Field Of Philosophy Research Articles

Cultural scientific school development of the Odesa National A. V. Nezhdanova Academy of Music

The article presents an overview of the current state of cultural studies of the Department of Theoretical and Applied Cultural Studies of the Odesa National A. V. Nezhdanova Academy of Music (ONMA), as well as an overview of modern scientific cultural studies of the mentioned higher educational institution. The purpose of the research is to determine the perspectives and directions of cultural studies of the Department of Theoretical and Applied Cultural Studies of the National Academy of Sciences. Research methods. To achieve the goal, general scientific and special methods were used, including: historical-cultural, structural-functional, analytical and informational to establish the specifics of cultural research works of ONMA scholars. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the comprehensive analysis of the problems of applied cultural studies of the Department of Theoretical and Applied Cultural Studies of the leading higher educational institution of arts of the Odesa National A. V. Nezhdanova Academy of Music, which develops cultural studies in the musical aspect. Conclusions. Using the example of the department of theoretical and practical cultural studies of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, we traced how cultural studies transforms from an abstract philosophical field to a scientific and practical one. This opinion is based on a review of candidate's theses, which trace the movement towards applied cultural studies, which fully reflects the features of the modern state of scientific practice. The interdisciplinary nature of the field opens up great potential for a flexible understanding of cultural practices.

Editors’ Word

2024 is a special year for our Kantian journal. It marks the 300th anniversary of Kant’s birth, with many events around the world honouring Immanuel Kant’s work, which is still highly influential today. The all-embracing nature of his philosophy, which covers all philosophical fields, and, in particular, the visionary character of his philosophical thinking, are still admired, encouraging Kant’s readers to consider his work in more detail and providing stimuli for our current era. This edition pays tribute to Immanuel Kant as one of the world’s most important philosophers. Furthermore, it evokes the memory of Clélia Aparecida Martins, Brazilian Kant scholar and translator who died 10 years ago this year. In addition to this, 2024 commemorates the 20th anniversary since the inception of the Colóquios Kant ‘Clélia Martins’, which bears her name.

Rethinking 'family': A call for conceptual amelioration.

The modern concept of 'family' in the United States recognizes many types of social groups as families, a conceptual shift which was largely helped along by advancements in assisted reproductive technologies enabling those formerly unable to biologically reproduce to have children, as well as by social movements aimed at garnering recognition for these emergent nonbiologically related social groups spearheaded by LGBTQ+ and adoption activists. That these social groups are now recognized as types of families is unquestionably an improvement to the concept, though there are still defects in the concept that preclude these nonnuclear families from achieving the same social-ontological status as nuclear families. Drawing from the nascent philosophical field of conceptual engineering, I analyze our current conception of 'family' and argue that it is tacitly exclusionary of nonnuclear families, which can be attributed to a combination of widespread genetic essentialism and linguistic practices that unduly cast the nuclear family as a more desirable type of family by emphasizing genetic relatedness as a valuable quality. I then offer proposals to ameliorate these defects, such as educational interventions to reduce genetic essentialism and the introduction of new terminology that does not connote one type of family as being superior to another. In doing so, my hope is to reveal and begin to resolve an overlooked defect in the concept of 'family' in order to bolster the movement to view all families as equal.

Aproximación bioética a la definición de persona a través del diagnóstico de muerte encefálica global. Importancia en el ámbito de los trasplantes de órganos

The acceptance of the diagnosis of death based on neurological criteria (brain death) was not quickly or unanimously accepted by the scientific community, nor by the philosophical world. The persistence of biological activity in the corporeality of human beings in brain death has served to refute this concept in the medical, anthropological and philosophical fields. In this study, characteristics of the different hierarchical levels of living organisms are established, focusing mainly on the uniqueness of complex biological structures (organic biotope), human corporality, and the person. A series of characteristics of each of these levels are described and it is evident how in the remaining corporality after brain death all the characteristics of the person have disappeared (rationality, self-awareness, moral conduct, freedom, manifestation, project). , identity of person, immanence of person, transcendence of person culmination, etc.) and exclusive of it. In a situation of whole brain death, only those characteristics that are inherent to it but comparable to what we could find in other developed living beings remain in the body, with those characteristics exclusive to the person having disappeared. It can be concluded that the irreversible cessation of all intrinsically neurological functions of the entire brain (whole brain death) is the death of the person due to the disappearance of all those essential and exclusive characteristics of the person, leaving only the activity of the organic biotope and human corporality.

The Future of the Philosophy of Work

ABSTRACTWork has always been a significant source of ethical questions, philosophical reflection, and political struggle. Although the future of work in a sense is always at stake, the issue is particularly relevant right now, in light of the advent of advanced AI systems and the collective experience of the COVID‐19 pandemic. This has reinvigorated philosophical discussion and interest in the study of the future of work. The purpose of this survey article is to provide an overview of the emerging philosophical field that engages with the future of work, with a special focus on equality and justice, and to outline a research agenda that can help the field to develop further. Section 2 provides some historical context for the current surge in interest in the topic. Then, we discuss what work is and whether there is a philosophy of work (Section 3). The four main sub‐debates we then turn to concern the value of work (Section 4), distributive justice and work (Section 5), productive justice (Section 6), and institutional reforms prompted by changes in how work is organized (Section 7). The final section discusses the importance of the distinction between ideal and non‐ideal theory in philosophical investigations into the future of work.

«Собирание существования» как один из осевых мотивов творчества Б. Пастернака и Р.М. Рильке

The article deals with the motivic paradigm of “collecting / packing existence” in the work of B. Pasternak. The study aims to determine its role in the lyrical and philosophical concept of the poet and to identify its structure and connection with the creative system of R.M. Rilke. In the first part of the study, the motif of “collecting existence” appears as one of the basic Pasternak motifs. Further — as a point of contact between the creative concepts of Pasternak and Rainer Maria Rilke. That is how the paradigm forms an intersystem metatext. Rilke’s metatext is also conceptual and relates to the philosophical system of S. Kierkegaard, respected by both poets. Then, based on the analysis of the sub-paradigms of the motif of “collecting existence” in the work of B. Pasternak, it is proved that the paradigm has one of the essential roles in revealing autosystem metatext character of his lyrics, artistic, journalistic, and epistolary prose and forms a poetic and philosophical field. Its repeated reproduction in different genres implements an existential understanding of time and the objectness of the world. It combines the motifs of specific actions, such as collecting cars on the train, things on the road, and people in crowds and gatherings, and imaginative motifs: a collection of abstract realities in man, time, space, and the realities of nature into a picture of the world, both an instantaneous one and imprinted in art for centuries.

The critical dimension of Brandom’s normative pragmatism

For all of Brandom’s self-professed allegiance to Hegel, there is something perplexing about his fixation on semantic and epistemological issues at the expense of the type of social and political considerations that are at the heart of Hegel’s system. However, and although Brandom himself concedes that his work is circumscribed to a number of highly specialized and technical issues in the philosophy of mind and language, the truth is that his views often radiate to other philosophical fields, if not always explicitly. My claim in this article is that at the heart of Brandom’s semantic theory, there are elements of a critical project, one that offers a normative standpoint to judge and improve our current practices. Moreover, these progressive features of Brandom’s normative pragmatics should be seen in the light of his adoption of a series of hermeneutic themes, ultimately culminating in his recollective conception of rationality and his edifying view of semantics.

Philosophical dietetics and symposium literature

This article is part of the research project INICIO-2022-18. "Dietetics. Historical Phenomenology of Eating and Epistemology of Culinary Taste” funded by the Vice-Rector for Research of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Dietetics is a fertile philosophical field to investigate the material conditions of the contemporary subject. It is not limited to moral philosophy or the aesthetics of taste, since most contemporary moral debates separate dietetics from the ethics of care. This consideration prevents dietetics from being conceived as a critical reflection on food as a philosophical problem. If dietetics was historically a philosophical discipline that was dedicated to theoretical reflection between ethics, aesthetics and food, contemporary practical philosophy forgot these topics as it considered them "minor" problems, problems of technical solution ---not normative---, or problems with little philosophical performance. Therefore, the rehabilitation of dietetics as a philosophical discipline is based on the assumption that the question of the correct diet and the way of life have been philosophically associated with each other.

LA SPECIALE NATURA DEI SOGNI E I DIRITTI DEGLI ANIMALI NEI <em>TRÄUME</em> DI JOHANN GOTTLOB KRÜGER (1754)

Without a doubt, the issue of animal rights has now become part of the socio-cultural perspective in a much stronger moral and legal sense than in the past, in the wake of the “animal turn” of the early 90s of the last century. One aspect that has been most debated since ancient times is, however, whether animals have a soul and whether the lack of speech can be considered a symptom of a completely inferior capacity for reasoning. The era of the European Enlightenment certainly showed a peak of interest in this debate, especially on the basis of scientific experiments carried out on animals, but also on the basis of reflections on the natural law of living beings. In Germany, as part of the medical studies in Halle, Johann Gottlob Krüger distinguished himself for having grasped the importance of the considerations - albeit sometimes paradoxical - that had emerged in the context of several interdisciplinary symposiums held in Leipzig at the beginning of the years’ 40 of the eighteenth century on the theme of the soul of animals. The classical philologist Johann Heinrich Winkler had published them later, in 1745, in a volume entitled Philosophische Untersuchungen von dem Seyn und Wesen der Seelen der Thiere […], already preceded by another from 1742, dedicated to a similar topic. The point of interest, however, consists in the particular literary strategy with which Krüger returns these debates of an academic nature, taking advantage of the register of satire to make animals and men and animals of various species interact with each other. In the fictitious dimension of the dream, in which the Hallense physician situates these disputes, it is possible to retrace the various theoretical stages that in the philosophical field accompanied the development of the vexata quaestio relating to the soul of animals, reviewing the positions of Girolamo Rorario (1485-1556), of the surgeon Girolamo Fabrici d’Acquapendente (1533-1619), of Montaigne (1533-1592), of Descartes (1596-1650) and of the iatroteologist Michael Alberti (1682-1757). What matters most, however, are the absurd theoretical justifications that human thought pushes to legitimize its unfair attitude towards the animal world, well highlighted in Krüger’s literary dreams.

A Gadamerian approach to nursing: Merging philosophy with practice.

Philosophy is commonly criticized for being too abstract and detached from practical spheres. Upon chronicling how philosophy has gained this reputation, the authors explore the philosophical fields of phenomenology and hermeneutics that have explicitly attempted to merge philosophy with everyday life contexts. In recent decades, phenomenology and hermeneutics have been applied to healthcare. In the realm of nursing, Patricia Benner's nursing theory is especially informed by phenomenology, which is briefly explored through her relationship with one of her mentors, the philosopher Hubert Dreyfus. The authors then turn their attention to Hans-Georg Gadamer's philosophy in an attempt to mine concepts relevant to the practice of nursing. Gadamer juxtaposed the human sciences from the natural sciences and thought that both needed different approaches: whereas natural sciences are guided by episteme, that is, universal knowledge, human sciences are guided by phronesis, that is, practical wisdom. Gadamer's philosophy is especially helpful in understanding how to cultivate phronesis in nursing wherein a nurse relies upon one's clinical experience to masterfully navigate each unique patient relationship. Nurses must serve as authorities in the realm of healthcare but also be open to the authority of their patients, who ultimately choose their course of treatment in our contemporary era of patient autonomy. Gadamer's philosophy can help us understand why phronesis requires not only practice but also reflection on that practice to be appropriately cultivated. The authors apply this to the realm of nursing in showing how both practice-clinically and via simulation-and reflection-through journaling or dialogue-are necessary for phronesis to emerge.

Avicenna's Theory of Science: Logic, Metaphysics, Epistemology by Riccardo Strobino

Reviewed by: Avicenna's Theory of Science: Logic, Metaphysics, Epistemology by Riccardo Strobino Thérèse-Anne Druart Riccardo Strobino. Avicenna's Theory of Science: Logic, Metaphysics, Epistemology. Oakland: University of California Press, 2021. Pp. xvi + 428. Hardback, $95.00. Strobino's remarkable book does not simply present Avicenna's theory of science; it also highlights the importance of demonstration not only for logic but also for metaphysics and epistemology. Hence, Strobino's work is essential to appreciate and better understand Avicenna's philosophy as a whole. Strobino grounds his research on Avicenna's theory of science in his Book of Demonstration in the Shifā', which focuses on Aristotle's Posterior Analytics. Taking into account the lack of any translation into English or any other main modern language as well as the lack of a full medieval Latin translation (only chapter 7 of book 3 exists in a medieval Latin version) of Avicenna's text, Strobino kindly provides in appendix C (357–71) a detailed "map" of this text, useful not only to readers who cannot handle Arabic but even to those who can, as the [End Page 326] text is so rich and complex. A simple but careful look at this map confirms what Strobino makes clear and insists upon: Avicenna greatly develops, enriches, completes, and even outgrows some of Aristotle's views. The Book of Demonstration is far more than a commentary on the Posterior Analytics; it is a complete reworking of it. Strobino shows that Avicenna grounds his theory of demonstration and science on two basic notions—conception (tasawwur) and assertion (tasdīq, which some other scholars translate as "assent")—and so gives a unified approach to his theory. Scientific conceptions require better understanding of definition and description. Avicenna builds definitions and descriptions on essentialism and, therefore, grounds them in metaphysics. As for scientific assertions, in contradistinction to nonscientific ones, they must be necessary and give the cause. Therefore, Avicenna places great importance on modality and develops modal syllogisms, whereas Aristotle focused on categorical syllogisms and neglected hypothetical and disjunctive syllogisms. Avicenna also elaborates a sophisticated account of modality and its metaphysical implications. Furthermore, he broadens and enriches the appreciation of causality and explanation. These developments, according to Strobino, lead Avicenna to set forth an intricate division and hierarchy of the sciences under metaphysics, which provides their ultimate principles and allows for a unified understanding of the sciences while respecting their particularities. According to Strobino, Avicenna is keen to develop a theory of science that gives a good account of science as it is practiced. Strobino carefully shows how Avicenna's theory better reflects this practice than does Aristotle's. Strobino does not simply highlight how much Avicenna distances himself from Aristotle and goes far beyond what the Posterior Analytics yields, but also shows how much Avicenna relies on points adumbrated by his predecessor al-Fārābī in his own Book of Demonstration. The way Strobino through his analysis of demonstration links Avicenna's understanding of logic, epistemology, and metaphysics underscores the coherence and unity of Avicenna's philosophy. Scholars were aware of the importance of demonstration for Avicenna in various philosophical fields, but until the release of this book, they seemed not to have fully grasped the centrality and essential role played by the Avicennian understanding and focus on demonstration. Of course, Strobino does not limit himself to an analysis of passages in the Book of Demonstration. He has an encompassing knowledge of Avicenna's texts and uses them well to flesh out and enrich what remains terse in the Book of Demonstration. He even takes into account the way one of his successors, al-Tūsī, reads him. He also shows an extensive and wide-ranging knowledge of Aristotle's texts and of Aristotelian scholarship, as well as an interest in the Greek commentators and Galen and their relevance for interpreting Avicenna. Avicenna's Theory of Science is not an easy book to read, as it is often very technical, particularly when dealing with purely logical points or issues, but reading it is rewarding if one does so slowly and meditatively. The author, in fact, illuminates difficult matters but does not waste words. From...

Provincializing white racial ideology: Mills’ social ontology and philosophy of education

Social ontology examines the nature and mechanisms in human society of concepts that pertain to various kinds of social collectivities. A pioneer in the development of this philosophical field, Mills theorised a social metaphysics of racial constructivism for modern philosophy in order to explain the enduring orthodoxies of its Anglo-centric dominance. This paper invokes the term, supervenience, to further elucidate the causal bearing of race on individual and social facts. Turning to the philosophy of education, the ontological bifurcation of asymmetrical racial worlds is a salient divide to which discourses of normative individual ethics, analytic critical thinking, and generalized social justice contribute. Given the pervasiveness of supervenience, in the unwillingness to traffic in the ontology of race, educational philosophy hamstrings the creative and critical dimensions of advancing education for a racially equitable and pluralistic democracy.

Metaphysics of cosmological models

This article aims to address the metaphysical dimension of cosmological models, be they mythological, philosophical, religious or modern scientific, using multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary methodology. Such an approach is a novelty, both in the theological field and in the philosophical field and secular sciences, which studies the origin of man and the universe.Contribution: The originality of this article consists in introducing the concept of transcendental cosmology, which, along with spiritual cosmology can be a serious theological and philosophical reply to the Bing Bang theory.

Митология на загубата на красивото

The current paper is focused on the genealogy and the relevance of negative aesthetics as a distinct philosophical field and, in particular: 1) to draw a concept of the beautiful as a myth; then 2) to justify the need of a specific genealogy of loss of the beautiful, and, on this basis, 3) to bring out negative aesthetics in its main subject as a mythology of loss of the beautiful.

Hermanas abrazadas: filosofía y literatura en la profesionalización de los estudios filosóficos argentinos

The article analyzes the way in which the so-called "antipositivist reaction" was deployed in the Argentine philosophical field at the beginning of the twentieth century and its relationship with the politicization and professionalization of philosophy. The paper reconstructs the controversy over the definition of philosophy established by the group of young people who in 1917 founded in Buenos Aires the Colegio Novecentista and the Cuadernos (1917-1919) with whom they defended socialist scientism and met around the Journal of Philosophy and its director José Ingenieros. Inscribed in intellectual history, this reconstruction attends to the history of the book and the edition to illuminate the material channels that made possible the circulation of the antipositivist reaction and offers new information about the initial trajectory of intellectuals who were relevant both in the philosophical and literary field of twentieth-century Argentina.

Metaphysics of cosmological models

This article aims to address the metaphysical dimension of cosmological models, be they mythological, philosophical, religious or modern scientific, using multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary methodology. Such an approach is a novelty, both in the theological field and in the philosophical field and secular sciences, which studies the origin of man and the universe. Contribution: The originality of this article consists in introducing the concept of transcendental cosmology, which, along with spiritual cosmology can be a serious theological and philosophical reply to the Bing Bang theory.

Научное наследие М.Е. Евсевьева в философском дискурсе XXI века

The cataclysms of the XX century did not pass without a trace for the cultures of the peoples of Mordovia (Moksha and Erzi). Under the influence of globalization, computer technologies and Internet communities, national culture and the content and format of the discursive cognition of its values no longer correspond to the realities of our time. Under the conditions of information uncertainty, the national philosophical discourse, experiencing transformation, is determined by the demands of the global philosophical field. The authors of the article believe that the scientific heritage of M.E. Evseviev should get a creative rethinking within the framework of the philosophical discourse of the entire national culture of Mordovia. In order to implement this process, the authors propose three approaches: ontological, epistemological, axiological. As a result, a number of problems of the Mordovian national discourse is revealed: the problem of worldview and the problem of values. According to the authors, the solution of these problems can serve as an ideological platform for the formation of a person's cognitive competencies in the space of national culture, the basic postulates of his being and the standards of his personal behavior.

Religion as a Tool of Socio-Political Modernization in the Literary Works of A.P. Kazantsev

The fundamental contradiction between fantasy literature and religion is that the religious paradigm is based on faith, while the fantastic paradigm is based on fiction. For this reason, the theme of religion has been practically absent in the works of science fiction for a long time. Science fiction was more focused on the achievements of scientific and technological progress than on issues of religious consciousness. A. P. Kazantsev is one of the most prominent representatives of the literary and philosophical field of “scientific and technical romanticism”. The ideological paradigm of A. P. Kazantsev is based on the three foundations: humanism, technocracy and communism. Having studied technocracy as the most promising way of development for mankind, the author came to the conclusion that technocracy without humanity has no value. According to A. P. Kazantsev, natural values — kindness, humanism, love — are the very essence of human nature and therefore a socio-political system should be built on these bases. Religion is planted “from above” and without proper nourishment is quickly forgotten by society. So, for many centuries, religion, up to a certain point, played a big role in the political life of individual societies. Religion performed the most important social functions: the consolidation of society, the maintenance of social stability, the formation of group identity, which, with the advent of Modern times, largely, step by step, began to be fulfilled by political ideology

The Christianity of the Philosopher Christianos

The alchemical philosopher “Christianos” (late 6th [?] – 8th cent. CE) demonstrates that alchemical knowledge is a gift of God and describes the virtues that a philosopher-alchemist must possess to receive it. These and other Christian elements should not be considered as a Christian gloss on alchemical ideas. As a result of his exposure to the Neoplatonic mathematization of philosophical ideas, Christianos develops a precise method for defining and classifying alchemical productions on a mathematical basis. This mathematization intends to legitimize alchemy as a licit philosophical field, by presenting it as sharing similar traits with the sciences of the quadrivium. Christianos appears to have regarded this mathematical approach as a path illuminated by God through which a worthy philosopher-alchemist could partake in divine knowledge. The virtuous conduct and the mathematical method serve as two intertwined prerequisites in the pursuit of alchemical knowledge, facilitating at the same time the demarcation between true and false pursuers of knowledge.

Girolamo Cardano’s Meteorological Predictions: Hippocratism, Weather Signs, Winds, and the Limits of Astrology

AbstractThe subject of meteorology was central to Girolamo Cardano’s thought. It held together his encyclopedism by tying the celestial realm to the sublunary world and human action. Meteorology, for Cardano, links abstract knowledge to the practical and operative. While many of his Aristotelian predecessors understood weather prediction as distinct from meteorology as a natural philosophical field, Cardano’s profound interest in conjectural arts and probabilistic reasoning led him to tie causal explanations to methods of forecasting future conditions of the air and their effects on humans, especially regarding health and disease. While it might be expected that Cardano would have emphasized astrological tools for weather forecasting, instead he went in a different direction, namely, embracing the ancient tradition of weather signs and revising Aristotelian theories of winds. At the end of his career, which he mostly spent writing commentaries on Hippocratic writings, he integrated his understanding of weather signs with Hippocratic rules of prognosis, revising traditional understandings of the causes of winds.