Free Will Research Articles

An Effective Investments System in the Optimal Portfolio Selection Intelligence (OPSI)

Abstract The optimal portfolio selection problem is investigated in fundamentals of higher order moments. The returns behavior frequently skewed and in excess kurtosis, along with investors’ preferences set new grounds of discussion. Higher order moments, than the kurtosis, will offer further information on investors. A more complex problem arises, of higher flexibility, non-convexity, in unlimited scale fitted to portfolio optimization. The principal problem of Free Will is thus answered, with emphasis on investors. We discuss the OPSI model introducing three hybrid neuro-genetic models of numerous topologies and one regression. Firstly the Radial Basis Function Networks-RBF are in 40 hybrid forms and 10 RBF Neural Nets whilst the results are compared to 50 Time-Lag Recurrent Network-TLRN Hybrids topologies, 10 on the MultiLayer Perceptron-MLP Neural Nets, and the Bayesian Logistic Regression-BLR, to define the most competitive methods in asset allocation and corporate evaluation. New solutions are offered under specific hybrids whilst portfolio efficiency is either evolutionary or intelligent. Introducing the parameters of financial health, we propose the advanced expected utility function filtering noise. The problem of wealth maximisation is transformed to a preferential combination on gain and loss. The TLRN hybrid networks are a very efficient and reliable model on portfolio selection. The OPSI model offers a competitive approach in efficient portfolio selection, protecting the investor from systematic exposure. In the investors Free Will problem, the answer is that Logic is dynamic linearly but adjusting to the environment overrides new challenges of superior potentials than the linear series of events. It is consistent to the maximisation of utility and investors’ welfare.

Did God Cause the World by an Act of Free Will, According to Aristotle? A Reading Based on Thomistic Insights

Did God Cause the World by an Act of Free Will, According to Aristotle? A Reading Based on Thomistic Insights

The Impact of a Psychological Counselling Program on Unconscious Conflicts and Free Will among Coaches of Selected Athletic Disciplines

هدف البحث إلى بناء مقياسين تخصصين للنزاعات اللاشعورية وحرية الإرادة لمدربي بعض ألعاب القوى والتعرف على مستوى كل منهما لديهم، وإعداد برنامج إرشادي نفسي مستند لرفع مستوى الحالات اللاشعورية وحرية الإرادة للمدربين الذين يعانون من انخفاض مستوى النزاعات اللاشعورية وحرية الإرادة، والتعرف على تأثير البرنامج الإرشادي نفسي في النزاعات اللاشعورية وحرية الإرادة لدى مدربي بعض ألعاب القوى، لتفترض بذلك الباحثة بإنه توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية بين نتائج الاختبارات القبلية والبعدية لقياس النزاعات اللاشعورية وحرية الإرادة لدى عينة البحث، وأعتمد المنهج التجريبي بتصميم المجموعة التجريبية الواحدة على عينة بلغت (11) مدرباً من مدربي أندية ألعاب القوى للموسوم الرياضي (2023/2024) اختيروا عمدياً بالطريقة الإجرائية بنسبة (7.7692%) من مجتمع البحث، كما أختير عشوائياً للعينة الإستطلاعية (6) مدربين يمثلون ما نسبته (4.196%) من مجتمع البحث، كذلك أختير المتبقي منهم البالغ عددهم (126) مدرباً لعينة التحليل الإحصائي الخاصة ببناء المقياسين وهم يمثلون ما نسبته (88.112%) من مجتمع البحث، وبعد إتمام بناء المقياسين بالإجراءات المنهجية والمعالجات الإحصائية، تم إعداد (12) جلسة تم تطبيقها بمعدل جلستين في الأسبوع الواحد، ليستمر تطبيق البرنامج الإرشادي النفسي الرياضي (6) أسابيع في تجربة البحث للمدة الممتدة من (7/1/2024) ولغاية (15/2/2024) وبعد الانتهاء منها تم معالجة النتائج بنظام SPSS، لتكون الإستخلاصات والتطبيقات بإن مقياسي النزاعات اللاشعوية وحرية الإرادة لمدربي ألعاب القوى يصلحان لِما أعدا لهما ويتمتعان بالأُسس والمعاملات العلمية لأدوات القياس السايكومترية في علم النفس الرياضي، ويلائمان خصوصية المدربين، وإن إعداد البرنامج الإرشادي النفسي المستند لزيادة المستوى المطلوب للنزاعات اللاشعوية وحرية الإرادة يلائم مدربي أندية ألعاب القوى، ويساعد تطبيق البرنامج الإرشادي النفسي في زيادة النزاعات اللاشعوية المطلوبة وزيادة مستوى حرية الإرادة العقلانية الملائمة لطبيعة عمل مدربي أندية ألعاب القوى، ومن الضروري الأهتمام بمراعاة الحالة النفسية لمدربي ألعاب القوى غير الطبيعية والتركيز على معالجتها إرشادياً لِما لهذهِ المشكلات النفسية من إنعكاسات سلبية تجاه اللاعبين، ومن الضروري بإن يكون إعداد البرامج الإرشادية النفسية التي تعنى بتنمية مستوى النزاعات اللاشعوية المطلوبة وحرية الإرادة العقلانية للمدربين مبنية على القياس السايكومتري لهاتين الظاهرتين وتضمين مفاهيم علم النفس الرياضي في جلساتها الإرشادية لما لها من مردودات إيجابية على الحالة النفسية والإنفعالية للمدربين. وهذا ما يحقق احد اهداف التنمية المستدامة للامم المتحدة في العراق (التعليم الجيد).

Degree with Comparison of Freedom of Will

This article explores the idea of "Freedom of Will" from a philosophical viewpoint, comparing key theories like Fatalism, Determinism, Indeterminism, and Self-Determinism. It starts with the age-old question: are humans truly free to make their own choices, or is everything in life already decided? The article looks at this debate by examining how fate and freedom interact. Drawing from Western philosophy, it discusses ideas from famous thinkers such as Plato, Aristotle, and Locke, showing how they contributed to the understanding of free will. It also includes insights from Islamic philosophy, focusing on the Jabariya and Qadariya schools of thought, and how they view the balance between divine control and human freedom, supported by Quranic interpretations and scholarly analysis. The article goes further by looking at how free will plays out in real life-within families, societies, and political systems-where people’s freedom is often limited by external pressures. It also touches on the link between free will and morality, suggesting that true freedom should come with a sense of responsibility to do what is right. In conclusion, the article compares different views on free will, pointing out their strengths and weaknesses. It emphasizes the need for a balance between personal freedom and social responsibility, highlighting how understanding free will shapes our lives and communities.

The Grief/Faith Relationship and the Disabling Effect of Unresolved Grief

The emotional trauma of grief can be disabling. The Biblical story of Ruth and Naomi is a metaphor for better understanding the relationship between grief and faith. The grief/faith relationship will be examined from several different points of view. This article will explore the theory and hypothesis of whether or not a person involved in an active Christian life will experience a strengthening of their faith because of the grief/faith relationship. The research method used to gain information about the grief/faith relationship was Thomas Groom’s shared Christian praxis. First Baptist Church, Augusta, Georgia (USA) has for 26 years (1998) conducted Grief Ministry Workshops. In these workshops, participants share about their grief/faith story through writing and verbally engaging in group dialogue. The information gathered from these many years of ministering to and consulting with these workshop participants has been very beneficial to examining the influence grief has on faith and faith has on grief. This article will address the Biblical and Theological interpretation of the grief/faith relationship, as well as the Psychological and Sociological dimensions of grief and faith. The concept of Reframing grief will be discussed in detail. Theodicy and Free Will are theological issues that have a major influence of grief. These concepts will be explored as they impact the grief/faith relationship. The article will conclude with a critical analysis of whether or not the shared Christian praxis approach is an effective method in gathering the needed information for a study of the grief/faith relationship

The Life of a Free Will Skeptic Is Still Meaningful and Satisfactory

Belief in free will has been shown to positively associate with socially desirable behaviors and outcomes, such as meaning and satisfaction. However, studies have not focused exclusively on the beliefs of incompatibilist free will skeptics. Such skeptics may have different interpretations about what it means to disbelieve in free will than participants typically classified as free will disbelievers. Across three studies including a manipulation (total N = 620), the research examined the relationship between belief in free will and meaning and satisfaction in incompatibilist free will skeptics. Studies 1 and 2 found no differences in meaning and satisfaction between incompatibilist free will skeptics and participants believing more strongly in free will. Study 3 found that participants manipulated to disbelieve in free will perceived life to be significantly less meaningful and satisfactory than incompatibilist free will skeptics. Moreover, incompatibilist free will skeptics did not perceive life to be less meaningful and satisfactory than a control condition possessing significantly stronger belief in free will. Therefore, the negative outcomes associated with weaker belief in free will may not be applicable to all free will disbelievers. Although a life full of meaning and satisfaction is important for well-being, believing in free will is not, at least not for some, an important contributor.

APPLICATION OF ISLAMIC BUSINESS ETHICS IN PRODUCTION FOR MSMEs AT UINFAS BENGKULU CANTEEN

This research analyzes the application of Islamic business ethics in production at Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the canteen of Fatmawati Sukarno State Islamic University (UINFAS) Bengkulu. The aim of this research is to explore how the principles of Islamic business ethics are applied in production practices as well as the challenges faced by MSMEs in the campus environment. The method used is qualitative research with a descriptive approach, involving interviews and direct observation. The research results show that the UINFAS canteen has implemented the five principles of Islamic business ethics: the Principles of Tauhid, Honesty, Justice, Free Will, and Responsibility. Although the application of this ethic has a positive impact on the reputation and competitiveness of MSMEs, there are challenges such as employee awareness and limited resources. It is hoped that this research will provide insight for business actors about the importance of ethics in business and its contribution to the welfare of society.

Bridging the Mackie–Plantinga Debate on Evil with Ibn Arabi’s Metaphysics

This study examines how Ibn Arabi’s metaphysics can address key challenges in the contemporary philosophical debate on the problem of evil. John Mackie famously argues that the existence of an omnibenevolent and omnipotent God is logically incompatible with the existence of evil, suggesting that theism must relinquish one of these divine attributes to resolve this contradiction. Alvin Plantinga, through his Free Will Defense, demonstrates that no logical contradiction undermines the coherence of the theistic conception of God. Although Mackie concedes this point, he contends that Plantinga’s defense does not sufficiently explain why God permits evil. With the resolution of the logical problem of evil, the evidential problem has gained prominence in the theistic debate, where Plantinga’s defense remains inadequate. While Plantinga invites theists to explore potential theological reasons for God’s allowance of evil, he acknowledges that this approach may not yield strong philosophical results. In contrast, Ibn Arabi’s metaphysical framework offers a more comprehensive solution. By integrating ontology, epistemology, and metaphysics to establish a coherent relationship between God, the universe, and humanity, Ibn Arabi renders Mackie’s logical critique irrelevant. Furthermore, his approach fills the gaps left by Plantinga’s defense, offering a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between God and evil.

Manipulation Cases in Free Will and Moral Responsibility, Part 1: Cases and Arguments.

A common style of argument in the literature on free will and moral responsibility is the Manipulation Argument. These tend to begin with a case of an agent in a deterministic universe who is manipulated, say, via brain surgery, into performing some action. Intuitively, this agent is not responsible for that action. Yet, since there is no relevant difference, with respect to whether an agent is responsible, between the manipulated agent and a typical agent in a deterministic universe, responsibility is not compatible with the truth of determinism. This paper introduces some key types of manipulation cases, the schema for a manipulation argument against compatibilism, the hard-line/soft-line categories of responses to manipulation arguments, and various issues that have become important in discussions of manipulation cases and arguments.

Free Will, Work Motivation and Optimism

This study investigated the relationship between beliefs in free will, work motivation, and optimism in a sample of 54 employed adults. A 45-item questionnaire, which included the Free Will subscale of the FAD-Plus, the Work Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Scale (WEIMS), and the Optimism and Pessimism Scale (OPS-C), was used to determine whether belief in free will is linked to higher levels of motivation and a more optimistic outlook. The results indicated a moderate, positive correlation between free will beliefs and work motivation (r = 0.2815, p < 0.05), indicating that individuals who perceive themselves as autonomous and in control of their actions tend to be more motivated in their work. However, the relationship between free will beliefs and optimism were weak and non-significant (r = 0.1745, p = 0.206944), suggesting that free will may not directly impact an individuals optimism.

TRANSGRESSION, DESTINY AND FREE WILL

TRANSGRESSION, DESTINY AND FREE WILL

The Many Faces of Birthing Freedom

Abstract What would birth be like in a feminist world? In this essay, I explore this question, asking what feminist freedom means in relation to birthing. Engaging in an imaginative inquiry that is rooted in respect for plurality, I explore the multifaceted dimensions of what we, as feminists, are fighting for in relation to birth. Building on a diverse array of feminist theories and philosophies of freedom (including the work of Simone de Beauvoir, Drucilla Cornell, and Marilyn Frye) and inspired by the work of Iris Marion Young on the five faces of oppression, I outline five faces of birthing freedom, namely: (1) freedom from oppression, (2) freedom to labor, (3) freedom to be-in-relation, (4) freedom from violence, and (5) freedom to imagine. I argue that these faces are all necessary conditions for the realization of birthing freedom. At the same time, the five faces of birth freedom that I outline here are only provisional and are grounded in my specific standpoint. My approach recognizes plurality and is not meant to be exhaustive but rather hopes to spark imaginings, invite extensions and revisions, and initiate conversations.

Assessing the measurement invariance of Free Will and Determinism Plus scale across four languages: a registered report.

Free will is assumed to be the core of an individual's self-concept. Belief in free will has been studied extensively and was found to be correlated with many behavioural and psychological outcomes. Although developed and validated in the West, the Free will and Determinism Plus (FAD-Plus) scale has been translated, used, and interpreted as a measurement of free will beliefs in multiple cultures. However, the cross-cultural measurement invariance of FAD-Plus has not been examined. Given the cultural differences in understanding the concept of 'free will', items of FAD-Plus may have different interpretations in different cultures, which may compromise its cross-cultural measurement invariance. To provide empirical evidence for the lack of cross-cultural measurement invariance, we collected data in China and analyzed these data together with open datasets of FAD-Plus in three other languages: Japanese, French and English. We only found partial measurement invariance between the Chinese and English datasets, as well as the Japanese and English datasets. These results provided the first assessment of cross-cultural measure invariance of FAD-Plus. We discussed the potential implications of the current study for future studies in the field.

Folk Intuitions About Free Will and Moral Responsibility: Evaluating the Combined Effects of Misunderstandings About Determinism and Motivated Cognition.

In this study, we conducted large-scale experiments with novel descriptions of determinism. Our goal was to investigate the effects of desires for punishment and comprehension errors on people's intuitions about free will and moral responsibility in deterministic scenarios. Previous research has acknowledged the influence of these factors, but their total effect has not been revealed. Using a large-scale survey of Japanese participants, we found that the failure to understand causal determination (intrusion) has limited effects relative to other factors and that the conflation of determinism and epiphenomenalism (bypassing) has a significant influence, even when controlling for other variables. This leads to the increased prevalence of incompatibilist responses. Furthermore, our results demonstrated a close association between the attribution of free will/responsibility and retributive desire. While further research is needed to establish the causal relationship between these factors, this association is consistent with Cory Clark and colleagues' study that increased desire contributes to increased compatibilist responses and their claim that a definitive intuition about free will may be elusive.

Митрополит Антоний (Храповицкий) между Кантом и французским спиритуализмом

Today there is no need to prove the importance of I. Kant’s ideas for Russian religious-philosophical thought. A considerable amount of serious recent academic research confirms this obvious truth. At the same time, the field of Russian academic theology is much less developed in this respect, although Kant’s presence in it, both as an opponent demanding an answer from the “theological faculty” and as a source of fruitful ideas, is no less obvious. In particular, Metropolitan Anthony Khrapovitsky’s extramural dialogue with Kant remains unexplored to this day. Meanwhile, as early as in his master’s thesis “Psychological Evidence in favour of Free Will” Anthony devotes an entire chapter to criticism of Kant's “Critiques”, and later, in his articles of the 90s, he addresses Kant’s “Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason”. This work attracted the attention of Russian theologians more than once. In particular, an answer to Kant’s Christological challenge was already sought by St Innocent of Kherson. Relying by default on his work, however, Metropolitan Anthony concentrates more on an attempt to complete the Kantian idea of moral duty with the idea of love as a divine power that wills and transforms the world. Here he finds unexpected, at first glance, allies in the person of the French spiritualists Ch. Secrétan and A. Fouillée. The latter, in their turn, relied to a considerable extent in their philosophical constructions on French Augustinianism of the 17th century with its ideas of pure or selfless love, ideas that were peculiarly refracted in the autonomous morality of Kant himself. As a result, in the Christological concept of redemptive compassionate love proposed by Metropolitan Anthony, we recognise the ideas of Bl. Augustine, the forefather of Modern philosophy, which have gone through many philosophical iterations.

Democracy and freedom from the point of view of karls poper

This study deals with the philosophy of freedom and democracy by Karl Popper. Popper discusses the causes of the emergence of establishing a government from the perspective of democracy and freedom of elections. The main issue of the study is whether the emergence of government depends of man’s ability, and freedom and security of society. Popper believes that all the individuals are equal in front of the law because the legal states do not differentiate among the individuals who are equal in origin, language, culture, and gender. The state should also defend the land and control the military and economic sources. The democracy which is a political system depending on using rationality in politics or any other field needs an open society as political parties are tools for establishing governments. Popper believes that the wider the freedom is, it will be better for the government. Popper talks about democracy that no government is established without freedom and democracy. A dictator is a person who can be a president and calls for democracy and freedom of expression, but he rejects the other types of democracy because democracy has been known for rejecting dictatorship. In noocracy system, authority is given to a person, not for all, thus a president isn’t selected. To achieve secure and stable society, the government uses two types of elections, they are in the society and in the parliament. However, parliamentary elections are the most important ones topple the dictatorship without blood shedding.

Commentary: Stumbling upon Indirect Self-Enhancement in Free Will Beliefs

Commentary: Stumbling upon Indirect Self-Enhancement in Free Will Beliefs

Stumbling upon Indirect Self-Enhancement in Free Will Beliefs

Stumbling upon Indirect Self-Enhancement in Free Will Beliefs

Should I be held responsible for what I believe：A Comprehensive Analysis Based on Free Will and Determinism

Personal belief in responsibility has triggered extensive philosophical and moral discussions in contemporary society. The question, “Should I be responsible for what I believe?” is related to the core of two philosophy theories: free will and determinism. This theoretical discussion profoundly affects the judgment criteria of law, morality, and personal behavior. In order to better analyze this problem, this paper discusses each of the four cases and argues that there will be different answers to this question in different cases. Comprehensively, this article emphasizes that individuals should consider the rationality and universality of things before generating ideas and making corresponding behaviors, and avoid behaviors that are harmful to individuals or others as much as possible. People should be responsible for their beliefs and behaviors, especially when the behaviors will impact other people.

Kant’s Early Critics on Freedom of the Will ed. by Jörg Noller and John Walsh (review)

Kant’s Early Critics on Freedom of the Will ed. by Jörg Noller and John Walsh (review)