Philanthropic Efforts Research Articles

The Unsightly Spectacle of “Poor Houseless Wanderers”: De Quincey’s Confessions, the Malaysian Sailor, and Vagrancy

ABSTRACT Between 1794 and 1814, thousands of lascars or Asian sailors arrived annually in Britain as replacements for British sailors impressed by the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars. As a low-cost workforce that fueled east-west shipping, lascars were vital to the British empire’s maritime economy yet were barred by law from settling and working in Britain. To show how these noncitizens resisted their exclusion from civic life, this essay focuses on Thomas De Quincey’s Confessions of an English Opium-Eater (1821), which narrates the author’s anxious encounter in Grasmere with a dark-skinned Malaysian sailor who appears as his vagrant double. This encounter sheds light on the way that British citizenship was racialized as White vis-à-vis concurrent philanthropic and governmental efforts to conceal abject migrant populations from public view. The opium-eater’s hallucinatory visions of the Orient expose the fraught ideological processes by which Britain’s dependence on colonial labor became the crux for delimiting national belonging in racial, classed, and gendered terms. Using Confessions to track a transoceanic history of racial capitalism shows how the aesthetics of abjection—as projected onto London’s itinerant poor—enabled an Asian subaltern agency that has remained historically illegible in Romantic literary studies.

HF02-14 HERMAN KRETSCHMER: FROM GENITOURINARY PATHOLOGY TO PRESIDENCY

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 May 2022HF02-14 HERMAN KRETSCHMER: FROM GENITOURINARY PATHOLOGY TO PRESIDENCY Alice Cheung Alice CheungAlice Cheung More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002540.14AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Herman Kretschmer (1879-1951) was a urologist who made significant contributions to genitourinary pathology and academic urology. METHODS: A thorough literature review was performed. RESULTS: Herman Kretschmer was born in Chicago, where he grew up and later graduated from the Northwestern University School of Pharmacy in 1900. He continued his studies at Northwestern University Medical School where he graduated magna cum laude in 1904. After graduation, he completed an internship at Alexian Brothers Hospital before traveling abroad to Vienna to study under Otto Zuckerkandl from 1906 to 1907. Kretschmer studied “essential hematuria” while in Vienna, and his work was eventually published in the first volume of the Zeitschrift for Urologie. Kretschmer made many contributions to pathology in the genitourinary tract and firmly believed that every urologist should be a close student of pathology. He had over 285 scientific publications under his name, many with a focus on genitourinary pathology. His publications included work on bladder leiomyoma, prostate cancer and diethylstilbestrol, acute and chronic epididymitis, and prostatic sarcoma. A strong dedication to academic medicine led Kretschmer to serve in a wide variety of academic societies, including holding the titles of Chairman of the Section of Urology of the American Medical Association, President of the American Board of Urology, and President of the American Urological Association. He earned himself several awards and honors throughout his career, while also finding time to give back to his community. The preservation of the Pasteur monument in Convalescent Park in Chicago was due in part to Kretschmer’s philanthropic efforts. He passed away in his Chicago home on September 23, 1951 and was commemorated fondly in an obituary published in JAMA. CONCLUSIONS: Herman Kretschmer devoted his life to the study of genitourinary pathology and was the exemplification of an interdisciplinary academic physician. His involvement and participation in academic urology helped shape the urologic societies present today. Source of Funding: none © 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 207Issue Supplement 5May 2022Page: e210 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2022 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Alice Cheung More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...

The Paradise Theater (1941–1951): African American Movie Palaces and the 1943 Racial Uprising in Detroit

This article reveals how the Paradise Theater culturally and socially impacted the lives of the surrounding Black population in Detroit between 1941 and 1951. Firstly, this article examines the programming of the Paradise Theater—especially its live performers/exhibitionists—and specifically highlights the significance of the Paradise Theater’s all-Black stage show policy. Secondly, this article demonstrates how factors such as the Detroit Uprising of 1943 caused the Paradise Theater to transition from a mixed-race house to a primarily Black space. Finally, this article discusses the many philanthropic efforts of the Paradise Theater, which impacted not only Black Detroit, but the entire nation.

Philanthropic Investment in Equity: Cultivating Grass Roots Leaders for the Equitable Revitalization of Marginalized Communities

Community development must include deeper investment to foster a pipeline of community leaders to support equitable redevelopment practice in marginalized communities under threat of gentrification in the city. We argue that philanthropy is critical to develop this pipeline, particularly in the era of the neoliberal city. The following case study analyzes efforts to develop place-based grass roots leadership in marginalized neighborhoods of Columbus, Ohio. The United Way of Central Ohio, through their Neighborhood Leadership Academy (NLA) program, has partnered with community organizations to develop multiple cohorts of grass roots neighborhood leaders over several years within three specific neighborhoods. Our case identifies how philanthropic investment into a grass roots leadership development model centered on equity has impacted policy outcomes, built bridging social capital and spurred successful activism. Our case illustrates a potential model for building social infrastructure through philanthropic investment to buttress potentially disruptive neighborhood change. In the era of the neoliberal city, neighborhoods can no longer rely upon federal funding, leaving redeveloping neighborhoods particularly vulnerable to market driven gentrification and displacement. In this void of resources, philanthropic efforts to support robust grass roots leadership is the last remaining defense against widespread displacement and the primary asset to support equitable development practices.

Light on Fire: The Art and Life of Sam Francis

Light on Fire: The Art and Life of Sam Francis

COVID-19, A Complex Emotional Well-Being Challenge: A Path to Recovery in Nepal

Mental health and emotional well-being remain an urgent civil societies’ global burden. There is an increasing prevalence of mental health and emotional well-being problems in our societies and nations. There are severe implications from these connected with the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). The COVID-19 has produced the gravest disruption to our nations’ health, education, employability, economy, social structure, and mobility.The pandemic has placed humanity in a global emergency with long-term implications. The population’s emotional well-being, including stress related disorders has been severe and likely to be prolonged. The burden of COVID-19 is escalating despite governmental and non-governmental resources, voluntary, religious organisations, and philanthropic efforts. Nations must address the psycho-social conditions of their population as a public health imperative by identifying the peoples’ emotional well-being needs and prioritise strategies to enable their capacity for ‘doing good’ and ‘feeling of goodness’. The Emotional Well-being Institute (EWBI) advocates the significance of ‘feeling goodness’, and that innovative approaches and research initiatives are urgently needed to understand emotional well-being attributes and their impact on overall mental health. Emotional well-being is a broad concept, one that includes several aspects of our everyday lives. There needs to be a multi-dimensional and a whole-of-society approach when addressing the emotional well-being of highly vulnerable societies and nations, such as Nepal.

An Empirical Study on the Corporate Social Responsibility Regime in India: Pre-COVID and COVID Times

Companies have shown social responsibility towards their stakeholders through corporate philanthropic efforts, known as Corporate Social Responsibility (‘CSR’). These efforts aim to maximise the welfare of the stakeholders and take care of the needs of society. The parent legislation for the Indian companies, that is, the Companies Act, brought a paradigm shift in 2013 when it mandated certain companies to spend mandatorily on CSR activities. Since then, the CSR legislation has been subject to frequent changes through amendments and clarifications. Various changes were brought to CSR policies in the past 2 years during COVID-19, including allocation of CSR funds towards COVID-19 relief funds, carry forward of excessive CSR expenditure and 100% tax deduction on COVID-19-related activities. This has affected how companies allocate their CSR funds. To study this change, this empirical study analyses the shifts in CSR expenditure of the top 25 companies of the Fortune 500 list in pre-COVID-19 financial year 2017–2018 and COVID-19 hit financial year 2020–2021. The study uses a secondary data collection method, that is, self-reported annual reports, to arrive at ratios given as percentages or fractions, and a comparison is made across the two periods. The authors deliberate upon the limitations of the CSR regime as revealed by the COVID-19 pandemic and address questions relating to the CSR regime’s efficiency in providing societal good. Furthermore, the authors study the modified CSR expenditure pattern adopted by several companies consequent of COVID-19. This study concludes by offering recommendations that strive to inspire a more sustainable, efficient and pragmatic CSR regime in India. JEL Classification: G39, D22, M14

A Cross-Sector Study of Co-Creating Social Responsibility Capability

The paper examines the evolution of a corporate social responsibility initiative, from initial philanthropic efforts to building capability that is directly linked to the firm’s core business. We investigate this issue through an inductive case study of a cross-sector collaboration, drawing on the perspectives of both the firm and its non-profit partner. The research explores the underlying dynamics of how the company in question captures new resources and developes new capability during the collaboration process. The findings illustrate how cross-sector collaboration can act as a catalyst to co-create capability to social responsibility, generating mutually beneficial outcomes.

What Kind of Community Development System Can Effectively Support Citywide Philanthropic Efforts to Promote Community Well-Being?

How can the efforts of philanthropic agencies be better supported to promote citywide community well-being? To address this question, this article uses a citywide, engagement-driven initiative led by local practitioners that took place in Detroit between 2016 and 2019. This article is based on the initiative’s two main outcomes, namely the identification of seven elements of an effective community development system and a vitality framework designed to measure community progress and success. The author of this article conducted participant observation, interviews, and a literature review, as well as site visits to, and case studies on, four best-practice cities, and then used the outcomes to validate the results of the initiative. Informed by the outcomes of the initiative and the research, the article suggests how best to utilize the seven community development system elements and the vitality success framework effectively to support philanthropy that promotes community well-being. This article focuses on theory-building in Detroit and calls for empirical research to further validate the findings. The article provides useful insights into the benefits of community-based research and citywide engagement as essential components of an effective community development system that can coordinate philanthropic practice more effectively to promote community well-being.

Resistance at the Border: Kantian Political Theory and the Refugee Crisis

AbstractOn a certain orthodox Kantian view, when states violate migrants' rights to enter a foreign country , citizens of that country must comply with the laws and refrain from helping them gain access. After all, (i) philanthropic efforts are strictly subordinated to questions of right, and (ii) an important precondition of right is recognition of the state's authority to determine what counts as right in practice. Moreover, because the state has a mandate to control its borders, fixing rules for entry lies squarely within its jurisdiction. If its determination is unjust by some substantive standard, citizens ought to protest and campaign against it. But they may not violate it. Against this, I argue that the best understanding of Kantian political principles does not entail these conclusions. Rather, citizens may resist the state's pronouncements on matters like this and aid refugees in gaining entry to their target country, as long as they can do so without (a) compromising the stability of the state or (b) violating their neighbors' rights.

Adversity Tries Friends: A Multilevel Analysis of Corporate Philanthropic Response to the Local Spread of COVID-19 in China.

We examine corporate philanthropic decisions in response to the local spread of COVID-19. From a strategic perspective, firms may proactively undertake philanthropic efforts to limit the spread of the pandemic and avoid a degraded business environment. From the perspective of non-trivial costs, increased economic uncertainty can raise concerns about business survival and lead to conservative philanthropic strategies. Following the proverb “prosperity makes friends, adversity tries them,” at the provincial level, our results support the second perspective. Specifically, when the spread of the pandemic worsens in a province, local firms are less likely to make COVID-19-related donations in terms of likelihood and amount. Investors also react negatively, not only to the local spread of COVID-19 but also to COVID-19-related philanthropic donations. At the organizational level, our evidence indicates that there is at least some level of cost–benefit analysis underlying corporate philanthropic decisions. Specifically, corporate philanthropic donations, especially those made to the local business environment, are significantly affected by organizational-level factors, such as pre-existing resource availability and motives to acquire political and reputational resources. Overall, our multilevel study presents a comprehensive picture of corporate philanthropic decisions amid the COVID-19 crisis.

The Color of Justice

In this review of Sara Mayeux's Free Justice, I argue that one cannot tell a history of public defense without interrogating the political, social, and legal status of Black and other nonwhite people charged with crime. Racism and white supremacy played prominent roles in the development of the criminal legal system and impacted the creation, scope, and trajectory of modern indigent defense. By applying a critical race lens to the history of indigent defense and the development of the right to counsel, my hope is to provide additional insight into why public defense has struggled to deliver justice to the accused. I also use it as a tool to suggest alternative ways to advance justice for poor people ensnarled in the criminal legal system. Mayeux focuses her account on elite corporate lawyers during the Progressive Era, their philanthropic efforts, and the legal profession’s changing identity. Free Justice unearths the legal profession’s dramatic shift in attitude toward public defense over the course of the twentieth century. Elite lawyers initially viewed public defense as akin to communism or as the socialization of the private bar, but by midcentury they regarded public defenders as exemplars of democracy and “the American way of life.” This dramatic shift, according to Mayeux, enabled most indigent defense delivery models to transition away from elite lawyers’ benevolence and ad hoc services to state financed public defender offices, legal aid societies, and nonprofits. In Part I, I identify a central tenet of critical race theory and apply it to Free Justice’s utopian framework and Progressive Era notions of criminal conduct, charity, and the legal profession. In Part II, I examine the post-Gideon fallout in under-resourced Black communities, the growth of mass criminalization, and ineffective assistance of counsel jurisprudence through a critical race lens. I conclude the review with thoughts on a different method of delivering justice to indigent people facing criminal charges.

1234. Increasing private sector investment in neglected tropical disease (NTD) research and development: a mixed methods study

BackgroundThis study explores the drug development environment for Human African Trypanosomiasis and Chagas disease and investigates ways to stimulate greater investment in the small molecule drug pipeline for NTDs.MethodsWe conducted qualitative case studies of successful public-private partnerships (PPPs) that have supported the research pipeline for treatment of HAT (Fexinidazole & Acoziborole) & Chagas disease (Benznidazole). We conducted semi-structured interviews with 21 key informants. We then performed an economic modeling analysis to evaluate the development costs compared to estimates of potential revenue in order to identify expected private investment returns, inclusive of the contribution of the Priority Review Voucher (PRV) program. We also investigate under what circumstances one can expect positive returns if R&D for NTDs was executed by a private biopharmaceutical firm. We calculate the net present value of R&D costs both for an average NTD drug and use the specific features of these three candidates to estimate the private ROI that would have prevailed for each drug had they been developed by a for-profit entity.ResultsThe major themes that emerged from the case studies were: (1) the importance of pre-existing philanthropic efforts for a given disease, (2) the desire to align the social goals of the company with its actions, (3) the vital role of PPPs in coordinating development and reducing private-sector risk & (4) the limited role that the PRV played in motivating these activities. Overall, the current NTD R&D landscape is driven by PPPs. The modeling analysis shows why: although the PRV is an important incentive for drug development, it is not sufficient to generate a positive private return for novel drug development when adjusting for capitalized costs and failure risk. However, for a pre-existing, unapproved drug such as Benzinadozole, returns are positive in the current environment (Table 1). We find that both a restricted PRV supply & better estimates of approval probabilities would generate positive returns (Fig 1 + 2).Table 1: Return on investment by small molecule drug Figure 1. Return on Investment Sensitivity Analysis for Fexinidazole (Source: Authors’ calculations) Figure 2. Return on Investment Sensitivity Analysis for Acoziborole (Source: Authors’ calculations) ConclusionWe find support for NTD drug development within the private sector, but no novel R&D without nonprofit stewardship. Our findings intend to foster PPPs that stimulate this pipeline from very low current levels.Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Medicine in Motion: Addressing Physician Burnout Through Fitness, Philanthropy, and Interdisciplinary Community Building

Physician burnout is a public health crisis. Although recent studies underscore its prevalence, there are few rigorous studies examining its prevention, especially among medical students and residents. Prior interventions have centered on mindfulness techniques and flexible workload scheduling, yielding limited success. However, interventions that combine fitness with philanthropy and community building may be more effective. The purpose of this report is 2-fold: first, to provide a review of physician burnout and potential prevention mechanisms and, second, to present a case study of how Medicine in Motion (MiM) addresses these issues. MiM facilitates various athletic workouts, competitions, and other events for students and professionals in medicine, dentistry, nursing, and physical therapy to support wellness and charitable initiatives. This analysis identifies 4 barriers to physicians and those in the health care profession from participating in wellness activities: (1) insufficient awareness, (2) logistical challenges, (3) lack of purpose, and (4) absence of perceived support. To overcome these barriers, MiM provides a model toolkit for starting a grassroots movement against physician burnout that other health care institutions may emulate. Institutions should provide financial support for these wellness programs. Future research is needed to evaluate these combined exercise, philanthropic, and community building efforts.

Fisibilillah: Labor as Learning on the Sufi Path

At the core of this study of spiritual empowerment and Black Atlantic Sufism lies the pre-occupation of understanding precisely the manner by which particular Muslim subjectivities are fashioned within the bounds of the Mustafawi Sufi tradition of religious cultivation through charitable giving and community service in Moncks Corner, South Carolina. This article examines Black Atlantic Muslim religiosities and argues that West African Sufism in diasporic context—which draws upon nonwestern theories of the body and theories of the soul—can be theorized as a philosophy of freedom and decoloniality. In the American South, spiritual empowerment becomes possible through varying forms of care and bodily practice that take place in a mosque that is situated on a former slave plantation. Meanwhile, that empowerment takes place through discourses on Islamic piety and heightened religiosity in a postcolonial Senegal. Spiritual empowerment occurs, as I show, through attending to the body and spirit as students connect themselves, via West African Sufism, to a tradition of inward mastery and bodily discipline through philanthropic efforts.

Pediatric Liver Transplantation in India: 22 Years and Counting

Liver transplantation in India has grown exponentially in the last decade with 135 centers now performing between 1500-2000 transplants a year, 10% of which are pediatric. Survival rate surpassing 90% has been achieved, and India is now an important regional liver transplant hub in South and South-East Asia. The indications have expanded to include increasing number of liver-based metabolic disorders that may or may not cause liver disease. Recipients, who were previously considered non-transplantable such as those with pre-existing portal vein thrombosis, can be successfully managed with innovative microvascular techniques. The donor pool has grown with the use of marginal grafts and ABO incompatible organs. Financial constraints are being overcome by crowd funding and increasing philanthropic efforts.

Investigating a Potential Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility and Financial Growth

Modern business has recently trended towards a focus on corporate social responsibility (CSR) due to a growing sense that companies should uphold ethical standards not only for their direct stakeholders, but also for society at large. This study therefore investigated whether a relationship between companies’ CSR/philanthropic efforts and financial growth may exist. The six public companies investigated (Alphabet, Apple, Bank of America, JP Morgan Chase, Kroger, and Walmart) were the six highest-ranked on the 2019 Fortune 500 list that also appeared on the 2018 Fortune Change the World list. One notable philanthropic effort for each company was selected. Financial statements from the year before, during, and after the philanthropic efforts began were examined and sales revenue was recorded. A positive correlation was found between Apple’s and Kroger’s financial success and philanthropic efforts but not for the other four companies. This may indicate that CSR is a strong factor in how customers perceive those two companies. The weak correlation found between these two variables for the four remaining firms may demonstrate that the relationship between CSR and consumer choice is weak or nonexistent. The results of this study are intended to prepare future research involving the potential relationship between corporate social responsibility and sales revenue, by providing a framework for related statistics and information among top philanthropic public corporations.

Asian Philanthropy in 2020: An Analysis of the Li Ka Shing Foundation as a Positive Force for Good

2020 has seen human society encounter some tremendous difficulties. COVID-19 has devastated lives and societies. In such a climate, it is even more important for humanity to focus on philanthropic efforts to uplift the most vulnerable in society. While much has been written about philanthropic organisations in the West, there is little written on Asia given its nascent status in giving and philanthropy. However, one strong example that can serve as a positive force in the region is the Li Ka Shing foundation, which focuses on education, healthcare, and the reduction of poverty. This paper highlights the Li Ka Shing foundation’s growth in Asia, analyses its strategies, and offers it as an example for others to emulate in the hopes that more will step forward in what is a difficult time for humankind.

Serving the Base of the Pyramid Through Innovative Business Models and Stakeholder Relationships

The base of the pyramid (BoP) refers to the global poor, most of whom live in developing countries and face limited access to health care, education, and public services. Social entrepreneurship can be an effective approach to creating both economic and social value at the BoP, addressing the needs of this market segment through innovative business models and relationships with different local stakeholders. Scholars and practitioners alike have proposed that multinational corporations or philanthropic efforts would be effective in serving the needs of this market segment. However, social entrepreneurs, through their pursuit of social and economic goals that address the community’s needs and potentiates its capabilities, constitute a better alternative to these approaches. Thus, based on the study of three social enterprises in Latin America, we develop a set of propositions regarding the characteristics that effective social enterprises serving the rural BoP are likely to exhibit. These features include a) a local founder who understands the community needs and sociopolitical context, b) an innovative business model that fits the local context, c) the deployment of or investment in local capabilities, and d) diversified sources of income through multiple market segments or different product lines.

Becoming more than an athlete: developing an athlete's personal brand using strategic philanthropy

ABSTRACT Research Question: The current research examined the effect of an athlete promoting his philanthropic efforts to his Instagram followers. Specifically, we assessed how adopting this strategy impacted his followers’ perceptions of, and level of fandom towards, his personal brand. Research Methods: We used a longitudinal research design including a pre-intervention survey, an intervention, and a post-intervention survey separated by a six-month interval. We analysed free-thought brand associations, perceptions of athlete philanthropy, and levels of fandom reported by an athlete's Instagram followers from two independent samples (N T1 = 165; N T2 = 172) and a longitudinal sample (N = 32). Results and Findings: Results indicated that the athlete's promotion of his philanthropic activities positively impacted his brand image. This change was characterized by a shift from the prominence of sport-specific brand attributes to perceptions of overall character. In addition, followers reported increased perceptions of the athlete's engagement in philanthropy, and stronger levels of overall fandom towards the athlete. Research Implications: Findings demonstrated the promotion of philanthropic activities impacted the brand associations consumers linked to the athlete's personal brand, and strengthened the overall connection between the athlete and his followers. Findings extend athlete branding knowledge and provide practical implications to inform how athletes and agents may implement social media brand management.