MLR, io I.2, 2oo6 547 studies. He diligently acknowledges his forerunners in the 'Lettres Modernes' series, Walter Langlois and Peter Hoy, and-crucially-John B. Romeiser's indispensable A Reference Guide I940-I990 (New York: Hall, I994). His own work, this first part of which goes to I996, is a valuable successor, which will take inmore than 3,600 references. Bennis also provides a year-by-year chronology of events, which proves particularly useful for I996, the year of Malraux's 'pantheonisation', and will no doubt be so for 200 I, the centenary of his birth and twenty-fifth anniversary of his death, with all the concomitant celebration-and controversy, not least via Olivier Todd's biography. As ever, and as Bennis is happy to agree, 'l'homme, l'ceuvre et le mythe continuent de fasciner et de deconcerter' (p. 6). QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST CHRIS SHORLEY Sartre, Self-Formation and Masculinities. By JEAN-PIERREBOULE. New York and Oxford: Berghahn. 2005. 228 pp. ?42 (pbk L'S). ISBN I-57I8I-742-5 (pbk I-57I8l-743-3). This is an intrepid psychobiography of Sartre the man, of Sartre as aman. Jean Pierre Boule's analytical tools are drawn principally from developmental psychology (and to a lesser extent psychoanalysis) and from the theory of masculinities. Promi nent in Boule's corpus are the Ecrits de jeunesse, Annie Cohen-Solal's biography (Sartre I905-I980 (Paris: Gallimard, I985)), the correspondence with and testimony of Beauvoir and, least flatteringly perhaps for Sartre, Cau's memoirs; but this is a study which also ranges widely over Sartre's fiction and philosophy, often using these as a springboard for the biographical examination of their author. It is, however, with Les Mots that Boule begins his introduction, quoting, in English, Sartre's precari ous, self-descriptive, final sentence: 'Tout un homme, fait de tous les hommes et qui les vaut tous et que vaut n'importe qui'. This is fitting because Boule will go on to ask precisely inwhat sense Sartre was 'tout un homme' and to speculate about the pain Sartre endured (and inflicted) as he carved out a series of masculine identities. Boule declares at the outset (p. 3) his intention to empathize with a Sartre who, he argues, attained hegemonic masculinity only at great cost to his 'emotional life' (p. 2). Boule's portrait is of aman whose intellectual triumph was achieved by emotional self-mutilation and the sacrifice of amultiplicity of other possible subject-positions in the bid to arrive at a violent, 'macho', intellectual style and dominance over the cultural field. To invert Sartre's favoured expression, qui perd gagne, Boule seems to suspect that, in certain respects, it is the winner who loses. There iswithout doubt great human compassion in Boule's unusual study, which approaches the psychotherapeutic in places. If, at a local level, some passages seem rather too reliant on a somewhat guileless therapeutic lexis ('This sounds like a healthy, well-adjusted young man' (p. 49); 'He does not have to contact the pain that iswaiting to be reunited with him if he lets in to his heart the fact that another man respects, appreciates and admires him' (p. 99)), the global effect is altogether more instructive. For Sartre is being taken at his closing word inLesMots: inBoule's study he negotiates challenges in the course of his psycho-social development which are assumed to be essentially of the same sort as those confronting any other man. To see Sartre, perhaps the most resourceful and innovative biographer of the twentieth century, looked upon with the cold eye of developmental psychology (the main source is Stephen M. Johnson's reliable textbook, Character Styles (New York and London: Norton, I994)) and the still colder eye of masculinity theory isno less unsettling than to read the account of Sartre's corporeal misadventures in Beauvoir's La Ceremonie des adieux. And although Boule's study of Sartre's development breaks off in I945, 548 Reviews in an engaging postscript he too returns to visit his age-ravaged subject in the I970s. Boule's verdict on the relationship with Victor Levy is upbeat ('Sartre now considers that he can trust aman by...