Philosophical Approach Research Articles

About the ways of giving musical meaning

The article is devoted to the analysis of the concept of "musical meaning", which conceptualizes the way a musical work is given in terms of its formal and meaningful features. The relevance of studying this issue is determined by the importance that the original version of the composition created by the composer has for further development of the musical fabric – both on the part of the performer and the audience of listeners. The purpose of the study is to determine approaches to the specifics of the existence of music, which is not directly reduced to sound and at the same time is realized in sound. Accordingly, the objectives of the study included 1) to identify and compare the most significant definitions of musical meaning, to establish the place of intonation in its physical, aesthetic and spiritual-intellectual disclosure; 2) to describe the means of expression that contribute to the achievement of technical and directly artistic goals; 3) to substantiate the nature of the connection of intonation with general musical and extra-musical phenomena. The research methodology is based on the philosophical theory of music as a temporary art. Categorical analysis was used in combination with elements of the biographical method and the method of included observation. The methods of private disciplines such as musicology, musical psychology, and communication theory are also used. The study shows the paradoxical nature of musical meaning, which is both set and at the same time elusive, requires strict restrictions – and at the same time organizes musical material through creatively free activity. The novelty of the work consists in clarifying the range of philosophical approaches to the "elusive" concept of musical meaning, in an attempt to find invariants of various interpretations of this concept based on a comprehensive analysis of the existence of musical meaning combining physical, emotional and spiritual-intellectual processes. The results obtained allow us to substantiate the specifics of performing skills, which includes not only the depth of understanding of the author's idea, but also the ability to find acceptable limits of variability of interpretations based on "semantic constants" captured by the creator of the work and recorded in his text in the form of notes. The communicative conditions of place and time also play a role, concentrating the national peculiarities of reading the musical meaning.

Past materials, past minds: The philosophy of cognitive paleoanthropology

AbstractThe philosophy of cognitive paleoanthropology involves three related tasks: (1) asking what inferences might be drawn from the paleontological and archaeological records to past cognition, behavior and culture; (2) constructing synthetic accounts of the evolution of distinctive hominin capacities; (3) exploring how results from cognitive paleoanthropology might inform philosophy. We introduce some distinctive cognitive paleoanthropological inferences and discuss their epistemic standing, before considering how attention to the material records and the practice of paleoanthropology can inform and transform philosophical approaches.

Limits of self and Other xenosophic responsiveness: Including complex emotions, power differences and possible futures

In a complementary commentary on Streib, we highlight complexities of self and Other responsiveness when researching and attempting to enact xenosophic alternatives to xenophobic relations with a wide range of others and including related problematic forms of personal and group ‘egocentricity’. Using our similar attempts to be reflexive in theory and practice about self and Other responsiveness in our own social, political, community and cultural psychology research (extending Streib’s focus on developmental psychology), we use the later philosophical approach of Ludwig Wittgenstein – rather than the phenomenological philosophy of Waldenfels – to explore instances of self and ‘extraordinary Other’ relations via examples of everyday and form-of-life disagreements. We then focus on complex emotions and investigations of affective and discursive patterned features of self and Other relations to highlight features of responsiveness and collective wisdom evident in a dynamic typology of group-based and collective pride, shame and guilt relations in contexts of celebration, competition, challenge and conflict. The need to explore the limits of self and extraordinary Other responsiveness is shown by considering how possible futures and power considerations might lead us to step back from potentially becoming other to ourselves.

Rethinking Justice: Unraveling the Tapestry of Justice in Islamic and Western Philosophies

Throughout human civilization, justice has been an enduring value, evolving through continuous advocacy. Fueled by human reason, individuals consistently elevate their standards, leading to the transformation of justice derived from natural law, societal changes, and religious doctrines. This dynamic process signifies that humanity, along with its cultures, laws, and justice perceptions, progresses rather than regresses—growing more intricate, sophisticated, and advanced. This article delves into the development of justice concepts in Islamic and Western cultures across classical, modern, postmodern, and contemporary eras. Utilizing a philosophical approach, it argues that justice undergoes a developmental evolution in both cultures—from discussions in the context of natural law to exploring religious justice and culminating in discussions of social justice. Despite epistemological differences, both Islamic and Western cultures remain inseparable from justice principles: enforcing justice, presupposing equality, aligning with truth, embodying equilibrium, and positioning things rightly.

How does the curriculum contribute to the experiences of belongingness in higher education?

This paper is a critical discussion about how the curriculum contributes to the sense of belonginess within Higher Education (HE), and how the ongoing aim of decolonisation needs to incorporate a more consistent intersectional lens with the curriculum within psychology. Psychology as a discipline has been criticised for its focus on primarily conducting research with people from countries that are Western, Educated, Industrialised, Rich and Democratic (WEIRD; Henrich et al., 2010). This approach has neglected a number of social groups within the wider literature and has indeed marginalised the voices and experiences of many. Through the topic of decolonisation, there has been the discussion of the importance of belonging and belongingness, but the intersectional experiences of various social groups within the curriculum has been neglected. In summary, this discussion reveals that there are several key ways in which curricula and decolonial research can contribute to belonging: 1) communication of what (who) is important; 2) consideration of student learning needs; 3) appreciation of course content that is salient to students; 4) demonstration of alignment with a wider range of philosophical approaches; 5) promotion and celebration of cultural differences which allow students to be themselves; and 6) inclusion of a wide range of factors within teaching that contribute to belonging, for example the importance of place.

Is the fulfilment of objective wellbeing reflected in subjective wellbeing? A case study of vulnerable communities in Volta Delta, Ghana

There is growing interest in the measurement and conceptualisation of wellbeing due to its increasing importance within policy outcomes; however, the understanding of how different wellbeing outcomes associate within sustainability research is limited. This paper uses household survey data from the vulnerable Volta Delta, South Ghana, as a case study to illustrate the different philosophical approaches and measures of wellbeing, and the potential impact upon policy interventions. The frequent use of objective wellbeing measures, such as monetary poverty, within development policy is challenged as to whether it sufficiently reflects overall wellbeing. For example, objective monetary measures may not incorporate the intangible components of wellbeing, which can alternatively be captured within individuals’ self-evaluated, subjective wellbeing. This study first outlines the conceptual and methodological choices required when measuring wellbeing, before drawing on ideas of objective and subjective wellbeing to examine whether these concepts from different disciplines align or oppose one another. Contrasting theories within the literature justify this focus. By testing for associations between objective and subjective wellbeing outcomes, this study highlights how the methodological and conceptual choices made when measuring wellbeing can result in differing conclusions. Despite statistically significant associations being found amongst some wellbeing measures, results which show opposing outcomes highlight how subjective and objective wellbeing are not entirely interchangeable. Our study concludes there is a benefit to incorporating both objective and subjective measures in research and development targets across multiple scales to more-comprehensibly capture, and improve our understanding of, human wellbeing in vulnerable locations.

The jurisprudence of the supreme court in electoral matters and the reality of the sui generis doctrine

The jurisprudence of a court refers to the collective body of legal principles, doctrines, and decisions that guide the court's decisions and interpretations of the law. It encompasses the court's philosophical approach to legal issues, its methods of legal analysis, and its precedents and decisions. The jurisprudence of a court evolves over time, reflecting changes in societal values, legal scholarship, and the court's composition. It is essential to understanding the court's decisions and predicting future outcomes. The jurisprudence of the Supreme Court in electoral matters revolves around the antecedents and trends of the Supreme Court in deciding cases based on sui generis. This paper aims to critically appraise the application of the doctrine of sui generis as it applies to the adjudication of cases concerning election matters in Nigeria. It beams the searchlight on the Supreme Court and the effect of many decisions held based on the sui generis principle as it concerns electoral adjudication. The methodology of approach and appraisal is doctrinal and analytical. The findings are that the Supreme Court of Nigeria and the election tribunals have greatly enriched electoral jurisprudence. However, the holding of some cases based on the doctrine has been criticised for the negative effect it has on the doctrine of stare decisis and ‘substantial justice’. The paper makes recommendations that will assist the Supreme Court of Nigeria enhance its electoral jurisprudence, addressing criticisms, and strengthening the integrity of the judiciary in its adjudicatory role in the electoral process.

Instructional time as social time: Teachers’ curriculum literacy and expertise in teaching mathematics

The study reported on here was conducted to explore four Grade 7 mathematics teachers’ understanding of the relationship between the objectives indicated in the CAPS for teaching different topics/concepts and instructional time stipulated for doing so. Seven lessons were studied in 4 primary schools in the Vhembe district of the Limpopo province, South Africa. A constructivist philosophical approach was used. The data collection methods included interviews and classroom observations. The main finding indicates teachers’ understanding of instructional time as either a regulatory or a teaching tool. The ability to translate instructional time into social time depends on the level of teachers’ curriculum literacy. Consideration of how CAPS objectives could be fulfilled based on the topic/concept to be taught and the stipulated instructional time, influenced the learners’ conceptual understanding, procedural fluency, and competency in mathematics. The conclusion underscores the importance of instructional time as both an essential authoritative regulatory tool and signal of a pedagogic device and communication required to advance the instructional objectives.

Legal Legality of Pregnant Marriage in Indonesia Study on the Application of Khi Article 53 in Mlati District Prospective Fatwa Abno Taymiyah

Formulating the Compilation of Islamic Law is inseparable from the growth and development of Islamic law and the institution of the Religious Courts before and after the Indonesian people proclaimed their independence on August 17, 1945. So the Indonesian people who are Muslim, The Religious Courts, the Ulama, and all components related to the determination of KHI agree that the compilation of Islamic Law is Islamic law, which is the source of law to solve the problem of pregnant marriage in Indonesia. However, in the day-to-day application of this decree, an interesting problem occurred, which was partly that the Mlati community did tajwid al-Nikah. A question! Why did they remarry? They answered that because they considered the marriage they were having at KUA, there were doubts, and they were not legal. "This event is repeated, so that if accumulated since 2017-2019 in the District of Mlati, as much as 75 percent of those who do tajdii du al-Nikah. Based on this background, the research question is: How is the application of KHI in article 53 in community life in the district of Mlati perspective in Ibnu Taimiyyah review, and what references are used to compile compilation of Islamic Law? The theoretical framework used is the theory of legal effectiveness, the view of mazhab-maz hab Islam, including al-Hanafiyyah, al-Malikiyyah, al-Syafi'iyyah, al-Hanbaliyyah, and mazhab al-Zahiriyyah and Ibnu Taimiyyah's though. The research methodology is library research. The nature of this dissertation research is descriptive research and verification research. This research approach uses a philosophical approach, a historical approach, and a normative approach. The conclusions are: The application of pregnant marriage in the sub-district of Mlati Sleman from the perspective of Ibnu Taimiyyah's fatwa is invalid, and are 13 books used to compile the compilation of Islamic law.

Memahami Konsep Keselamatan dan Filsafat Kristen Tinjauan Dari Perspektif Teologis Dan Filosofi

On the other hand, from a Christian philosophical perspective, the concept of salvation can be approached through rational thinking and conceptual analysis. Christian philosophy often explores ontological and epistemological questions about the nature of salvation, such as the relationship between human freedom and God's sovereignty, as well as the nature of spiritual truth. This research highlights the differences in sources of authority, methods of truth discovery, and ultimate goals between theological and philosophical approaches to salvation. While theology relies on religious teachings, divine revelation, and religious experience, Christian philosophy tends to use logical reasoning and conceptual analysis. However, these two fields can complement each other in deepening understanding of the concept of salvation, creating creative and in-depth dialogue about the nature of the Christian faith. This research provides valuable insights for theologians, philosophers, and practitioners of Christianity to explore the concept of salvation holistically, combining deep theological understanding with critical philosophical analysis.

Проблема типологизации игры в игротехнической деятельности: социально-философский анализ

The article addresses the game typologization issue in modern society, particularly the lack thereof despite the significant interest in the phenomenon itself, which manifests in a plethora of diverse forms. Based on the typological analysis, a review of philosophical and scientific literature is provided. Two primary philosophical approaches to understanding game are delineated: as a distinct reality (R.R. Ilyasov) and as a complement to existing ones (L.T. Retyunskikh). Specific scientific definitions in the realms of psychology, sociology, and economics are provided. The analysis reveals that definitions of game given by various scientists are largely congruent, yet the typology of the phenomenon itself remains underdeveloped by representatives of the scientific community. However, this is essential for the theoretical foundation of research on the application of gaming in social activities. Thus, existing scientific approaches and theories do not provide exhaustive systemic disclosure of the game specificity, indicating the need for developing a typology of this phenomenon in the context of its application for the needs of modern society. In conclusion, the absence of a developed typology of gaming poses a significant challenge for understanding its multifaceted nature within modern society. Despite the alignment of definitions across various disciplines, the lack of a comprehensive typology impedes theoretical advancements and practical applications in utilizing games for social activities. Addressing this issue is crucial for harnessing the potential of game to address the needs of modern society effectively.

Introduction to the Special Issue on Phenomenology and Mindfulness

This special issue collects papers that explore the relationship between phenomenology and mindfulness with the goal of creating a fruitful dialogue between these two traditions, so as to bring into relief the overlaps and incongruities, exploring historical as well as systematic connections. Both phenomenology and mindfulness are inclusively construed: the former (phenomenology) is understood as an umbrella term that includes philosophers and approaches that follow directly from Brentano’s and Husserl’s phenomenological discoveries. For this reason, the issue will focus on phenomenology as a method as well as a philosophical approach with a major emphasis on Husserl’s, Heidegger’s, and Merleau-Ponty’s approach. The latter (mindfulness) includes a wide range of conceptions of mindfulness, from Buddhist-inspired strands of meditation practices and theories to Stoic-inspired. The journal issue takes into consideration the potential benefits that such a theme would have to clinical psychology by exploring the existing connection between mindfulness, well-being, and self-exploration. In particular, in this special issue we will point out how the phenomenological approach to mindfulness can help to further the understanding of such notions as “attention,” “authenticity,” “time,” “dignity,” and more.

Смыслы ценности достоинства человеческой жизни и геноевгенизация

Background: Among the areas of modern scientific and technological development, one of the leading places is occu-pied by new technologies of medical genetics: genetic editing of the human embryo genome (embryoengineering), medical genetic counseling, prenatal, neonatal, preconception diagnosis of hereditary diseases, technologies for the selection and selection of embryos, therapeutic and reproductive cloning human, etc. The question arises: how do genetic technologies and the development of genomic medicine affect changes in public and individual consciousness, and, above all, on the meaning of the meaning of the value and dignity of human life? Aim: To consider the main results of the development of genomic medicine technologies, such as the increase in the detection of genetic diseases, the increasing need for eugenic abortions and the use of embryos in research, and the introduction of genetic testing. Materials and methods: The historical and logical research method, as well as the historical and philosophical approach, allow the author to identify not only the ethical novelty of the geneticization of healthcare, but also a new form of social embodiment of the ideas of naturalistic-pragmatic ethics. Results: The value-worldview understanding of the consequences of the development of genomic medicine technologies leads to the need to introduce the concept of «genoeugenization» as a characteristic of the moral meaning of processes occurring in society un-der the influence of new medical genetic practices.Conclusion: The author substantiates the importance of the humanitarian-educational, legal and moral-philosophical level of knowledge for solving the problems of preserving the traditional moral value of the dignity of human life.

ICTs as tools in higher education in Ecuador: A philosophical approach

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) play a fundamental role in today's educational processes, especially when the virtualization and digitalization of social spaces for teaching-learning is shown as an irreversible trend after the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, the objective of the research was to reflect philosophically on the teleological sense of ICT as tools for human development in Higher Education in Ecuador. Methodologically, the research used a hybrid approach that combined on equal terms phenomenology, which describes the phenomena as they presented themselves to the consciousness of the research team, with dialectical hermeneutics that interprets the meaning of the symbols and signs of ICTs in their dialectical relationship with human development and higher education. It is concluded that if we start from the assumption -following a benevolent line of argument that ICTs are consubstantiated to the phenomenon of human development-, it must be emphasized that the development of human capabilities is a political problem, of creation of objective conditions and; ontological, of the way in which the being unfolds its intrinsic potentialities, which can hardly be reduced to scales of measurement.

From Mythos to Logos: Pre-Socratic Philosophers and the Birth of Rational Inquiry

This paper examines the important shift from mythological to philosophical thought instigated by pre-Socratic philosophers in ancient Greece by examining influential figures such as Thales, Anaximander, and Heraclitus in their pioneering efforts at rational analysis. The theories of these philosophers challenged the traditional mythical descriptions of the universe and man's existence, initiating the paradigm shift from mythos (myth) to logos (logic) that reshaped philosophical discourse and laid the foundations for Western philosophical traditions. This paper seeks to reveal the nature of pre-Socratic rational thought and its lasting impact on the history of Western philosophy. It emphasizes the importance of the contributions of pre-Socratic philosophers to the promotion of critical thinking, empiricism, and logical reasoning. Finally, the paper emphasizes the role of the pre-Socratic period in the development of Western philosophy and philosophical approaches to inquiry.

THEORETICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACHES TO THE KURDISH SEPARATIST MOVEMENT AFTER 2000

Due to the current economic and international balances in the world, instead of using direct military force against each other, states support illegal organizations within the hostile country and conduct operations on the hostile state through proxy wars. This method, which has been used in every period of history, aims to create civil war within the hostile state. In this context, the "Separatist Kurdish Political Movement", which started in the last century of the Ottoman Empire and has evolved into international terrorism over time, is the most commonly used terror method of imperialist states, although it has manifested itself in different forms. This study examines the change in the theoretical and philosophical approach of the Marxist-Leninist terrorist organization under the name of "Kurdistan Workers' Party" (PKK), which is the last form of the separatist Kurdish movement and was founded in 1978, with the international support it has received since the beginning of the 2000s with the Gulf War. In addition, the study will analyze the separatist Kurdish movement, which gained international support after 2000, increased its goals, and focused on the goal of "Greater Kurdistan" by taking advantage of the chaos in Syria, and will propose original solutions with theoretical and philosophical approaches to political actors and the academic world.

Why politicize the cultural game? (Emil) Cioran’s ethos: mysticism, religion and ethnic philosophy

The present research aims at understanding some of Emil Cioran's spiritual positions in several of his writings. The tools of analysis are the philosophical and cultural approaches, but also elements of positivist determinism, such as climate, disease, etc. The oeuvres studied belong to different periods of creation. The working hypothesis is that the essayist remained a lifelong thinker oscillating between the extreme right and the extreme left, as well as a stubborn and metaphysically rejected progressive thinker, but always obsessed with metaphysics and the transcendent. Among the commonplaces of Cioran's artistic and geopolitical critique of reality and the real are narcissism, humor, victimhood and diatribe. His work is underpinned by intuition and Utopian projection and much less by logic. Cioran becomes dangerous if treated as a programmatic philosopher, but otherwise he is a spectacular source of artistic and literary-philosophical insights; an experimental essayist, dangerous as an influencer. The fate of his thinking has been heavily marked by the ideologies of his interpreters.

Itsbat Nikah: Legalizing marriage outside the record in Indonesia

This study focuses on the legal impact of marriage registration in the context of itsbat marriages in religious courts, particularly for marriages that occurred after 1974 without an official certificate and were not registered in the compilation of Islamic law (KHI). It aims to evaluate the itsbat marriage as a legal mechanism for recognizing marriages that are not officially registered. Normative analysis, a philosophical and analytical approach, serves as the research method, reviewing the relevant legal framework and court practice in handling divorce cases. The results showed that unregistered marriages after 1974 can be legally recognised through the itsbat nikah procedure. The Article 7, Paragraph 3, letter KHI, outlines the necessary conditions. With this procedure, spouses can receive written evidence of their marriage’s legality in the form of a marriage certificate, which is then registered by the official Religious Affairs office. This study emphasizes the importance of marriage registration for legal certainty and protection of individual rights, and highlights how itsbat nikah plays a critical role in addressing the problem of marriage without official registration.

Contextual Limitations in Sandra Harding's Epistemological Framework and How They Can be Overcome

This paper aims to investigate the contextual constraints in Sandra Harding's epistemology and suggest methods to get around them. The standpoint theory developed by Harding highlights the significance of taking historical, social, and cultural contexts into account when producing knowledge. This strategy essentializes and homogenizes various experiences and viewpoints. The study offers potential solutions to these constraints by critically examining the drawbacks of intersectionality and feminist standpoint theory. This entails embracing a more nuanced understanding of power dynamics, encouraging inclusive and diverse viewpoints, and acknowledging the complexities of multiple intersecting identities. The study aims to strengthen and enhance Harding's epistemology by addressing its contextual limitations and promoting a more equitable and inclusive approach to knowledge production. To achieve this goal, this study employs the laws of thought: three guiding principles: the non-contradiction rule, the excluded middle, and the identity principle. The study is primarily a conceptual analysis that proceeded by library study, employing the typical philosophical argumentation approach of evaluation, analysis, synthesis, reflection, and philosophical speculation. By highlighting the weaknesses of Harding's epistemology and suggesting possible remedies, this study contributes to a broader debate on the potential limitations of epistemology. It offers insights into developing more robust epistemological frameworks that promote social justice and inclusivity in knowledge inquiries, practices, and justification.

Revitalizing Justice in Fiqh: Revisiting Non-Retroactive Principles to Address Sexual Violence

Handling sexual violence cases requires a holistic, human rights-based approach, encompassing prevention, protection, law enforcement, recovery, and ensuring victims' access to justice. Islam advocates equality for all, but its implementation is constrained by the improper handling of many sexual violence cases due to the non-retroactive Sexual Violence Law. This paper proposes the urgency of upholding the principle of retroactivity in criminal law and Fiqh Jinayah to build an anti-sexual violence construction based on justice and equality. This normative juridical research employs conceptual, statutory, philosophical, and historical approaches. This approach provides an in-depth understanding of the concept of justice in the handling of sexual violence, according to Sharia. This study uses the Islamic legal literature and comparative legal studies to examine the urgency of upholding the retroactive principle in criminal law and Fiqh Jinayah. This study confirms that applying the retroactive principle to sexual violence is consistent with the six characteristics of Maqasid Sharia: cognitive nature, interconnectedness, wholeness, openness, multidimensionality, and purposefulness. The retroactive principle is necessary in cases of sexual violence as the primary rule in addressing such crimes, in addition to complementing existing laws and regulations. This principle is crucial to ensure fair law enforcement in cases of sexual violence.