Philadelphus Coronarius Research Articles

АНАЛИЗ ПОРОДНОГО СОСТАВА КУСТАРНИКОВ В ГПКИО ИМ. М.ГОРЬКОГО И ПАРКЕ ПОБЕДЫ

The article provides an analysis of the state and assortment of existing shrubby vegetation in the City Park of Culture and Recreation named after. Gorky and Victory Park, Saratov. Green spaces perform a number of important environmental functions: reducing noise, gas pollution and dustiness of the air, enrichment with oxygen and phytoncides, improving microclimatic indicators, etc. When classifying green spaces, the approaches outlined in the work of T.G. Guzenko were used. During the survey of plantings, the species affiliation of shrubs was established, the Latin names of species are given according to S.K Cherepanov. The species diversity on the presented objects is quite high. To improve the living condition of shrubby vegetation, it is necessary to additionally reconstruct or create a hedge around the perimeter of landscaping facilities, which will isolate the indoor air environment of plantings from various pollutants. The most promising species for increasing the share of shrubs in the park can be considered Mahonia aquifolium Nutt, Symphoricarpos albus L., Córnus álba, Lonícera caprifólium L., Juniperus media P.J. van Melle, Ribes aureum Pursh, Philadelphus coronarius L., Syringa vulgaris L., which have proven themselves well in these environmental conditions. Particular attention should be paid to the introduction of coniferous species such as, Thúja occidentális L., Juniperus scopulorum Sarg., Juniperus media P.J. van Melle into plantings.

Anthropogenic load in artificial ecosystems and its impact on ornamental shrubs

The article reviews the main aspects of assessing the vitality of ornamental shrubs. The authors have ranked the plants according to the resistance to air pollution of urban ecosystems based on the assessment of the vitality of ornamental shrubs, their vital activity and resistance to anthropogenic impact. The study has identified the promising species of ornamental shrubs recommended for planting in urban environment: Berberis thunbergii DC., Philadelphus coronarius L., Potentilla fruticosa L., Syringa vulgaris L., Crataegus sanguinea Pall., Lonicera caprifolium L., Philadelphus coronarius L., Physocarpus opulifolius L.

Topical Dosage Formulation of Lyophilized Philadelphus coronarius L. Leaf and Flower: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Assessment of the Plant.

Philadelphus coronarius is a versatile plant and its use in folk medicine has a long tradition; however, scientifically, the medical utilization of the herb is a less explored research field. The aim of our study was to identify and determine the quantity of the bioactive compounds of both the leaf and the flower and prepare a lyophilized product of them, from which medical ointments were formulated, since the topical application of P. coronarius has also not been studied. In vitro drug release, texture analysis and biocompatibility experiments were carried out, as well as the investigation of microbiological, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. According to our results the composition and the selected excipients of the ointments have a great impact on the drug release, texture and bioavailability of the preparation. During the microbiological testing, the P. coronarius leaf was effective against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, but it did not significantly decrease IL-4 production when it was tested on HaCaT cells. P. coronarius is a promising herb, and its topical application in antimicrobial therapy can be a useful addition to modern medical therapy.

Сахароза в тканях однолетних побегов древесных растений-интродуцентов

Expanding the species diversity of urban plantations in the North requires taking into account the physiological characteristics of introduced species. The paper analyzes the winter hardiness and dynamics of sucrose content in tissues of annual shoots of plants growing in towns of the Vologda region, considering their natural habitats. The authors show that the sucrose content in the studied species undergoes seasonal fluctuations and also varies significantly depending on the geographical origin of the species. Most of the studied trees are characterized by a fairly high level of winter hardiness, which occurs against the background of moderate fluctuations in sucrose content throughout the year. Shrubs, compared to trees, are characterized by higher content of sucrose and its significant fluctuations during the growing season. The minimum content of sucrose is observed from April till June in most of the studied plants; during the autumn months its content increases; and then from November to spring there is a decrease. Species that showed a high level of winter hardiness: European spindle (Euonymus europaeus L.), white dogwood (Cornus alba L.), hedge cotoneaster (Cotoneaster lucidus Schltdl.), and Amur maple (Acer ginnala Maxim.). They accumulate sucrose by October and then smoothly consume it during the autumn-winterspring period. Introduced shrubs with low winter hardiness are the following: Atlantic ninebark (Physocarpus opulifolius (L.) Maxim.), Spiraea salicifolia (Spiraea salicifolia L.), and common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake). They accumulate maximum sucrose by October–November and then rapidly consume it during the winter months. English dogwood (Philadelphus coronarius L.) is known for freezing the shoots to the level of snow, which may be due to the almost complete consumption of sucrose by January. The article provides options for strategies of sugars accumulation and consumption by plants belonging to different floristic areas. For citation: Andronova M.M., Platonov A.V. Sucrose in the Tissues of Annual Shoots of Introduced Woody Plants. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2022, no. 1, pp. 62–76. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2022-1-62-76

ADDITIONS TO THE FLORA OF THE REPUBLIC OF MORDOVIA, RUSSIA

The biodiversity conservation is based on our knowledge of the complete composition of plants and animals within a certain area. In this paper, we present data of biodiversity research in the Republic of Mordovia (European Russia). The obtained results are reflected in six vascular plant found for the first time in the studied region. Of them, four alien taxa (Philadelphus coronarius, Rosa x majorugosa, Spiraea japonica, Syringa josikaea) are known only in the Mordovia State Nature Reserve now. This underlines the need paying our attention to alien plants that escape into the wild (naturalize) in the least disturbed ecosystems of this Protected Area. The Urtica galeopsiifolia distribution needs to be clarified in more details because of its similarity to the widely known Urtica dioica. Thus, a majority of the species under discussion are alien plants considered as cultivated plants escaping in the wild. Taking into account the newly revealed species, the vascular plant flora of the Republic of Mordovia currently includes 1,472 species. In this study, we propose the continuing the study of man-made habitats in terms of accidentally or intentionally introduced alien species, as well as the searching of hidden taxa, such as Urtica galeopsiifolia found in this study.

Stem cutting rhizogenesis in soſtwood graſting of <i>Philadelphus coronarius L. f. aureus nanus</i>

Sweet mock orange f. golden dwarf (Philadelphus coronarius L. f. aureus nanus) is a promising ornamental shrub in green building within Central Russia. In the Orel Region, this species has a limited occurrence due to the lack of quality planting material, which warrants research into rhizogenesis of P. coronarius f. aureus nanus stem cuttings during soſtwood graſting. Trials were conducted during 2017-2019 in triplicate, 20 cuttings each, adhering to the common woody plant soſtwood graſting propagation technique. Two yearling types were used, side shoots and innovations. Experimental setups: 1 — control (water); 2 — aqueous indolebutyric acid (IBA) 50 mg/L at 18-h exposure; 3 — bottom cutting powdering with 0.5 g/kg active coal-IBA mixture; 4 — bottom cutting treatment with 50 mg/L IBA at 18-h exposure followed by powdering with 0.5 g/kg active coal-IBA mixture. Setup 2 (IBA 50 mg/L) rendered the highest positive effect on the rooting and reproduction of side shoot and innovation-derived stem cuttings. Te best cutting root system biometry (number and length of 1st order roots) was obtained in setup 2 with the innovation cuttings (10.50 roots of 4.53 cm) compared to the side-shoot ones (9.81 roots of 3.68 cm).

Mite Diversity (Acari) from Ornamental Plants in Erzurum in Turkey

Mite species belongs to Tetraychychidae (3); Tenupalpidae (2), Stigmaeidae (1), Tydeiidae (2), (Acari: Prostigmata); Phytoseiidae (10) (Acari: Mesostigmata) and Acaridae (1) (Astigmata) were identified on woody ornamental plants and shrubs in Erzurum (Eastern part of Turkey). The samples were collected from Erzurum (Centrum, Pasinler, Koprukoy, Horasan, Aziziye-Ilica, Askale, Tortum, Uzundere and Cat districts) with a weekly interval between April to October during 2015 and 2016. Five species were phytophagous mites (belong to Tenuipalpidae and Tetranychidae), while the others are considered as predators or feed on microorganisms, neutral in their habitats. Nineteen mite species representing in three orders: Amblyseius andersoni (Chant), Kampimodromus aberrans (Oudemans), Euseius finlandicus (Oudemans), Typlodromus cotoneastri (Wainstein), Neoseiulus astutus (Beglyarov), Phytoseius finitimus Ribaga, Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) kerkirae Swirski and Ragusa, Typhlodromus (Anthoseius) recki (Wainstein), Paraseiulus soleiger (Ribaga), Neoseiulella tiliarum (Oudemans), Zetzellia mali (Ewing), Tydeus kochi Oudemans, Tydeus californicus (Banks), Tetranychus urticae Koch, Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten), Bryobia praetiosa Koch, Cenopalpus pulcher (Canestini & Fanzago) Brevipalpus californicus (Banks), Tyrophagus putrescentiae. These results showed that Erzurum has rich biodiversity especially concerning predatory mite fauna. T. urticae (Schrank), was the most abundant and common phytophagous species (53.11%) while some other species were represented only one specimen (Neoseiulus astutus (Beglyarov) (Phytoseiidae). Most preferred hosts plants were Philadelphus coronarius L. (Hydrangeaceae) (8), Malus coronaria L. (Rosaceae) (7) and Rosa canina L. (Rosaceae) (6) while Syringa vulgaris L. (Oleaceae), Salix sp. (Salicaceae) and Rosa pisiformis (Christ) (Rosaceae) were populated by only (2) and (1) mite species respectively.

Cut-off in their prime? Response of two landscape shrubs to different levels of root pruning, during active and quiescent growth phases

ABSTRACT Shrubs have an important role in the future design of urban landscapes. Due to city-densification and pressure on space, shrubs are increasingly preferred over trees for urban amenity plantings. In contrast to trees, however, relatively little information exists on how shrubs adapt to urban stress. This includes their responses to physical root injury, that might occur through trenching or transplanting activities. Two shrub taxa, Philadelphus coronarius ‘Aureus’ and Euonymus fortunei ‘Silver Queen’, were used to investigate the effects of severity and time of root injury on plant viability, and how additional fertiliser influenced recovery. A novel ‘split-pot’ system was developed to differentiate where root injury was induced. Results showed that both taxa were relatively resilient to root-pruning, although root injury was more detrimental during active growth than when plants were quiescent. This re-enforces the notion that transplanting of shrubs should be avoided in the summer. Shoot development was not more detrimentally affected by severe root-pruning compared to light pruning. There was also evidence that uniform severe pruning across the root-ball stimulated stronger root-regeneration compared to root systems differentially injured. No consistent response to fertiliser was noted. Results have implications for the resilience and management of shrubs within the urban landscape.

The use of biogenic nanoparticles of ferrihydrite in the propagation of horticultural crops by cutting

The effect of biogenic ferrihydrite nanoparticles on the rhizogenesis of garden plants (Salix ledebouriana, Philadelphus coronarius, Thuja occidentalis, and Cerasus fruticosa) was studied. It was shown that nanoparticles of biogenic ferrihydrite (tested 4 modifications) are biologically active. It is assumed that the mechanism of their influence on the rhizogenesis of the tested plant species is general and is associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species in interaction with endogenous hydrogen peroxide.

Regeneration of vegetation in manor park in Laskowice (Dąbrowa Forest District)

Laskowice is a village located in Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship, in Świecie Upland near Świecie. On the edges of the village there is a manor-palace complex established by Franz von Gordon in the first half of the 19th century. Since the palace was destroyed in 1945, the maintenance of the park was ceased. Currently the object is administrated by Dąbrowa Forest District. The aim of the study was to determine the direction of vegetation transformation of the park in the light of lack of use. Lack of human interference within examined object has initiated regeneration processes. At present the vegetation of the park refers to structure and species composition of natural forest plant communities. Phytosociological research carried out in 2015 and 2016 revealed the presence of following associations: Ficario-Ulmetum , Fraxino-Alnetum and Tilio-Carpinetum. Shrub vegetation of Rhamno-Prunetea class develops in places. Non-forest vegetation of meadows ( Arrhenatheretum elatioris ) and nitrophilous edges ( Urtico-Aegopodietum ) are present. In case of analyzed object the physionomy and species composition of forest communities differs from typical forms. An attention is paid to a strongly developed layer of brushwood. There is a lack of some characteristic species, alien species are present in treestand and shrub layers. A large share in phytocoenoses of Ficario-Ulmetum and Tilio-Carpinetum has Sambucus nigra and in case of the first association also alien species – Philadelphus coronarius and Symphoricarpos albus . Values of calculated indices of synanthropization confirm the regeneration of forest communities: index of natural character achieves value 40% and synanthropization index ranges from 48.78% for Tilio-Carpinetum to 60.00% for Fraxino-Alnetum.

Lead content in soils and native plants near an abandoned mine in a protected area of south-western Spain: an approach to determining the environmental risk to wildlife and livestock.

A study of the impact of an abandoned lead (Pb) mine ("Las Musas"), located in SW Spain, on the contamination of the surface soil and pastures in its vicinity revealed the presence of widely distributed, high levels of Pb contamination. The total Pb concentrations in soils sampled at distances from 3 to 998 m from the mine ranged between 129 and 1053 mg/kg, when it has been reported that non-polluted soils have concentrations of 29-40 mg/kg. These exceed the maximum tolerable levels in agricultural soils for the protection of environmental and human health as established in international and regional regulations. While the concentrations of potentially bioavailable Pb in the soils also surpassed the regulatory levels, the effective bioavailable fractions were low. The Pb concentrations measured in native plants ranged from 1.70 to 129 mg/kg dry weight, with Cynosurus echinatus, Philadelphus coronarius, and Fraxinus angustifolia being the species that bioaccumulated the greatest concentrations of this metal. Estimation of the environmental risk to wildlife and livestock grazing in the studied area showed no potential toxicity for these animals.

Влияние стимуляторов роста на корнеобразование одревесневших черенков

The article presents data on the use of growth stimulators on the rooting of hardwood cuttings. Treatment drug “Samorod” increases the rooting of hardwood cuttings of Philadelphus coronarius and on Támarix of 69,8 and 73,1%, and increases the length by 57,1-58,8 percent, compared to the control variant. The use of growth stimulator “Heteroauksin” promotes the formation of roots of hardwood cuttings by 34,4-68,1%, and an increase in length by 43,8-69,5%, relative to the control option. Treatment with growth regulators “Heteroauxin” and “ Samorod “ enhances the processes of root formation of hardwood cuttings of Philadelphia coronarius and Támarix, contributing to an increase in the number and length of roots formed.

Нові знахідки у флорі міст Північного Приазов’я

<p>Northern Azov is unique region in origin and conditions, which modern flora developed in conditions of active human economic activities. Anthropogenic transformations have resulted to changes in vegetation cover and wild plant communities are transformed into synanthropic floral complexes.</p><p>The results achieved through our expeditionary studies conducted in 2013-2016 in the Northern Azov (in the administrative boundaries of the cities Berdyansk, Primorsk (Zaporizhia region), and Genichesk (Kherson region). In total, we founded new locations for 25 vascular plants: <em>Armoracia rusticana</em> P.G. Gaertn., B. Mey. & Scherb., <em>Apium graveolens</em><strong> </strong>L., <em>Arabis</em><em> </em><em>recta</em><em> </em>Vill., <em>Aster amellus</em><strong> </strong>L., <em>Acalypha australis L.</em>, <em>Mahonia aquifolium</em> (Pursh) Nutt., <em>Oxybaphus</em><em> </em><em>nyctagineus</em> (Michx.) Sweet, <em>Bidens</em><em> </em><em>frondosa</em>. L., <em>Ipomoea purpurea</em><strong> (</strong>L.), <em>Sedum acre</em> L., <em>Clematis vitalba</em> L., <em>Scilla</em><em> </em><em>siberica</em> Haw., <em>Zea majus</em> L., <em>Philadelphus</em><em> </em><em>coronarius</em> L., <em>Robinia</em><em> </em><em>viscosa</em> Vent., <em>Fagopyrum esculentum</em> Moench, <em>Nigella damascena</em> L., <em>Convallaria</em><em> </em><em>majalis</em> L., <em>Rubus anatolicus</em> (Focke) Focke ex Hausskn., <em>Ricinus</em><em> </em><em>communis</em> L., <em>Lablab</em><em> </em><em>purpureus</em> L., <em>Chrysanthemum segetum</em> L., <em>Gaillardia pulchella</em> Foug., <em>Antirrhinum majus</em> L., Tagetes patula L. In addition, we provided a brief description of their habitats and described new locations for new and previously marked aboriginal, alien, and cultivated plants that are capable of savagery for Northern Azov flora. Among all annotated species the significant proportion are the alien species that fall out of cultivation.</p>

Wooden Species in the Urban Green Areas and their Role in Improving the Quality of the Environment

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to underline the role of some wooden species in different units of green areas in Iasi municipality in improving the quality of the environment. By regular visits in the field, we have identified the wooden species frequent in different areas; based on the bibliography in the field, we underlined the ecological characteristics, the resistance to unfavourable climate factors, and the role of these species in improving the quality of the environment. Most species taken into account are resistant to extremely cold weather and to drought; are considered resistant (Acer negundo, Acer pseudoplatanus, Hibiscus syriacus, Ligustrum vulgare) or present moderate resistance (Aesculus hippocastanum, Acer platanoides, Philadelphus coronarius) to polluting elements in the atmosphere. The wooden species considered in this study have profound influence on the environment: they regulate the urban microclimate; they contribute to the concentration reduction of some atmospheric pollutants, the noise level; they improve the edaphical conditions and contribute to the soil consolidation. Some species can be used as bio-monitors of the pollution in urban areas.

Molecular analysis confirms that Botryodontia millavensis and Oxyporus philadelphi are conspecific

The aim of the present study is to elucidate if Oxyporus philadelphi (Parmasto) Ryvarden and Botryodontia millavensis (Bourdot & Galzin) Duhem & H. Michel are conspecific, as suggested by their similar morphology. The analysis of ribosomal DNA ITS sequences indicate that the specimens of O. philadelphi and B. millavensis belong to a single species. The species is closely related to the type species (B. cirrata) of the genus Botryodontia, and therefore the name B. millavensis should currently be used for this taxon. Botryodontia millavensis grows on a wide selection of host species—Juniperus communis, Philadelphus coronarius, Picea abies, Fraxinus excelsior, Lonicera sp., J. turcomanica—and is distributed widely in temperate Eurasia.

The effects of Aphis fabae infestation on the antioxidant response and heavy metal content in field grown Philadelphus coronarius plants

The purpose of this study was to explore a possible relationship between the soil availability of metals and their concentrations in various parts of P hiladelphus coronarius plants. Moreover, the possible impact of an aphid infestation on the contamination and antioxidant response of plants from the urban environment of Kraków and the reference rural area of Zagaje Stradowskie (southern Poland) was analyzed. The contents of the glutathione, proline, non-protein − SH groups, antioxidants, and phosphorous and the levels of guaiacol peroxidase and catalase activity in leaves and shoots either infested or not by the aphid Aphis fabae Scop., were measured. The potential bioavailability of metals (Cd; Cu; Ni; Pb; Zn) in the soil and their concentrations in P. coronarius plants originating from both sites were compared. The antioxidant responses were generally elevated in the plants in the polluted area. Such reactions were additionally changed by aphid infestation. Generally, the concentrations of metals in the HNO 3 and CaCl 2 extractants of the soils from two layers at the 0–20 and 20–40 cm depths from the polluted area were higher than in those from the reference area. Such differences were found for nickel and lead (in all examined extractants), zinc (in soil extractants from the layer at 20–40 cm) and cadmium (in HNO 3 extractants). Significant positive relationships between the lead concentrations in the soil and in the plants were found. In the parts of plants from the polluted area, higher concentrations of Pb and Zn (leaves and shoots) and Cd (shoots) were recorded. The shoots and leaves of plants infested with aphids had higher concentrations of Zn but lower Pb. Moreover, their leaves had higher contaminations of Cu and Ni. In conclusion, aphids affected not only the antioxidant response of the plants but also their contamination with metals, especially contamination of the leaves.

CYTOTOXICITY OF WATER EXTRACTS FROM LEAVES AND BRANCHES OF PHILADELPHUS CORONARIUS L.

Philadelphus coronarius L. is big, leggy and deciduous old-fashioned shrub known for its fragrant white flowers in the late spring. Some members of genus Philadelphus L. are known for their antibacterial, antiradical and immunomodulatory effects. Therefore, these herbs represent prospective sources for the isolation of active substances with desired effects. We have investigated the cytotoxicity effects of water extracts from leaves and branches of Philadelphus coronarius L. (Hydrangeaceae). A431 cells (human skin carcinoma cell line) and the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7) were treated with various doses of individual extracts (0,1-100 microg dry matter/ml) for 24 h and 72 h. The highest toxic effects of both plant parts extracts were observed on MCF-7 cells regardless the time of treatment. Cells A431 were less sensitive to toxic effects of leaves and branches extracts but the time dependence was present with the tendency of increased toxicity after chronic treatment. There were no differences in the extent of toxic effects between branches and leaves extracts. The results obtained so far will provide the basis for the future studies with isolated active substances from these extracts.

Identification of the Components of Philadelphus coronarius L. Essential Oil

The volatile constituents of both dried and fresh leaves, twigs and flowers of Philadelphus coronarius L. (Hydrangeaceae) were isolated by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/FID and GC/MS. There were major differences between the various oils. For example, epi-13-manool (47.6 %) was the major component of the fresh flower oil, but was not detected in the dried fower oil, whereas isolongifolol (15.5%), 2-nonanol (11.1%) and 7-hydroxycoumarin (9.7%) were the principal components of the dried flower oil. In the oils of both the fresh and dried leaves the major constituent was (E,E)-farnesol, although the proportion of this compound in the fresh leaf oil was considerably higher (37.3%) than that of the dried leaf oil (3.2%). (E,E)-farnesol was also the major component of the fresh twig oil (16.6%), but was absent from the dried twig oil, the major constituent of which was (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (2.4%); however, this was not detected in the fresh twig oil.

Susceptibility of adult Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to insecticides with different modes of action

Five insecticides (pyriproxifen, imidacloprid, deltamethrin + heptenophos, lambda-cyhalothrin and Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subsp. tenebrionis) were examined in the laboratory for their acute detrimental side-effects at field rates on adult seven-spot ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. The toxicity of the preparations was determined by measuring the acute surface contact effects (dried spray on leaves of Philadelphus coronarius L.), except for B. thuringiensis where mixed pollen was treated. Four to six concentrations were tested (pyriproxifen 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 mg AI litre(-1); imidacloprid 62.4, 125, 250, 500 mg AI litre(-1); deltamethrin + heptenophos 26.4, 53.1, 106.3, 212.5 mg AI litre(-1); lambda-cyhalothrin 1.1, 3.4, 10, 30 mg AI litre(-1); B. thuringiensis 1.5, 3.0, 12.0, 48, 192, 768 mg AI litre(-1)), with 22 adults exposed per concentration. All tests were conducted in the laboratory of the Plant Protection Department (University of Debrecen, Hungary) at 22-25 degrees C, 40-60% RH, under a 16:8 h light:dark photoperiod in 1998-1999. Data were analyzed by probit analysis, probit transformation and analysis of variance. According to different categories of evaluation, pyriproxifen, imidacloprid and B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis seem to be safe for C. septempunctata adults but the other two preparations were moderately harmful to them, which requires further semi-field or field tests to measure their real effect under field conditions.

Foraging responses in the butterflies Inachis io , Aglais urticae (Nymphalidae), and Gonepteryx rhamni (Pieridae) to floral scents

For butterflies to be efficient foragers, they need to be able to recognize rewarding flowers. Flower signals such as colours and scents assist this recognition process. For plant species to attract and keep butterflies as pollinators, species-specific floral signals are crucial. The aim of this study is to investigate foraging responses to floral scents in three temperate butterfly species, Inachis io L. (Nymphalidae), Aglais urticae L. (Nymphalidae), and Gonepteryx rhamni L. (Pieridae), in behavioural choice bioassays. The butterflies were allowed to choose bet-ween flower models varying in scent and colour (mauve or green). Flowers or vegetative parts from the plants Centaurea scabiosa L. (Asteraceae), Cirsium arvense (L.) (Asteraceae), Knautia arvensis (L.) (Dipsacaceae), Buddleja davidii Franchet (Loganicaeae), Origanum vulgareL. (Lamiaceae), Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae), and Philadelphus coronarius L. (Hydrangiaceae) were used as scent sources. All visits to the models — those that included probing and those that did not — were counted, as was the duration of these behaviours. Both flower-naive and flower-experienced (conditioned to sugar-water rewards, the colour mauve, and specific floral scents) butterflies were tested for their preference for floral versus vegetative scents, and to floral scent versus colour. The butterflies were also tested for their ability to switch floral scent preferences in response to rewards. Flower-naive butterflies demonstrated a preference for the floral scent of the butterfly-favourable plants C. arvense and K. arvensis over the floral scent of the non-favourable plants Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae), and Philadelphus coronarius cv. (Hydrangiaceae). Most of the butterflies that were conditioned to floral scents of either C. arvense, K. arvensis, or B. davidii readily switched theirfloral scent preferences to the one most recently associated with reward, thus demonstrating that floral scent constancy is a result from learning. These findings suggest that these butterflies use floral scent as an important cue signal to initially identify and subsequently recognize and distinguish among rewarding plants.