Philosophical Basis Research Articles

Freedom of Association under the Treaties of the United Nations: A Right of Intrinsic or Instrumental Value?

Abstract Although enshrined within various international instruments of the United Nations, the right to freedom of association is principally developed under the rubric of Article 22 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. This article seeks to trace the contours of this right with regard to the jurisprudence and commentary of the institutions of the UN. Part ii examines the protections afforded, restrictions permitted, and positive obligations imposed by article 22. Part ii analyses the interaction between article 22 and other rights guaranteed by the iccpr. Part iii seeks to assess the rationale underpinning the protection of the right to freedom of association as protected by the UN treaties. The research finds that the Human Rights Committee has disproportionately framed Article 22 in terms of its political and systemic significance, and have neglected to develop a philosophical basis for the right deriving from its inherent value to the human person.

An Analysis on the Reform and Innovation Path of Research-based Teaching of Philosophy Major Courses—Taking Jaeggi's Critical Theory of Life Form as an Example

With the advent of the era of artificial intelligence, the traditional humanities are facing unprecedented challenges and impacts, especially philosophy as a strong foundation, without the characteristics of practical function, facing a particularly severe disciplinary development dilemma. This topic aims at the problems faced by the construction of philosophy professional courses in local colleges and universities, and focuses on the topic of Marxism for graduate professional courses Taking Jaeggi 's critical theory of life form as an example, this paper attempts to explore new teaching methods from daily professional teaching practice, fundamentally changing the traditional single teaching mode of basic philosophy theory courses, overcoming the mechanical rigidity of the binary teaching and research between teachers and students, so as to correct the poor interaction between teachers and students In particular, it has a good effect on stimulating students' initiative and originality of thought, and promotes students to enter the research track as soon as possible. In order to fundamentally form a philosophy academic community with clear boundaries, it provides research exploration experiments in philosophy teaching.

Buddhist participatory communication for rural development: a comparative analysis of case studies in Sri Lanka, Lao PDR, Thailand and lessons learned for Vietnam

ABSTRACT Religion, the foundation of all cultures, can serve as a potential substitute for participatory communication and rural community development. This paper attempts to (1) analyse how the Buddhist approach is integrated into development communication initiatives in three countries, namely Sri Lanka, Lao PDR and Thailand, (2) identify the key principles and values of Buddhist philosophy that inform development communication practices in these countries, (3) examine similarities and differences in the Buddhist-based development initiatives and projects conducted in the three countries and (4) provide insights and recommendations for Vietnam through analysing how Buddhist-inspired approaches to development communication have been conceptualised and implemented in these Asian nations by making use of comparative case studies research method. The study reveals that while these initiatives share a philosophical basis centred on Buddhism and local culture integration where Buddhist monks/nuns play important roles, they vary notably in the methods applied due to differences in cultural context. This comparative analysis aims to inform future endeavours in Vietnam and beyond, advocating for culturally sensitive and spiritually grounded approaches to rural development.

Nursing in the Capitalocene: An anarchistic approach to governmentality and pastoral care.

During the COVIDicine, many nurses awoke to the ways that the Healthcare-Industrial Complex (HIC) dictates the care we are able to provide. Using the Foucauldian concepts of pastoral power and governmentality, we explore the ways that nurses participate in upholding power structures within the HIC and reproducing them in our work, contributing to a carceral culture based on hierarchy and power dynamics. We also explore the ways nurses are both agentic in this system and subject to it, reluctant to make waves and lose our place within a system that can offer nurses safety and security in, and most importantly, a paycheck. This paper articulates a prefigurative anarchist approach to nursing praxis. Through the writing of Emma Goldman, we locate a historically founded philosophical basis for practical tactics that nurses can use to actualise this praxis. Both individually and as a collective, nurses can assert their own ethic and power through direct action, micro-insurgency and solidarity to build the world we know can be. Our only limitation is our imagination.

A matter of identity? Youth participation in cooperatives' governance for a sustainable future

AbstractThe study explores the issue of youth participation in cooperative organisations, which are organisational arrangements characterised by a participatory governance model with sustainability values and principles in their DNA. We argue that an influential driver of participation in this setting is the conceptual–philosophical basis of cooperation that shapes a value‐based identity. We surveyed the attitudes and values of young people working in cooperative settings. We tested the hypotheses that youth participation is driven by self‐identification with cooperatives' values and a mentality oriented towards economic benefits. Using the lenses of identity theories, we contribute to the currently scant literature on this topic by identifying possible roots of a drift from cooperative missions in the attitudes that youth show in a decision‐making context. Our findings support the need to leverage combinations of multiple identities to retrieve benefits in governing cooperatives and educate young generations toward sustainable governance.

A philosophical exploration of rural health and nursing based on an undergraduate United States-Australian collaboration through the lens of 'positionality'.

Growing nursing workforce maldistributions impede rural healthcare access globally. In-depth exploration of underlying philosophical ideas about rural health in nursing curricular could support recruitment and retention of nurses who are well positioned to support and advocated for health care and services relevant to their communities. Through a lens of positionality, the purpose of this paper is to explore rural health and nursing within the United States and Australia from the perspective of undergraduate students. Recognizing that both countries have 'first world' health services, issues of access to services associated with systemic and structural biases were significant features identified by participants. Their perceptions were supported by discussion with attendees of the 26th International Nursing Philosophy Conference from several countries, during a presentation titled 'What is different about rural health nursing: A philosophical exploration.'This international consistency suggests that systemic and structural biases are global phenomena. While exposure to rural health and rural nursing may be beneficial for recruitment, preparing nurses for rural practice requires more than educating students to complete clinical tasks. Uncovering collaboration, advocacy and policy development opportunities for nurses in rural communities could move the dial from recruiting rural nurses to fulfill immediate needs to retention of well-educated and highly skilled nurses. Building a stronger philosophical base for rural healthcare inclusive of all people, honouring their distinguishing characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, is long overdue. Positionality can inform how nurses across the globe relate to other countries' governments, cultures, norms, values, expectations, etc., which can influence the advancement of the profession and address social inequities among rural populations.

The Effectiveness of Recognizing the Existence of Traditional Institutions in Indonesia Based on The Constitution

Plurality is a social fact that cannot be avoided in Indonesia. The diversity of Indonesian people's tribes, religions, races, languages ??and religions shows their diversity. The founders of the Republic of Indonesia used the basic philosophy of "unity in diversity" to show the diverse social reality of the Indonesian nation, and the basic philosophy of "tunggal ika" to show the desire to unite the entire Indonesian nation into one. With the combination of the two, the philosophical motto of the Indonesian nation is "Unity in Diversity", which means unity in diversity. Apart from various different societal systems and structures, this community has unique norms that are considered customs and are adhered to by its community members. Customary law communities are genealogical or territorial communities that are prosperous and have citizens who are different from members of other legal communities and can act as independent and independent legal subjects. One of the problems in administering customary law communities is the existence of customary institutions. The problem currently occurring is that there is no clear and integrated mechanism for recognition and protection procedures. Regulations regarding procedural mechanisms for recognizing the rights of customary law communities through sectoral legislation are often not adhered to by various parties, in fact the nature of the regulations which do not focus on specifically regulating customary law community institutions has an impact on ineffective implementation even though customary institutions have relevance to the Indonesian constitution. The existing mechanism only concerns the process of identification, verification and determining its existence, which makes it increasingly pressured by development activities that do not pay attention to traditional rights and threaten local wisdom.

A transcendental materialist frame for neuropsychoanalysis: rethinking dual-aspect monism

ABSTRACT As the philosophical basis for neuropsychoanalysis, dual-aspect monism is fundamental to the entire neuropsychoanalytic project. However, dual-aspect monism has been criticized not only from without but also from within neuropsychoanalysis. This paper considers criticisms of dual-aspect monism from within neuropsychoanalysis. These might be summed up as a concern that the difference at the level of epistemology (neuroscience, psychoanalysis) and phenomena (objectivity, subjectivity) must not be washed away by an appeal to a common ontology. In response, I propose to supplement dual-aspect monism with the philosophical framework of Transcendental Materialism. In this view, epistemological difference between the dual aspects is secondary to antagonism at the level of monistic ontology. Transcendental Materialism begins with the question: what sort of nature must nature be to give rise to two irreducible perspectives such as neuroscience and psychoanalysis? I argue for supplementing dual-aspect monism with Transcendental Materialism through a review of Mark Solms’s work on the hard problem of consciousness via Karl Friston’s Free Energy Principle. Within the Solms-Friston framework, the informatic mechanisms that give rise to dual-aspect epistemologies rely upon ontological antagonism. Principles of a transcendental materialist dual-aspect monism for neuropsychoanalysis are put forward.

On recognizing the real: Beauty and affliction in Simone Weil

AbstractIf the guiding question of ethics is “how should I live?,” then the guiding question of aesthetics might be “what is beauty?” For Simone Weil, these two questions have intertwined answers that turn on a like conceptual apparatus. Focussing on Weil's foremost ethical problem, the plight of the afflicted (malheur), this article offers an account of the philosophical basis to Weil's claim that, when truly recognized, beauty and affliction motivate the same form of experience. I argue that, for Weil, both the aesthetic and moral disposition are grounded in an experience of the real, an experience that both requires and compels the subject to the same attentive state. Finally, I address the charges that might be leveled at Weil for suggesting that our experience of beauty is the same as our experience of affliction, specifically arguing that rather than this experience leading to a form of passive aesthetic arrest, as the experience of beauty has typically been theorized to lead to, Weil understands the experience of beauty and affliction as fundamentally motivational toward the Good.

Landasan Filosofis Integrasi Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Agama

This article aims to examine and formulate a model for integrating religious knowledge with general science, focusing on the ontological, epistemological, and axiological foundations. In the context of modern secularism, which has led to the separation of religion and scientific knowledge, this research seeks to restore spiritual values within scientific inquiry and integrate the two disciplines to create knowledge that is not value-free. The research method used by the author is a qualitative approach with a type of library research with data collection methods by conducting documentation studies by examining primary and secondary sources in the form of books and scientific articles. The results of this study concluded that the integration of science is an effort to combine religious science and general science by incorporating religious values into it and looking for similarities between the two. Integration is done to make science not free of moral values and create good human beings who are in accordance with the two functions of human creation, namely as khalifah and good servants of Allah. The philosophical bases of science integration include ontological, epistemological and axiological bases. From the ontological basis, the relationship between the highest reality, namely God, and the lowest reality, namely creatures, has a close and inseparable relationship. Epistemologically, the source of general and religious knowledge comes from one source, namely God, who then provides means or tools of knowledge in the form of reason and the five senses, as a tool for obtaining knowledge and Islamic epistemology recognizes the means of knowledge in the form of intuition to achieve metaphysical-immaterial knowledge, where this method of intuition is in the form of inspiration and revelation. And axiologically, the integration of general science and religious science gives birth to science that is not value-free, so that it can make the development of science consistent with moral values in accordance with religion and the Qur'an, which gives birth to benefits in the world and the hereafter in the form of material, intellectual and spiritual enjoyment in humans who are a unity between body and spirit.

Knowledge transfer, not just true beliefs: virtue epistemology as a philosophical basis for education

Introduction. Modern pedagogical practice is being reformed due to systemic changes in the ways of social interaction. Knowledge transfer is being significantly modified under the influence of technical innovations, although it remains traditionally one of the main tasks of the educational process. The development of artificial intelligence, neural networks and other analytical computer systems shows that propositional knowledge is not the privilege of the human mind. This state of affairs changes the idea of knowledge as such. In this regard, the participants of the educational process face the task of revising the philosophical basis of modern learning in terms of finding a new definition of knowledge. It is also necessary to develop new methodological recommendations that would correspond to modern epistemological theories of knowledge, belief and understanding. Materials and research methods. The article uses the methods of conceptual analysis and comparative study characteristic of philosophy. The research materials are sources on theory of knowledge, education and also on applied epistemology. Results. Virtue epistemology is one of the most actively developing theories of knowledge in contemporary philosophy and humanities. It is based on the idea that knowledge cannot be an accidental belief, but must be the merit of a cognitive agent. This approach solves many problems of the philosophical theory of knowledge and creates a subjectoriented view of the nature of the cognitive process. This attitude allows us to use virtue epistemology in debates about applied issues, including those related to the explanation of the tasks and content of education. Discussion. A feature of the analysis within virtue epistemology is attention to cognitive skills (reliabilism) and sustained intellectual dispositions (responsibilism) in their relationship to the process of formation of true beliefs. Virtue epistemology defines knowledge through the notion of merit in the manifestation of subjective qualities, so the student's motivation and the context of belief formation should be taken into account when developing specific methodological recommendations. Such an approach explains why standardized testing cannot serve as the sole and primary means of assessing learners. At the same time, the general semantic peculiarity of the notions of virtue allows us to appeal to examples of individuals as ideal types of certain qualities (this is called exemplarism). At the same time, it is necessary to explain why these traits are the excellences that make their bearer better in epistemic terms. Conclusion. In explaining the knowledge transfer, pedagogy can be based on the philosophical principles of virtue epistemology. Such integration enriches both disciplines: pedagogy gets a conceptual scheme adequate to the modern social and technological situation, and epistemology gets a practical application.

PELAKSANAAN PEMILIHAN PRESIDEN YANG SESUAI DENGAN PRINSIP KEDAULATAN RAKYAT DALAM SISTEM DEMOKRASI DI INDONESIA

This research was submitted to answer two fundamental questions regarding the implementation of people's sovereignty in the direct election of the President and Vice President in Indonesia, namely, what is the ideal ideal of the implementation of the presidential election in accordance with the principle of people's sovereignty in the democratic system in Indonesia. This research is normative. This research is a library research conducted by examining library materials in the form of books, journals, research reports and/or secondary data that discuss the implementation of general elections in Indonesia in relation to people's sovereignty. Application of laws and regulations (legal facts) that regulate the implementation of elections in Indonesia. From this research, the author concludes that in a democracy, people's rights should be respected and upheld. There is no justification for government decisions that can harm people's rights, let alone policies that aim to oppress the people for the sake of the ruler. In this case, by adhering to the basic philosophy of democracy guided by the wisdom of deliberation and representation, the holding of general elections as a means of implementing people's sovereignty in Indonesia must not deviate from the ideals and objectives of the formation of a Government of the State of Indonesia to protect all Indonesian people and all of Indonesia's territory, advance public welfare, improve the life of the nation, and participate in implementing world order based on independence, eternal peace and social justice as mandated by the constitution.

Unity in Diversity of Religions in Bumi Flobamora, Indonesia: From Traditional to Modern Pluralism

The religiously diverse society of NTT (Bumi Flobamora) has received national title as the most tolerant province in Indonesia. However, reality shows that there are religious conflicts, such as the rejection of the establishment of Islamic places of worship and the emergence of various forms of violence with religious nuances. This study attempts to provide a new contemporary social philosophy explanation for the development of religious social conditions. With the help of philosophical methods, the results show that the ideology of pluralism has long lived in Bumi Flobamora. However, this model of "traditional pluralism,” which is based on local wisdom and supported by the government's policy of harmony, is currently no longer in line with demands for universal human rights, because "traditional pluralism" shows the unequal treatment of people of different religions. Therefore, contemporary social philosophy develops a "modern pluralism,” which is built on the principle of equality. To strengthen this new model of pluralism, efforts are needed to overcome the weaknesses of communitarianism. The main weakness of communitarianism is that it opens up a space for religious appreciation that only emphasizes the togetherness and unity of a spiritual community and views those outside the community as other people who may or should even be excluded. The study concludes that the unity of religions in Bumi Flobamora will only survive if traditional pluralism is replaced with modern pluralism, which is in line with the Political Ethics of the Indonesian nation, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, and the basic philosophy of Pancasila.

Etika Jurnalistik Perspektif Pancasila

Pancasila is the basic philosophy in the national and state life of the Indonesian people. At a time when information is developing more rapidly, what emerges is that ethics in news writing or journalism should include the values contained in Pancasila as moral/ethical values in news writing. This research examines Pancasila as a basic philosophy in realizing the ethics of news writing/journalism based on the theoretical assumptions of Alfred Schutz (1899-1959). The research results confirm that the socialization of Pancasila values has two contexts, namely experienced reality and social conditions. In the Almighty God and Just and Civilized humanity, this includes the reality experienced on the ground. In the unity of Indonesia, the people are led by wisdom in representative deliberations and social justice for all Indonesian people, including the social conditions that exist on the ground.

Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali's Perspective on Authority and Religion

This article explores the concept of authority and its relationship with religion, addressing various aspects and theories related to both. This concept is significant as it touches on essential elements of society. In faciliting the research process, the researcher employs a descriptive and analytical method with a philosophical basis. As a result, the study finds a connection between authority in al-Ghazali's view and other concepts, such as justice, which ultimately leads to happiness. Authority is necessary in social life as a means to achieve happiness for both individuals and society. This reflects what can be described as the ideal society concept in al-Ghazali's perspective. Al-Ghazālī proposes that an ideal society is a blend of worldly reality and spirituality, where power must be exercised according to religious teachings by leaders who embody magnanimity, in order to achieve happiness and justice within the community.

Legal Protection and Impact on Victims of Aggravated Theft

In expanding its purpose, a convict must also pay attention to justice for the victim. The principle of equality before the law must be applied as equal justice for the perpetrator and for the victim. If the state takes over the enforcement of criminal law because of the victim's mandate as a citizen, then the state is responsible to the victim. This article will discuss the philosophical basis of the state's responsibility towards victims of criminal acts, the principle of justice in the form of the state's responsibility towards the victim as a result of the failure of the perpetrator's responsibility in carrying out his sentence. Because legal science has prescriptive characteristics, this study uses normative (doctrinal) legal research, namely research to produce new arguments, theories or concepts as prescriptions in solving the problems faced.

PHILOSOPHICAL-PEDAGOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE EDUCATIONAL-PROFESSIONAL PROGRAM ‘CULTURAL STUDIES: CULTURAL PROCESS MANAGEMENT’

The relevance is due to the socio-cultural and civilizational importance of training specialists in the field of cultural process management. The purpose of the work is the articulation of the philosophical-anthropological, teleological-causal, organizational-praxeological foundations of the educational-professional program “Cultural Studies: Cultural Process Management”. It is proved that the philosophical and anthropological basis contains a syncretic image of a person, which arises at the intersection of three images – a person who is capable for symbolic activity, producing different forms – science, art, literature, philosophy, religion etc. (homo symbolicum), a person who is able to perform mediating functions (homo mediator), as well as a person who knows how to manage complex cultural processes through the search for a common measure of interaction (homo moderator) like Pericles, Cosimo di Giovanni de’ Medici, Catherine de Vivonne, marquise de Rambouillet etc. It is realized that the teleological-causal foundation contains, on the one hand, the complementarity of the transcendent (wisdom, goodwill, beauty, justice etc.) and immanent (specific socio-cultural projects) goals of culture, and on the other hand, a set of causal mechanisms for their achievement and compliance. It is realized that the relationship between the goal and the means is such that the more complex the goal, the stronger the role of the means, and because of this, it has a singular character, that is, it is determined in each individual case. It is established that the organizational and praxeological foundation underpins it in the context of interdisciplinarity, which corresponds to the current – synergetic – state of existence and development of scientific knowledge with the inherent processes of nonlinearity, stochasticity, probability, randomness.

Ideologi dan Propaganda dalam Memperkuat Perlawanan di Revolusi Amerika

The American Revolution was a seminal moment in history defined not only by military action but also by the effective use of ideology and propaganda. This research explores the role of Enlightenment ideology and propaganda in strengthening resistance to British colonial rule. Ideas about human rights and government based on the consent of the governed became the philosophical basis for the revolutionary struggle, while propaganda through pamphlets, newspapers, speeches, and visual symbols spread these messages to the wider public. By utilizing effective propaganda, revolutionary leaders succeeded in mobilizing domestic support and attracting international aid, particularly from France. Visual propaganda, such as illustrations of the Boston Massacre and passionate public speeches, played an important role in building solidarity and motivation among the colonists. The findings show that ideology and propaganda are powerful tools in shaping public opinion and mobilizing the masses for revolutionary goals. The American Revolution illustrates how major historical changes often begin with shifts in thought and communication.

Symbolics of ‘The White Cloud of Genghis Khan’ by Chinghiz Aitmatov Through the Spectacle of Mythopoetics

The presented article is devoted to the most important aspects of the interaction between mythologization and the principles of constructing a symbol in the text structure of original prose fiction. The author attempted to reveal the process of transforming the mythologization and symbolization of the image into one of the conceptual components of the link-building mechanisms in a 'novella towards a novel’ by Chinghiz Aitmatov - ‘The White Cloud of Genghis Khan’. The author focuses on the myth, acting in the structure of the novel ‘The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years’ at the level of symbolic-ideological, idea-bearing, and spatio-temporal paradigm while being aesthetically implemented through composition, plot, image/coding system, certain motives, symbols, and other artistic and aesthetic means and thuswise forming various combining components of cited works into a single structurally whole artistic expression.Aitmatov's artistic endeavour is characterized by the original focus of the myth in solving such universal ontological issues as ‘good’, ‘evil’, ‘betrayal’, ‘meaning of existence’, ‘mystery of death’, etc. Also, to depict the contrast between the eternal universal categories, Aitmatov often resorts to binary opposition. Thus, since the latter performs a structure-forming function in the architectonics of the artwork (determining the dynamics of the plot development), it also helps explain the dynamics and statics of characters and their actions in time and space. The article reveals the features of mythopoetic means that perform auxiliary functions of expanding the philosophical, ideological, and original artistic concept of the literary work. The conducted study summarized and identified three ways of considering a symbol as a text-generating and text-binding factor: in terms of peculiarities of the author's writing techniques, from the standpoint of its involvement in the general poetics of the writer, and the point of view of the formation of a literary text’s conceptual and philosophical basis.

Memahami Makna Ijazul Ilmi dalam Fenomena Air Laut yang Terdapat dalam Surah Arrahman Ayat 19

The discourse regarding al-i'jaz al-'ilmi is a contemporary issue in the i'jaz al-Qur'an, especially if it is related to the discourse on the integration of science and religion. This is in line with the view that the Qur'an contains al-i'jaz al-'ilmi, so that it provides motivation and guidance for the development of science. However, errors in integrating science and religion will give birth to "pseudoscience" or "pseudoscience" which of course is not scientific. Even more than that, someone will be trapped in the "religiousization" of science or "sainization" of religion which assumes that religion and science can complement, complement and correct each other. Therefore, within the framework of the Philosophy of Science with library research type research, this article presents a study of the possibility of developing science based on the Koran. Even though there have been efforts to root scientific findings in the Koran, from the perspective of the Philosophy of Science, this is not necessarily science based on the Koran, in fact it may not even be science, but simply a layman's choice which is non-scientific. There is a pattern of scientific development which, although based on religion, still has scientific value, consisting of three layers of philosophical basis, namely theoretical framework, scientific paradigm and theological basis. By carefully following this pattern, the development of science can not only avoid pseudoscience, but will also give birth to science with high scientific value within the framework of the Koran. Then the development project is carried out with institutional-collective-cultural work.