical value of this study lies in the systematisation of the “green” architecture developing process, wherein principles of accessibility and inclusion are applied at all stages of its formation

The paradigm logic of blockchain governance

Blockchain technology is mainly composed of public-key cryptography, hash algorithms and consensus mechanisms. Blockchain solves the two trust problems inherent in human interaction: the Byzantine Generals Problem and the Prisoner's Dilemma, which allows blockchain to replace the function of public power as a centre of trust to a certain extent, and also enables it to become a kind of decentralised large-scale collaborative infrastructure for human beings. Blockchain itself has a strong escape from public power, and the blockchain order is also non-rational. Its emergence has impacted the traditional constructivist-rationalism governance paradigm. Current research exploring blockchain governance issues at the level of governance paradigms is still limited. This study mainly adopts a normative analysis methodology, firstly outlining the decentralised technology model of blockchain and the economic ecosystem model built on top of this technology model. Secondly, this study explores the ontology of blockchain technology and its economic model on a philosophical level as well as the philosophical roots of the limitations of the traditional governance paradigm when confronted with blockchain governance. On this basis, this study further proposes ideas for shifting the blockchain governance paradigm. Specifically, it includes that a judicature-based governance paradigm should be established while the executive power should shift to focus on the issue of equality on the blockchain, and in the context of weakly centralised legislation, soft law governance should be allowed to play more of a role. Considering the popularity and development of blockchain technology, this study provides insights into the theoretical level of blockchain governance.

TANBURİ CEMİL BEY AND HIS MUSIC: GENIUS AND MELANCHOLY

Tanburi Cemil Bey is considered one of the greatest geniuses who grew up in the classical Turkish music tradition. However, his place in the history of national culture cannot be understood only through his actions and works in the musical field. To accurately determine its location, the conceptual apparatus of a comparative and multidimensional perspective is needed. For this reason, this study discusses the concept of genius attributed to Cemil Bey and investigates the possibilities of evaluating it as a form of historical subjectivity through the structure-agency tension in sociology. While doing this, the concept of melancholy, which has accompanied genius since ancient times, is also included in the analysis. These concepts have a deep-rooted unity that frames the medical, epistemological and philosophical norms of the Western tradition of thought. The closeness between these two concepts, which were mainly established on a medical and philosophical level in ancient Greek thought, is discussed in a wide range of symbols within the framework of the Saturn myth in Renaissance cosmology. By revising the ancient belief that the planets have a certain influence on the character and moral qualities of people, the personification of the melancholic genius is added to the myth of Saturn in the astrological context of Renaissance cosmology. Thus, it paves the way for the maturation of a separate poetic experience of melancholy that focuses on the existential dimension of melancholy as well as its physical symptoms. Romanticism intensifies the perception of melancholy as a sign of self-reflexivity that allows contemplation on the deepest aspects of existence and often symbolizes creative genius. It creates a context in which Cemil Bey can be read, like C. Baudelaire and W. Benjamin, who see themselves as residents of this unique field of subjectivity.

REVIEW of the textbook "Dzoban O. P. Philosophy of science: textbook. Kyiv-Odesa: Phoenix, 2024. 516 p.»

In the information age, when science has become a direct productive force, and the scientific and technical revolution is gaining an incredibly wide scope, the development of problems of methodology and logic of scientific research is considered one of the most urgent tasks. The continuous and constantly increasing flow of scientific research, a significant increase in the number of people engaged in science, modern professional activity in any social field requires specialists to have fundamental knowledge and skills in one form or another to creatively conduct research, use the achievements of science, and improve their qualifications. All this not only stimulates general interest in the problems of scientific knowledge, but also requires the understanding of science at the philosophical level.

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: EVOLUTION OF APPROACHES AND CURRENT SOCIOCULTURAL INTERPRETATIONS

The author of the article denotes social and ideological background, which highlights the necessity of studying the category of social responsibility. The vectors of studying social responsibility as a phenomenon of a complex structure are defined in the paper. Sociocultural development of a personality is seen as a phenomenon, which interprets the values of historically verified social and cultural experience of an individual along with his/her current life-purpose objectives.The paper offers a retrospective review of scientific concepts of how the term “social responsibility” appeared and was categorized. In the context of current studies social responsibility is seen as a transitionary definition, the content of which is constantly being transformed. It constitutes the object of study of many human sciences. Essential characteristics of the said phenomenon have been found on the philosophical level. The paper describes qualitative and quantitative showings of the processes aimed at realizing transformations, which overcome certain contradictions and transfigurations. The psychological research dwells upon ideas of personality development as a party in charge of an activity in the social environment, upon its positive position in interaction with others. Pedagogical studies highlight integrative structure of responsibility.Combination of Russian and foreign researchers' views on the essential understanding of the notion “responsibility” allows us to study the phenomenon as a crucial characteristic of a personality, which defines and determines one's success in education, creative activities, coming-of-age, development of professional skills. The authors also define the term of social responsibility and determine its features.The reference to the phenomenon of “culture” while studying the phenomenon of social responsibility, seeing the former as a human creation, instrument of elevation and unity of people, not only gives us the key to understanding the sociocultural nature of the phenomenon of social responsibility but also becomes a milestone in the process of searching for optimal solutions of the problem of developing social responsibility in a person.

Национальная специфика и классовое искусство: от многообразия к унитаризму

The article highlights one of the key moments in the formation of the North Caucasian peoples’ national literature in the process of their integration into the USSR’s shared cultural space. The author notes that, despite the unity of the socio-social and economic systems of the region, the proximity of their cultures, the systems of verbal creativity of the mountain peoples had their own specific features, manifested not only at the general philosophical and conceptual levels but also in the models of apperception themselves. On the examples of poetic texts by K. Khetagurova, B. Pacheva, K. Mechieva, the essence of the reflex transformation process is considered in sufficient detail and, convincingly, its specific techniques and mechanisms are determined. The departure from the plastic “textured” sensation leads to an organic understanding of ideological and respon-sible symbolism, anticipating the flourishing of national poetry within the boundaries of ethnical-ly authentic apperceptive models. The latter, in turn, received a complete and perfect expression, as in the work of K.Kuliyev, as well as in the poems of his followers, who developed sensitive, materialized ideas on a new, symbolic level of their interpretations.

The evolving hierarchy of naturalized philosophy: A metaphilosophical sketch

AbstractSome scholars claim that epistemology of science and machine learning are actually overlapping disciplines studying induction, respectively affected by Hume's problem of induction and its formal machine‐learning counterpart, the “no‐free‐lunch” (NFL) theorems, to which even advanced AI systems such as LLMs are not immune. Extending Kevin Korb's view, this paper envisions a hierarchy of disciplines where the lowermost is a basic science, and, recursively, the metascience at each level inductively learns which methods work best at the immediately lower level. Due to Hume's dictum and NFL theorems, no exact metanorms for the good performance of each object science can be obtained after just a finite number of levels up the hierarchy, and the progressive abstractness of each metadiscipline and consequent ill‐definability of its methods and objects makes science—as defined by a minimal standard of scientificity—cease to exist above a certain metalevel, allowing for a still rational style of inquiry into science that can be called “philosophical.” Philosophical levels, transitively reflecting on science, peculiarly manifest a non–empirically learned urge to self‐reflection constituting the properly normative aspect of philosophy of science.

The Judges Legal Reasoning on Child Welfare’s Perspective in the Hadanah Cases at Banten Religious Courts

This research analyzes the interpretation of the children welfare values in the juridical, sociological and philosophical perspective towards the judges legal reasoning in the hadanah cases at Banten Religious Courts. This research is classified as juridical normative research align with the qualitative descriptive data analysis towards the law approach as well as the Religious Courts Decision approach concerning the divorce and custody that had the legal impact for hadanah. The research result indicates that the hadanah cases decided by Judges legal reasoning at Banten Religious Court still tend to utilize the legal positivitistic considerations. Meanwhile, at the sociological level, it refers to the Article 5 of Law No. 48 of 2009 concerning Judicial Power stipulates that judges must explore, follow, and understand the legal values and society living law as as justice senses. The interpretation of this article depends on the custodian of hadanah towards the personality (morality) aspect. These includes moral and health aspects as well as the education and nurturing children opportunities aspects. Meanwhile, from the philosophical level, it is demonstrated by the law exploration derived from the Qur'an, Hadith, and fiqh principles that prioritize the children interests based on Maqasid al-Shariah.

Knowledge Integration in the Islamic Religious Education Study Program at STAIN Sultan Abdurrahman Kepulauan Riau

This research is motivated by the implementation of knowledge integration within the Islamic Religious Education Study Program at STAIN Sultan Abdurrahman, aiming to address the issue of dichotomy and the trend of knowledge development that leads to multi, inter, and transdisciplinary approaches. The research aims to analyze the implementation of knowledge integration in the Islamic Religious Education Study Program at STAIN Sultan Abdurrahman Kepulauan Riau. Employing a qualitative research design with an interpretative approach, the research subjects include the chairperson, secretary, and lecturers of the Islamic Religious Education Study Program at STAIN Sultan Abdurrahman Kepulauan Riau. Data collection is conducted through interviews, observations, and documentation. Data analysis is carried out descriptively with stages of condensation, display, conclusion drawing, and verification. The research findings reveal the following: Firstly, the rationale behind the implementation of knowledge integration is evident across multiple levels. At the paradigmatic level, this commitment is observed through the integration of knowledge via the program's vision, mission, and motto. The policy level is enacted through leadership regulations, while at the program level, implementation occurs solely through seminars hosted by STAIN Sultan Abdurrahman Kepulauan Riau. Notably, the Islamic Religious Education Study Program has not pursued comparable endeavors. Secondly, the implementation of knowledge integration is discerned through its practical implementation in education and teaching. However, a comprehensive analysis demonstrates that aspects of planning, execution, and learning assessment have yet to encompass the philosophical, material, methodological, and evaluative levels.

UN General Assembly Resolution 76/262 as a strengthening of the collective response to the use of the veto right in the UN Security Council

The article describes the legal nature of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 76/262 (A/76/L.52) entitled "Standing mandate for a General Assembly debate when a veto is cast in the Security Council", adopted on April 26, 2022. We have analyzed this topic due to its relevance and the emergence of a new procedure of the United Nations General Assembly, aimed at increasing of the transparency and accountability of the United Nations Security Council, as a result of the ineffective activity of the Security Council in crisis in which our world finds itself today, in particular due to armed conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, which have led to complex humanitarian consequences. Many states and scientists have been expressing their interest in the issue of Security Council reform for a long time. We deeply researched the Resolution which is the first in a long time and a significant legal instrument that changes the existing mechanism of the functioning of the United Nations and has revived the discussions on the need for a complete reform of the Security Council in accordance with Resolution 62/557 of December 15, 2008. The purpose of the article is an overview of the new Resolution 76/262, namely the reasons and expediency of its adoption, cases of application and its effectiveness in modern conditions. The methodological basis of the study are the following general scientific and special methods of cognition of legal phenomena: the method of the philosophical level – the dialectical method; empirical methods – comparative, observation and description methods; general logical methods – analysis, synthesis; specially-legal method. The article analyzes the main provisions of Resolution 76/262, the reasons for its adoption, examines cases of its application, and draws conclusions about the effectiveness of this resolution. We have differentiated the procedures provided for by Resolution 76/262 "Standing mandate for a General Assembly debate when a veto is cast in the Security Council" and Resolution 377 (V) "Uniting for Peace". We have reviewed the international legal conceptual foundations of the need to apply the resolution. The topic of reforming the United Nations against the backdrop of the current world security crisis is very important and relevant for further research by domestic scientists in order to formulate their own proposals, approaches and scientific justifications in the modern Ukrainian science of international public law, as well as for the scientific enlightenment of society in this of knowledge.

The Case for Multidisciplinary Frameworks for Developing Effective Solutions to Complex Human Problems: An Illustration Based on Development Education, Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Marketing

Education, especially development education (DE), and a number of socially focused disciplines, including corporate social responsibility (CSR) and social marketing (SM), have long been targeted by policy makers for deriving advice on the ‘wisdom’ of levelling up differences and addressing sources of disadvantages at individual, group and/or regional levels. Additionally, the combined wisdom of such disciplines can also be a great source of advice to effectively address perennial universal problems. This paper is conceptual in nature with a multidisciplinary outlook. It contrasts DE, CSR and SM, with the view to deriving common grounds as well as strengths and areas for further development that can produce more comprehensive explanations and solutions to social problems. Such inclusive, more comprehensive explanations would help advise social-cause-focused workers, including researchers, learners and policy makers, about how each discipline can contribute to the resolution of multifaceted problems, the so-called ‘wicked problems’, that each discipline may not be fully equipped to address. The method of analysis used is an adjusted version of critical discourse analysis. It is used to explore the disciplines at four levels, namely definitional, philosophical, methodological and performance levels, thus giving a comprehensive view of each discipline’s nature, philosophical outlook, methodology and perceived efficacy in achieving its aims. The derived arguments also benefitted from comments provided by seven experienced representatives from the three disciplines. Overall, the outcomes suggest a relative maturity of critical ability in DE but also more effective and efficient methodological and evaluative perspectives in CSR and SM. Although the outcome of the analysis is open for debate, it nevertheless suggests several opportunities for mutual learning at all four levels. The paper suggests a novel integrated ‘supra-level’ framework that may help workers, in these three areas of knowledge, gain valuable insights from each of the three disciplines and highlight valuable opportunities for capitalising on their respective strengths.

Have Courage to Use your Own Mind, with or without AI: The Relevance of Kant's Enlightenment to Higher Education in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education is a complex issue that can be discussed from many different perspectives. There is currently a great need for ethical discussions about the use of AI in universities. For example, educational researchers and teachers are already talking a lot about fairness, accountability, transparency, bias, autonomy, agency and inclusion of AI applications, and discussing these in terms of concrete teaching-learning settings. However, less explored are the implications of AI-enhanced teaching and learning in relation to fundamental educational ideals and goals. The article takes this research desideratum as a starting point by relating the use of AI in universities to Kant's reflections on enlightenment. The aim of this article is to theoretically analyse the compatibility of various AI tools with the ideal of maturity on an educational philosophical level and to formulate recommendations for action based on the results. Through a comprehensive literature review, the article analyses the impact of intelligent tutoring systems, ChatGPT and AI-supported research tools on students’ maturity and discusses both opportunities and challenges for higher education. The theoretical analysis shows that intelligent tutoring systems and ChatGPT threaten student maturity, while AI-supported research tools can have a positive effect. In addition, the analysis provides several recommendations that can help to minimise the risks of AI applications in terms of student maturity. The educational principle of research-based learning is of particular importance in this context, illustrating how students can learn to use AI tools responsibly and maturely. In this sense, the paper presents a theoretical study that fundamentally reflects on the maturity of students in the age of AI and thus both encourages teachers in the field of e-teaching to critically reflect on AI-based tools and provides a basis for further empirical research.

Peculiarities of teaching the players of the student mini-football team basic individual actions when picking up the ball

Mini-football is a unique, universal team game that requires every player to be as efficient as possible in both attack and defense. Among the many factors that affect the result of matches in mini-football, and, accordingly, the result of sports activities, there is no doubt the level of technical training of each team player. From our point of view, the issue of teaching the basic individual actions of the players of the student mini-soccer team when selecting the ball is extremely important and insufficiently studie. In the article, an attempt is made to reveal the peculiarities of training the players of the student mini-football team in such basic individual actions when picking up the ball as: defensive stance, walking, running, dashing, jumping, stopping.
 The purpose of the research is to reveal the peculiarities of teaching players of the student mini-football team basic individual actions when picking up the ball. The methodological basis of the research is a systematic and person-oriented approach with the aim of analyzing scientific publications and methodical sources, as well as analyzing basic individual defensive game actions and identifying important features of training players of the student mini-soccer team to individual actions when selecting the ball. The work uses a multi-level systematic analysis of scientific sources based on philosophical, general-scientific, partial-scientific and specific-scientific levels of knowledge.
 Scientific novelty. With the help of the conducted research, important features of teaching the players of the student mini- soccer team basic individual actions when picking up the ball were revealed. Conclusions. The question of the basic individual actions of players when selecting the ball in mini-football is important and insufficiently studied. During the study, the peculiarities of learning the following basic individual actions of the players of the student team when picking up the ball in mini-football were revealed: defensive stance, walking, running, dashing, jumping, stopping.

REBT와 MBCT의 비교 연구

The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between MBCT (Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy) and REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy) theories by comparing them, and to provide theoretical basis for counselors dealing with various psychological problems to apply appropriately in the field. For this purpose, this study reviewed previous studies based on REBT and MBCT theories, compared and analyzed the core concepts of the theories and the characteristics of counseling and programs, and examined the domestic research trends of the last 10 years. The conclusions are as follows: First, both theories emphasize self-acceptance and caution against critical judgment. Second, they utilize a cognitive approach that recognizes the influence of personal thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes on emotions and behaviors. Third, they emphasize therapeutic change at a fundamental philosophical level. Fourth, they highlight the importance of presenting tasks to encourage self-therapy and self-help. Fifth, they approach the effectiveness of the therapy process psychologically and educationally. The implications drawn from the research trends of REBT and MBCT are as follows: First, the value of REBT as an integrative theory is proven. Second, programs integrating REBT with other therapies can help students in their academics and school life. Third, the development and efficacy of group counseling programs based on REBT have been demonstrated. Fourth, practical theories, tools, and qualitative analysis of experiences necessary for REBT counseling provide help to counselors. Fifth, research related to REBT supervision helps counselors develop their competencies. Sixth, MBCT not only prevents depression but also has positive effects on reducing anxiety and suicidal thoughts. This study is significant in that it contributes to the clinical application and advancement of cognitive behavioral therapy in Korea by comparing and analyzing REBT and MBCT, clarifying their relationship, and understanding research trends.

Kong Yingda, Cheng Xuanying, and Their “Others”: A Synchronic Contextualization of Visions of the Sage

The early medieval period saw the spread of Buddhism from India into China and the development of Daoism as a religious institution. By the early Tang dynasty, Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism were referred to as the three teachings, and had developed separate institutions; representatives of the three teachings were competing at court for patronage and influence. This paper probes the extent to which the institutionalization of these three teachings as separate, often competing, entities is mirrored at the philosophical level and attempts to delineate the fault lines of philosophical contention among them. Scholarship on Daoist chongxuan philosophy, as it developed in early Tang Changan, documents Daoists’ utilization of Buddhist concepts and terminologies, implying shared discourses. This paper extends this investigation to include Confucianism, focusing on excerpts from two texts written in early seventh-century Changan: the Confucian Zhouyi zhengyi and the Daoist Daode jing yishu, as a case study for a synchronic contextualization across the boundaries of the teachings. Analyzing explicit demarcation discourses and intertextual occurrences of specific terminologies, the paper juxtaposes the Daoist and Confucian conceptualizations of the “sage who embodies Dao”. Through this analysis, the paper explores shared discourses and demarcations in philosophical thought among the three teachings, emphasizing the complexity of fault lines in philosophical arguments, which resist simplistic alignment with sectarian affiliations.