Philosophical Basis Research Articles

Cocrystallizing and Codelivering Complementary Drugs to MultidrugResistant Tuberculosis Bacteria in Perfecting Multidrug Therapy.

Bacteria cells exhibit multidrug resistance in one of two ways: by raising the genetic expression of multidrug efflux pumps or by accumulating several drug-resistant components in many genes. Multidrug-resistive tuberculosis bacteria are treated by multidrug therapy, where a few certain antibacterial drugs are administered together to kill a bacterium jointly. A major drawback of conventional multidrug therapy is that the administration never ensures the reaching of different drug molecules to a particular bacterium cell at the same time, which promotes growing drug resistivity step-wise. As a result, it enhances the treatment time. With additional tabletability and plasticity, the formation of a cocrystal of multidrug can ensure administrating the multidrug chemically together to a target bacterium cell. With properly maintaining the basic philosophy of multidrug therapy here, the synergistic effects of drug molecules can ensure killing the bacteria, even before getting the option to raise the drug resistance against them. This can minimize the treatment span, expenditure and drug resistance. A potential threat of epidemic from tuberculosis has appeared after the Covid-19 outbreak. An unwanted loop of finding molecules with the potential to kill tuberculosis, getting their corresponding drug approvals, and abandoning the drug after facing drug resistance can be suppressed here. This perspective aims to develop the universal drug regimen by postulating the principles of drug molecule selection, cocrystallization, and subsequent harmonisation within a short period to address multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Philosophy in the (Post) Humanitarian Mission of the University

Purpose. The current crisis situation is connected with the tendency to eliminate the philosophical basis of higher education, the classical university, whose mission is to form a certain type of state, culture, and person. Philosophy and humanities in general played an important role in forming the modern concept of man. In the context of the expansion of the information society and the development of the latest technologies (biotechnologies, artificial intelligence), which stimulates the world market, the problem of the fundamentals of the social and personal dimension of a person, his/her ability to consciously choose their own life, is becoming actualized. The main purpose of the article is in problematizing the development prospects for philosophy in a modern university, and its significance in the formation of a modern person with a certain level of self-awareness. To achieve this, the authors envisage providing a description of modern society, related trends in humanitarianism, determining the situation in university education, and characterizing the type of person or post-human that it mainly produces. Theoretical basis. The basis of the article is sociocultural anthropology. Originality. Trends in society and education, defined by the relationship between the state, education, and the market, reflect the situation of the post-human or trans-human, which is characterized by the creation of a nomadic subject with nomadic thinking. The crisis of the modern and classical university as an institution constituting a modern man is associated with the rapid development of technologies, the expansion of the information society, the orientation towards the knowledge economy, which subordinates the university to the market, requiring the formation of a person that corresponds to market feasibility. However, in today’s world, the realization of freedom priorities, the prevention of manifestations of unfreedom, the ability to critically interpret information, and distinguish between truth and falsehood are of great importance. The formation of this depends on the education system. But, the situation in higher education is determined by the dominance of techno-scientific understanding and development of the world, the priorities of the economy, economic viability, and profit. Under such conditions, the humanities and philosophy, in search of ways and means of their own survival, risk turning into a kind of techno-sophistry that produces various images. These images can be more or less successfully sold on the market, recreating a certain figure of a human-consumer and a human-transformer who obeys the post-truth situation, even appearing as an object of transformation by ideology or propaganda. Conclusions. It is, therefore, essential to form a person who is capable of critically comprehending the reasons for his/her choice, which can be provided by philosophy with the foundations of searching for truth. In the conditions of technological development, in view of the achievements of artificial intelligence, and the latest network resources, it is important in education not only to overcome the orientation towards professional fragmentation and to verify permanent knowledge but also direct live communication on the basis of critical thinking, which forms the basis in the process of cultivating a person by philosophy.

Pretrial In Indonesian Criminal Law

The law is a collection of rules that must be obeyed by all people in a society with the threat of having to compensate for losses or get criminal if they violate or ignore these rules, so that an orderly and fair life in that society can be achieved. The conception that embodies that Indonesia is a state of law basically has joints that are universal, such as the recognition and protection of human rights, the legality of the actions of the state or government in the sense of a legally accountable state apparatus, and the guarantee of Free Justice. The type of writing used by the author is juridical normative (legal research) juridical normative research is carried out by examining various rules of law that have a formal nature, namely laws, regulations and literature that contain theoretical concepts that are then connected to the problems that the author will discuss in this dissertation research. Pretrial as part of the criminal justice system in force in Indonesia is an effort to combat crimes that are penal by using criminal law as the main means of material criminal law and formal criminal law. Pretrial as part of law enforcement, as stated by Barda Nawawi Arief that the problem of law enforcement, both in abstracto and in concreto is an actual problem that has recently received a sharp spotlight from the public. As is the case with the implementation of pretrial which is part of a principle of the rule of law which is that a rule of law has various criteria and elements.Based on the foregoing, the philosophical basis of the pre-trial arrangement in Indonesian criminal law is based on the existence of human rights, namely because Indonesia is a state of law based on Pancasila and recognizes human rights. The idea of a pretrial institution was born from inspiration derived from Habeas Corpus in the Anglo Saxon judiciary, which provided a fundamental guarantee to the human being of the right to independence.

Book Review of Smart and Multifunctional Concrete toward Sustainable Infrastructure

Smart and Multifunctional Concrete toward Sustainable Infrastructures, published by Springer Group, is the first English monograph in the field of smart and multifunctional concrete, which contains 24 chapters organized into 3 parts. The first part introduces the definition, classification, origin, and philosophical basis of smart and multifunctional concrete. The second part describes 22 specific types of smart and multifunctional concrete in detail, including their definitions, classifications, principles, performances, and applications. The third part discusses the current challenges and strategies of smart and multifunctional concrete towards sustainable infrastructures. This monograph not only summarizes the historical development of smart and multifunctional concrete, but also elaborates on the philosophical basis for the emergence of smart and multifunctional concrete from the perspective of “entropy”. At the same time, it comprehensively introduces more than 20 types of smart and multifunctional concrete, as well as new types of smart and multifunctional concrete that have already been prototyped or are undergoing rapid development. Finally, the challenges of smart and multifunctional concrete towards sustainable infrastructure are systematically analysed, and corresponding strategies and development frameworks are proposed. This monograph can be used as a learning material for students majoring in civil engineering, especially in the field of concrete materials and structures, as well as a guidance and reference for researchers and engineers in the field of smart and multifunctional concrete.

Ratio Legis of Combining Illegal Acts with Default in Small Claim Court Cases

Civil procedural law in Indonesia has not yet specifically regulate the accumulation of lawsuits between Unlawful Acts (PMH) and default, which resulted in prolonged discourse in the realm of jurisprudence. Some legal experts are of the opinion that combining cases of unlawful acts with cases of breach of contract in one case/lawsuit is not permitted, seanwhile others think that such an accumulation is possible. The debates finally ended with the publication of the Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) on Small Claims Court which provided legal certainty regarding the permissibility of this accumulation. This research is normative law with a substantive analysis approach. The aim is to find out the legal philosophical basis behind the formation of PERMA. The results of the research show that the possibility to cumulate between Unlawful Acts (PMH) and default in the PERMA aims to simplify the process of proceedings through simple, fast and low-cost principles. In this way, foreign investors'confidence in resolving cases in Indonesia can be increased.

Правова поведінка як самоідентифікація людини в епоху постмодерну

The article clarifies the philosophical and legal features of legal behavior as a factor of human self-affirmation in the postmodern era. Within the limits of philosophical and legal understanding, postmodernism should be considered in two aspects: conceptual-idealistic (as a theoretical concept) and nihilistic (as a modern social reality). According to the natural law theory, any behavior will be lawful if a person, exercising his natural rights, does not violate similar rights of other persons. The philosophical basis of this approach is the doctrine of freedom as the natural state of man and his (man's) free will. Freedom consists in the ability to do everything that does not harm another. Human freedom, accordingly, cannot be absolute, because it is limited by the same condition of other people. This actually reflects the postmodern philosophical and legal understanding of human behavior in a conceptual and idealistic aspect. Regarding the understanding of lawful human behavior in the nihilistic plane of postmodernity, this is a conformist philosophical and legal concept. According to which a person's behavior is subject to new social standards and requirements, and can also be subjected to psychological pressure and manipulation by others who have stronger worldview and value beliefs. It is concluded that legal behavior is a factor of self-affirmation of a person in the postmodern era, self-identifies him as a person in social reality. Law has value, as it contributes to self-determination and self-realization of a person, provides new opportunities for individual and social development. The importance of the value of law for "postmodern man" and "postmodern society" is undeniable. In the conditions of a hyper-dynamic pace of life, conceptual chaos and radical pluralism, law remains a fundamental value for self-identification, self-creation, self-presentation and preservation of human self-worth.

PERAN AWAM KATOLIK DALAM UPAYA MEMPERJUANGAN HAK MINORITAS DI NEGARA MULTIKULTURAL: (Bentuk Kajian Filosofis Will Kymlicka dan Teologis KGK Art. 899, 1882 dan 2237)

The focus of writing this paper is to reflect on the role of the Catholic laity in fighting for the rights of the minority in a multicultural country. The participation of Catholic laity is very necessary because by nature they have the right to a proper personal and social life, and the right to worship the God they believe in. However, this right is often ignored by the state because they in certain countries have a minority in their political base, such as in Indonesia. As a consequence, the state, in the name of a democratic system, is more accepting of the demands of the majority in the formation of laws and other public policies. The question is, how do we address this issue? This paper intends to raise Will Kymlicka's philosophical thoughts and theology, as stated in the teachings of the Catechism of the Catholic Church art. 899, 1882 and 2237, as a scalpel for the sake of reflecting on these problems. The goal is that with this study Catholic laypeople get a philosophical basis for the demands of minority rights to the state, so that the state is based on its legacy

THE ANALISIS MAQASID AL-SHARI’AH (HIFDL AQL & HIFDL MAL) TENTANG TINGKAT KESEJAHTERAAN PERAJIN BATIK BERBASIS KEMITRAAN UMKM DI TANJUNGBUMI BANGKALAN

The batik craft sector in Bangkalan occupies the region's first leading potential. More than five subdistricts are centers that produce a lot of batik. This sector is expected to be able to support and accelerate economic growth to eradicate poverty. Tanjungbumi is one of the centers of batik, starting from the wives who divert their anxiety with batik activities because they are waiting for their husbands to go to sea. Meanwhile, the basic philosophy of the Madurese which is Islam considers batik work as an opportunity to work. Their philosophy of life considers batik as an opportunity to work. Besides developing as a work of art, batik is also a promising industry. The potential of batik is so great to be developed. This research is structured using qualitative research methods, namely observing people in their environment, interacting with them, trying to understand their language and interpretation of the world around them with the aim of gaining understanding and understanding of an event or human behavior in an organization or institution. Sources of data used in this study using primary and secondary data sources, most batik artisans are women who are more tenacious and patient in doing a job, moreover the process of making batik takes a long time, it can take weeks or even years. Of course the process requires a lot of intervention starting from fabric making, basic batik painting, motif drawing, painting, color locking and other processes. One step is carried out by one person and the cost varies depending on the difficulty. Compared to civil servants, the salary is certainly higher, but the most important thing is to get blessings. Can meet daily needs, even still able to save. Of course, for children's school fees, even though they have not been able to go to college.

Curriculum and the cultivation of critical thinking: A critical realist conception

In this article, we offer a critical realist conception of curriculum that aims to cultivate critical thinking (CT) and liberate students from egocentric rationality. We first examine egocentric rationality as a problem emerging from the technicist paradigm of cultivating CT in higher education, exemplified by issues arising from the pedagogical activity of debate. We then examine existing approaches to cultivating CT, focusing on the extent to which their goals and conceptions of CT could liberate students from egocentric rationality. Drawing on Roy Bhaskar’s stratified conception of being and principle of immanent critique, we offer a critical realist conception of curriculum, explaining its definition of CT as the capacity for self-critique. We shall illustrate, in the context of an undergraduate debate course, how such capacity can be developed in order to liberate students from egocentric rationality. Curriculum is thus a critical praxis, a created space where student’s CT develops in a way that is intrinsically entwined with their being and becoming. This article extends the philosophical basis for integrating CT with curriculum and offers pedagogical implications.

Sense of moral and legal principles in the process of formation and development of the roman law system

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the philosophical and legal basis of the emergence of Roman Law, to reveal its axiological elements, as well as to show the systemic connection between the theoretical justification of these principles and the process of their implementation in legal practice. Methodology. The methodology includes a complex philosophical and legal analysis of the axiological basis of the Roman law system in the process of its formation and historical evolution. Such methods of scientific knowledge were used: terminological, axiological, logical-semantic, functional, systemic-structural, comparative. Results: It was determined, that due to its moral and ethical nature, the system of Roman law acquired a supranational character, creating the proper foundation for the effective functioning of European legal systems. After all, thanks to the fundamental moral and ethical principles developed by Roman jurists, modern European legal systems have acquired an axiological determination, which is determined by a humanistic approach to the administration of justice. Scientific novelty. According to the results of the study, it was established that the fundamental moral and ethical principles of Roman Law exert a positive influence on modern concepts of legal understanding and law-making under the conditions of their proper transformation and adaptation to today's civilizational challenges. Practical significance. The results of the research can be used in legislation and law- enforcement activities during the philosophical-legal justification of the need to humanize the legal system.

The Investment Strategy of Sector Rotation over Business Cycles in the Indonesia Stock Exchange to Generate Superior Return

The investment strategy of sector rotation over business cycles is one of the investment strategies in The Indonesia Stock Exchange. The basic philosophy of the investment strategy of sector rotation is to invest assets in sectors that are expected to perform well and avoid sectors that are expected to perform otherwise. In this research, the investment strategy of sector rotation begins with the identification of the business cycle based on Indonesia’s economic growth or GDP data. The business cycle is divided into four stages referring to the movement of the GDP value, namely early contraction, late contraction, early expansion and late expansion. After the four stages of the business cycle the time period is found, the performance of stocks from each sector is calculated by the return and the amount of risk that accompanies it in the format of the average per sector, to find out which sectors have good performance at each stage of the business cycle. Sector performance is assumed to be good if the average rate of return can exceed the performance of the JCI which is used as a benchmark. After successfully identifying sectors that have good performance at each stage of the business cycle, the next step is compiling a portfolio. There are two portfolios formed, namely Portfolio A and Portfolio B. Portfolio A is composed of each sector whose performance is only if it is higher than the JCI and is selected at each stage of the business cycle. Meanwhile Portfolio B is compiled from each sector and selected at each stage of the business cycle whose performance is if and only if it is higher than the JCI and must be positive. Then the performance of the portfolio and the JCI is calculated by calculating the value of the growth rate of return by considering the risk during the period of one business cycle. The calculation results obtained are as follows: Portfolio A grew by 116.52%, Portfolio B 158.41% and JCI – 4.43%. Meanwhile, the Sharpe Ratio for Portfolio A is 2.92, Portfolio B is 4.73 and JCI is – 0.65. From these results it can be seen that the growth in the value of portfolio investment compiled from the investment strategy of sector rotation is quite larger than the growth of the JCI which is used as a benchmark, so it can be said that this strategy produces a superior return.

KONSEP MERDEKA SEBAGAI LANDASAN PENDIDIKAN DI ERA KURIKULUM MERDEKA BELAJAR

Educational philosophy determines educational decisions, alternatives and choices that are guided by education and curriculum developers. The emergence of the term "Freedom to learn" is a new policy program of the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia (Kemendikbud RI) launched by the Indonesian Minister of Education and Culture of the Advanced Indonesia Cabinet, Nadiem Anwar Makarim. This independent learning curriculum aims to answer the challenges of education in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0. The method used in this research is literature research (library research). The results of the literature review in this study concluded that the concept of independent learning curriculum education integrates literacy skills, knowledge skills, skills and attitudes as well as mastery of technology. The independent learning policy is based on four philosophical views, namely progressivism, constructivism, humanism, and anthropological philosophy. In addition, the philosophical basis for the policy of independent learning can also be found in Ki Hadjar Dewantara's view of education.

An experimental and numerical study to evaluate performance parameters of GIS circuit breaker during low current interruption

Abstract The basic philosophy of two-stage blast interrupter is combination of self-blast and puffer-interrupter principles. Gas circuit breaker (GCB) with two-stage blast interrupter has two gas chambers. High gas pressure in one chamber generates by using arc energy and in other chamber, by mechanical compression. In such type of breakers, interruption becomes quite difficult at low currents and hence optimization of gas chambers design is essential. In view of above, a numerical program has been developed to calculate SF6 gas pressure-rise in various interrupter volumes and gas flow rates across different passages of interrupter w.r.t. time. To validate model developed in the study, an experimental set-up is established and measured transient gas pressure-rise generated during 420 kV GCB operation. The effect of speed-time characteristics, stroke length and piston diameter on performance parameters of 420 kV GCB model is analyzed. Further, to understand gas flow pattern across insulated nozzle during GCB operation, authors developed a CFX model. By using this numerical model, effect of nozzle profile, gas flow passage areas and profile of gas discharge vents on transient gas pressure and Mach number distribution across inter-electrode gap and gas flow rates through various outlets has been discussed in detail in the paper.

Juridical Review Of The People's Representative Council In Making Public Policies Through The Perspective Of Law Number 17 Of 2014

Legislation is one of the legal products of the number of existing legal products. The legislation contains general and abstract legal norms. It is general because existing legal norms apply to every legal subject in general. While being called abstract lies like legal norms which are not concrete in regulating legal events and are the object of regulation. Thus, a good law which incidentally is a type of legislation must have a philosophical basis, a sociological basis, and a juridical basis. Based on the principle of a rule of law, namely that government is organized based on laws, then in running a government it must refer to statutory regulations which become guidelines for the administration of a country based on the will of the people. The constitution is the guideline in the state and then elaborated in laws and regulations. This type of research is normative research. The approach used is a statutory approach (statute approach) and a conceptual approach (conceptual approach). The source of data used is secondary data. Data analysis was carried out in a qualitative descriptive manner. The conclusion is carried out using the deductive method, namely from general to specific, especially those related to the research topic, namely the Juridical Review of the House of Representatives in Making Public Policy in the Perspective of Law No. 17 of 2014. The result found community is concerned that in implementing or enforcing the law, justice is considered. In upholding the law, there must be a compromise between legal certainty, benefit, and justice, the three elements must receive proportional and balanced attention. Thus, legislation is a political product from which legislators turn into legal products when their preparation meets the elements of legal certainty, benefit, and justice in a proportional and balanced manner. There is a paradigm that the law governing representative institutions is part of a package of laws in the political field that needs to be changed. Laws governing representative institutions need to be seen as laws in the institutional context of the constitutional system. As previously stated, one of the problems that arise as a result of this law being considered as part of a package of regulations in the political field is institutional arrangements.

REVIEW OF TASYRĪ' PHILOSOPHY ON QABŪL REPRESENTATION IN MARRIAGE IN PALLANGGA DISTRICT, GOWA REGENCY

This study aims to analyze and explore the philosophical aspects of the concept of Tasyri' in the context of Kabul representation in marriage, especially in Pallangga District, Gowa Regency. Tasyri' is an approach to Islamic law that covers various aspects of life, including marriage law. Kabul representation, as the guiding principle of marital property, has its roots in the philosophical views underlying Islamic law. This research uses a qualitative approach with textual analysis methods to explore a deep understanding of Tasyri's philosophical views regarding Kabul representation. The data was collected through in-depth interviews with religious leaders, Islamic jurists, and communities in Pallangga sub-district. In addition, primary sources such as Islamic law books and related literature are also used as references to support the analysis. The results showed that Kabul's representation in marriage had a deep philosophical basis in Tashri's view. This principle reflects aspects of equality, justice, and responsibility in the marital relationship. This philosophical view provides the foundation for the application of marriage law that accommodates individual and family interests in a balanced manner. In the context of Pallangga sub-district, Kabul representation still has relevance and is applied in marriage practice. However, there are also social and cultural dynamics that influence the interpretation and implementation of this principle. The study concludes that understanding Tasyri's philosophical views on Kabul representation can provide deeper insight into the cultural roots and values that shape the practice of marriage law in the society

The Basic Philosophy and Dialectics of Modernization Movements in Ottoman Culture and Education

Bu çalışmada Osmanlı’da var olan kültür ve eğitim alanında yapılan modernleşme hareketlerinin köken, gelişim ve diyalektik evrimine odaklanılmıştır. Bu araştırmada Osmanlı kültür ve eğitim felsefesinin sahip olduğu ontolojik ve epistemolojik köken, gelişim ve diyalektik evrim sürecine ve Osmanlı kültürünün girmiş olduğu yabancılaşmanın, diyalektik olarak aşılması problemine odaklanılmıştır. Osmanlı kültür ve eğitim felsefesinin öncelikli amacı, “düzen, otorite ve disiplin” bağlamında var olan “dengeyi” koruma olmuştur. Bu idealist-spritüalist gelenek içinde, İslam felsefesinden aktarılan ve imparatorlukta büyük bir gerilemeye neden olan “zaman, ilerleme, yaratılış, gerçeklik, akıl, özgürlük, ilerleme, değişim, denge, otorite, çalışmak, üretmek” gibi kavramlar dogmatik olarak belirlenmiştir. Öncelikle İslam felsefesinden kaynağını alan bu geleneksel sistem, zaten durağan bir felsefe ve bilimsel miras devralmıştı. Orta Asya Türk geleneği, Bizans etkisi ve İslam felsefesinin kültürel ve eğitimsel olarak sentezi noktasında yapılan üst yapısal bütün eğitimsel doktrin uygulamaları bu üç kaynaktan beslenmiştir. Temelde zaman kavramı, ilerleme, kâinatın yaratılması, dünyaya müdahale etmeme, gerçeklik kavrayışı, kader, yaratılış, gibi İslam ontolojisi temelinde gelişen Osmanlı eğitim doktrini, temelde bu metafizik ontolojinin üzerine konumlanmış dar bir epistemolojinin içine sıkışmıştır. Bu sistem, yeni bir bilgi üretemez. Bu sistem içinde gerçeklik alanının “kâinat - görüntü (zahiri) ve idea (batini)” olarak ikiye ayrılması Platon ve Yeni Platoncu bir düşünceden gelse de, Batı Ortaçağ Skolastisizmi’ndeki gibi maddesel dünyaya değil, görüntünün ötesinde olan, asıl gerçekliğe, “idea-Allah’a” odaklanmıştır. Osmanlı’nın, hem ulusal bir “kültür, eğitim ve felsefe” geleneği oluşturabilmesi hem de İslam, “bilim ve felsefe” geleneğinin duraklamasını aşılabilmesi ancak kendisini olumsuzlaması ve modernleşme hareketlerini amacına ulaştırabilmesiyle mümkün olacaktır.

ОБРАЗ ЛЮДИНИ КАТАСТРОФИ У РОМАНІ ДЖУЛІАНА БАРНЗА «ВІДЧУТТЯ ЗАКІНЧЕННЯ»

ОБРАЗ ЛЮДИНИ КАТАСТРОФИ У РОМАНІ ДЖУЛІАНА БАРНЗА «ВІДЧУТТЯ ЗАКІНЧЕННЯ»

Is Industry- Versus Government-Sponsored Research a Zero-Sum Game?

Is Industry- Versus Government-Sponsored Research a Zero-Sum Game?

Anayasa Değiştirme İktidarının Kötüye Kullanılmasını Önlemeye Yönelik Anayasa Değişikliği Usulünün Farklılaştırılması

Constitution-making powers impose limitations on their power to amend the constitution in the constitutional texts they prepare. These limits are intended to prevent the differentiation or abolition of the basic philosophy of the constitution and the constitutional order established by the power to make the constitution. These limits, which are brought in order to prevent the constitutional amendment powers from making changes other than their purpose, are realized by further protecting the principles and values that are given special value in the constitutions of some countries and that constitute the basic philosophy of the constitution. In other words, some provisions that constitute the basic principles and values of the constitution are subject to a different amendment procedure compared to other provisions of the constitution. This differentiation procedure includes additional conditions such as a qualified majority, a referendum, or the passage of a certain period of time in the amendment process. In this study, the differentiated constitutional amendment procedure and whether these procedures have an effect on the abuse of constitutional amendment power have been examined. Keywords: Constitutional amendment power, constitutional amendment procedure, differentiated constitutional amendment procedure, abuse of constitutional amendment power.

An Investigation into the Philosophical Differences between Pedagogical and Andragogical Approaches to Education

The aim of this research is to investigate the differences between pedagogical and andragogical approaches to education. Pedagogy is commonly used in schools and universities and assumes that learners are passive and require instruction. In contrast, andragogy, which was created by Malcolm Knowles, assumes that learners are self-directed and take an active role in their learning. The study will analyze the beliefs and values underlying these approaches and how they impact the educational experiences of both teachers and students. The ultimate goal is to gain a better understanding of the philosophical basis of these approaches and their potential impact on the future of education.