Phenylpropionic Acid Research Articles

Synthesis of flavor compound ethyl hydrocinnamate by Yarrowia lipolytica lipases

Two biocatalysts with high lipolytic activity were obtained – freeze-dried supernatant and freeze-dried biomass of Yarrowia lipolytica KKP 379. The biocatalysts were compared with Candida antarctica lipase B in the synthesis of ethyl hydrocinnamate – a flavour compound with a floral-honey aroma. Ester synthesis was completed after 2 h when 3 grams of freeze-dried biomass was used. Using smaller amounts of biomass (1.2 and 0.6 g) also allowed to achieve high ester conversion and results were comparable with those obtained for CALB used as a catalyst. Freeze-dried supernatant showed a weaker lipase activity (22.17 U/g) compared to freeze-dried biomass (46.13 U/g), which resulted in a lower conversion of 3-phenylpropionic acid to its ethyl ester, and after 36 h a conversion peaked at around 70%, then began to decrease and finally the conversion reached 50%. Moreover, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the synthesised ester were evaluated. Ethyl hydrocinnamate showed no antibacterial activity and weak antioxidant activity towards DPPH radical. In contrast to bacteria, the obtained compound moderately inhibited the growth of tested yeast species, where inhibition zones ranged from 10 to 16 mm.

Research progress on chemical compositions of Coptidis Rhizoma and pharmacological effects of berberine

Coptidis Rhizoma was a commonly used antipyretic and dampening drug in clinic, which was first recorded in the Shennong's Herbal Classic of Materia Medica and which was listed as one of the highest grade herb in traditional Chinese medicine. Traditionally, Coptidis Rhizoma was used to treat dampness with distention and fullness, vomiting with acid regurgitation, acne, heartbum, etc. At present, a total of 133 chemical components have been isolated and identified from Coptidis Rhizoma, which can be divided into alkaloids(44 species), lignans(32 species), flavonoids(9 species), phenylpropionic acid and its derivatives(26 species) and other compounds(22 species) according to the differences in structure types. Modern studies have shown that berberine is one of the most important active composition of Coptidis Rhizoma, which not only has an effect on the antibacterial, antiviral and anti-gastric ulcer, but also plays a vital role in reducing blood sugar, lowering blood fat, anti-tumor and treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The chemical constituents of Coptidis Rhizoma and pharmacological effects of berberine were reviewed in this study, which was expected to provide references for the further research, development of and clinical application of Coptidis Rhizoma and berberine.

Genome-wide association analysis for late blight resistance of potato resources

<p indent=0mm>The mining of broad-spectrum resistance genes is the basis of the breeding of potato varieties with high late blight resistance. In this study, 288 samples of late disease resistance selected by the International Potato Center (CIP) for years were planted and were investigated for two consecutive years, which could provide some theoretical and material basis for breeding of late blight resistant varieties and help to study on disease resistance mechanism. The late blight resistance of each sample was evaluated using AUDPC and sAUDPC values. The population simplified genome sequencing was performed by SLAF-seq and carried out by genome-wide association analysis in order to discover the genetic loci and candidate genes related to late blight resistance. There were wide genetic differences in resistance to late blight among 288 samples. Through genome-wide association analysis, based on five analytical models, a total of 82 loci significantly correlated with late blight resistance were identified. Combined with genomic annotation, there were 54 candidate genes known or likely to be associated with late blight resistance in the association interval. Among them, 23 genes were resistant genes, including late blight resistance gene <italic>R1</italic> homolog, <italic>Sw-5</italic> homolog (<italic>R8</italic>) and <italic>Rpi-vnt1</italic>, as well as gene encoding pleiotropic resistance protein. Five genes encoded MAPK protein and WRKY transcription factor; one gene was involved in the JA pathway; three genes were associated with salicylic acid pathway; six genes were related to the course of the disease; three genes were involved in the synthesis of phenylpropionic acid. Other genes related to resistance to late blight included HMGR gene (2) and cytochrome P450 (21).

Palladium-Catalyzed O - and N -Glycosylation with Glycosyl Chlorides

Despite the significant progress in carbohydrate chemistry, there remains a pressing need for efficient and practical glycosylation methods using simple glycosyl donors and with high atom economy. ...

Metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiome in atherosclerosis patients identify cross-cohort microbial signatures and potential therapeutic target.

The gut microbiota is associated with cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis. However, the composition, functional capacity, and metabolites of the gut microbiome about atherosclerosis have not been comprehensively studied. Here, we reanalyzed 25 metagenomic stool samples from Sweden and 385 metagenomic stool samples from China using HUMAnN2, PanPhlAn, and MelonnPan to obtain more sufficient information. We found that the samples from atherosclerotic patients in both cohorts were depleted in Bacteroides xylanisolvens, Odoribacter splanchnicus, Eubacterium eligens, Roseburia inulinivorans, and Roseburia intestinalis. At the functional level, healthy metagenomes were both enriched in pathways of starch degradation V, glycolysis III (from glucose), CDP-diacylglycerol biosynthesis, and folate transformations. R inulinivorans and R intestinalis are major contributors to starch degradation V, while E eligens greatly contribute to the pathway CDP-diacylglycerol biosynthesis, and B xylanisolvens and B uniformis contribute to folate transformations II. The 11 marker species selected from the Chinese cohort distinguish patients from controls with an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) of 0.86. Strain-level microbial analysis revealed a geographically associated adaptation of the strains from E eligens, B uniformis, and E coli. Two gut microbial metabolites, nicotinic acid and hydrocinnamic acid, had significantly higher predicted abundance in the control samples compared to the patients in the Chinese cohort, and interestinglynicotinic acid is already an effective lipid-lowering drug to reducing cardiovascular risk. Our results indicate intestinal bacteria such as B xylanisolvens, E eligens, and R inulinivorans could be promising probiotics and potential therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.

Antimicrobial Chlorinated 3-Phenylpropanoic Acid Derivatives from the Red Sea Marine Actinomycete Streptomyces coelicolor LY001.

The actinomycete strain Streptomyces coelicolor LY001 was purified from the sponge Callyspongia siphonella. Fractionation of the antimicrobial extract of the culture of the actinomycete afforded three new natural chlorinated derivatives of 3-phenylpropanoic acid, 3-(3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (1), 3-(3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid methyl ester (2), and 3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (3), together with 3-phenylpropanoic acid (4), E-cinnamic acid (5), and the diketopiperazine alkaloids cyclo(l-Phe-trans-4-OH-l-Pro) (6) and cyclo(l-Phe-cis-4-OH-d-Pro) (7) were isolated. Interpretation of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS) data of 1–7 supported their assignments. Compounds 1–3 are first candidates of the natural chlorinated phenylpropanoic acid derivatives. The production of the chlorinated derivatives of 3-phenylpropionic acid (1–3) by S. coelicolor provides insight into the biosynthetic capabilities of the marine-derived actinomycetes. Compounds 1–3 demonstrated significant and selective activities towards Escherichia. coli and Staphylococcus aureus, while Candida albicans displayed more sensitivity towards compounds 6 and 7, suggesting a selectivity effect of these compounds against C. albicans.

The Human Microbial Metabolism of Quercetin in Different Formulations: An In Vitro Evaluation.

Quercetin is one of the main dietary flavonols, but its beneficial properties in disease prevention may be limited due to its scarce bioavailability. For this purpose, delivery systems have been designed to enhance both stability and bioavailability of bioactive compounds. This study aimed at investigating the human microbial metabolism of quercetin derived from unformulated and phytosome-formulated quercetin through an in vitro model. Both ingredients were firstly characterized for their profile in native (poly)phenols, and then fermented with human fecal microbiota for 24 h. Quantification of microbial metabolites was performed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (uHPLC-MSn) analyses. Native quercetin, the main compound in both products, appeared less prone to microbial degradation in the phytosome-formulated version compared to the unformulated one during fecal incubation. Quercetin of both products was bioaccessible to colonic microbiota, resulting in the production of phenylpropanoic acid, phenylacetic acid and benzoic acid derivatives. The extent of the microbial metabolism of quercetin was higher in the unformulated ingredient, in a time-dependent manner. This study opened new perspectives to investigate the role of delivery systems on influencing the microbial metabolism of flavonols in the colonic environment, a pivotal step in the presumed bioactivity associated to their intake.

Self-Assembly of Peptide Chiral Nanostructures with Sequence-Encoded Enantioseparation Capability.

Biopolymers such as polysaccharides and proteins have been widely used for the chiral separation of various components due to the intrinsic chirality of the polymers. Amyloid-like short peptides can also self-assemble into diverse chiral supramolecular nanostructures or polymers with precisely tailored architectures driving by noncovalent interactions. However, the use of such supramolecular nanostructures for the resolution and separation of chiral components remains largely unexplored. Here, we report that the self-assembled peptide supramolecular nanostructures can be used for the highly efficient chiral separation of various enantiomers. By rationally designing the constituent amino acid sequence of the peptides and the self-assembling environment, we can fabricate supramolecular polymers with distinct surface charges and architectures, including nanohelices, nanoribbons, nanosheets, nanofibrils, and nanospheres. The various supramolecular nanostructures were then used to resolve the racemic mixtures of α-methylbenzylamine, 2-phenylpropionic acid, and 1-phenylethanol. The results indicated that the self-assembled peptide polymers showed excellent enantioselective separation efficiency for different chiral molecules. The enantioselective separation efficiency of the peptide nanostructures can be tailored by changing their surface charges, morphology, and the constituent amino acid sequences of the peptides.

The influence of oxygen on the metabolites of phenolic blueberry extract and the mouse microflora during in vitro fermentation

The elevated intestinal oxygen in certain unhealthy conditions (e.g., mucosa injury) enhances the expansion of aerobic/facultative anaerobic bacteria (mainly Proteobacteria) in gut microbiota (GM) and is strongly linked to various diseases. The alteration of GM, influenced by oxygen, may affect the bioavailability of dietary polyphenols. In vitro digestion, dialysis and fermentation of phenolic blueberry extract (BE) were performed here using the GM of mice under different oxygen conditions. Oxygen delayed the degradation of the main phenolic components, including quercetin, kaempferol and their rutinose-conjugates, in BE during in vitro fermentation. In addition, the metabolites of BE were also influenced by oxygen. Oxygen skewed the production of 3-hydroxyphenylacetatic acid to 4-hydroxyphenylacetatic acid. Moreover, oxygen also blunted hippuric, 3-phenylpropionic, and 3-hydroxycinnamic acids production. Furthermore, oxygen enhanced the expansion of Salmonella and Escherichia belonging to phylum Proteobacteria and suppressed the proliferation of the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium and Bacteroides belonging to phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, respectively, which was reversed by BE supplementation.

Synthesis of Industrially Useful Phenolic Compounds Esters by Means of Biocatalysts Obtained Along with Waste Fish Oil Utilization

The purpose of the study was to utilize the waste fish oil after fish smoking process in Y. lipolytica yeast batch cultures in order to assess its valorization to whole-cell biocatalysts with lipolytic properties. Almost 90% of the waste carbon source in medium was used and batch cultures of Y. lipolytica W29 were characterized with biomass yield of 18.59 g/dm3 and lipolytic activity of 53.41 U/g. The yeast biomass was used as a whole-cell biocatalyst in the synthesis of esters of selected phenolic compounds (acetates of 2-phenylethanol, tyrosol (2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethanol) and 3-phenyl-1-propanol, and ethyl esters of phenylacetic, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic, 3-phenylpropanoic, and 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoic acids). Y. lipolytica biomass was able to catalyze esterification of 3-phenylpropanoic acid (conversion of 95% after 24 h), but conversion of other acids to their esters was very weak, and in the case of transesterification of aromatic alcohols with vinyl acetate, conversions were 27%–63% after 24 h. Synthesized esters were tested prior potential activities as food additives. Esters of hydroxylated phenolic compounds showed activity of 2.5 mg/mL against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter freundii, exhibited similar antioxidant properties to their precursors, and were better soluble in lipids, which increases the possibility of their use in the food industry.

Thermal performances and optical property of poly(L-lactic acid) under the influence of N,N'-dodecanedioic bis(3-phenylpropionic acid) dihydrazide as a crys­tal­lization promoter

Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) as an important biodegradable polymer suffers from slow crystallization rate and poor heat resistance. An organic compound N,N’-dodecanedioic bis(3-phenylpropionic acid) dihydrazide (BHADD) was synthesized to evaluate its general influences on the physical properties of PLLA. The melt-crystallization process indicated that BHADD could serve as a heterogeneous nucleating agent for improving the crystallization of PLLA, and PLLA/1%BHADD exhibited the sharpest melt-crystallization peak located at the highest temperature, as well as an increase of cooling rate weakened the crystallization ability of BHADD-nucleated PLLA. And the final melting temperature also displayed the significant effect on the crystallization process of PLLA. For the cold-crystallization process, both BHADD concentration and heating rate affected the cold-crystallization behavior of PLLA/BHADD, the increasing of BHADD concentration caused the cold-crystallization peak to shift to the lower temperature; in contrast, a higher heating rate during heating leaded to the peak’s shift toward the higher temperature because of the thermal inertia. The melting behavior of PLLA/BHADD depended on the crystallization temperatures and heating rates, and the double melting peaks were attributed to the melting-recrystallization. Thermal decomposition experiment showed all PLLA/BHADD samples as the pure PLLA only exhibited one thermal decomposition stage, but PLLA/BHADD had a lower thermal stability than the pure PLLA. Additionally, the addition of BHADD seriously decreased the light transmittance of PLLA.

Exploring the Lignin Catabolism Potential of Soil-Derived Lignocellulolytic Microbial Consortia by a Gene-Centric Metagenomic Approach.

An exploration of the ligninolytic potential of lignocellulolytic microbial consortia can improve our understanding of the eco-enzymology of lignin conversion in nature. In this study, we aimed to detect enriched lignin-transforming enzymes on metagenomes from three soil-derived microbial consortia that were cultivated on "pre-digested" plant biomass (wheat straw, WS1-M; switchgrass, SG-M; and corn stover, CS-M). Of 60 selected enzyme-encoding genes putatively involved in lignin catabolism, 20 genes were significantly abundant in WS1-M, CS-M, and/or SG-M consortia compared with the initial forest soil inoculum metagenome (FS1). These genes could be involved in lignin oxidation (e.g., superoxide dismutases), oxidative stress responses (e.g., catalase/peroxidases), generation of protocatechuate (e.g., vanAB genes), catabolism of gentisate, catechol and 3-phenylpropionic acid (e.g., gentisate 1,2-dioxygenases, muconate cycloisomerases, and hcaAB genes), the beta-ketoadipate pathway (e.g., pcaIJ genes), and tolerance to lignocellulose-derived inhibitors (e.g., thymidylate synthases). The taxonomic affiliation of 22 selected lignin-transforming enzymes from WS1-M and CS-M consortia metagenomes revealed that Pseudomonadaceae, Alcaligenaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Caulobacteraceae, Comamonadaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae are the key bacterial families in the catabolism of lignin. A predictive "model" was sketched out, where each microbial population has the potential to metabolize an array of aromatic compounds through different pathways, suggesting that lignin catabolism can follow a "task division" strategy. Here, we have established an association between functions and taxonomy, allowing a better understanding of lignin transformations in soil-derived lignocellulolytic microbial consortia, and pinpointing some bacterial taxa and catabolic genes as ligninolytic trait-markers.

Combiphore (Structure and Ligand Based Pharmacophore) - Approach for the Design of GPR40 Modulators in the Management of Diabetes.

Pharmacophore mapping and molecular docking can be synergistically integrated to improve the drug design and discovery process. A rational strategy, combiphore approach, derived from the combined study of Structure and Ligand based pharmacophore has been described to identify novel GPR40 modulators. DISCOtech module from Discovery studio was used for the generation of the Structure and Ligand based pharmacophore models which gave hydrophobic aromatic, ring aromatic and negative ionizable as essential pharmacophoric features. The generated models were validated by screening active and inactive datasets, GH scoring and ROC curve analysis. The best model was exposed as a 3D query to screen the hits from databases like GLASS (GPCR-Ligand Association), GPCR SARfari and Mini-Maybridge. Various filters were applied to retrieve the hit molecules having good drug-like properties. A known protein structure of hGPR40 (pdb: 4PHU) having TAK-875 as ligand complex was used to perform the molecular docking studies; using SYBYL-X 1.2 software. Clustering both the models gave RMSD of 0.89. Therefore, the present approach explored the maximum features by combining both ligand and structure based pharmacophore models. A common structural motif as identified in combiphore for GPR40 modulation consists of the para-substituted phenyl propionic acid scaffold. Therefore, the combiphore approach, whereby maximum structural information (from both ligand and biological protein) is explored, gives maximum insights into the plausible protein-ligand interactions and provides potential lead candidates as exemplified in this study.

Net release and uptake of xenometabolites across intestinal, hepatic, muscle, and renal tissue beds in healthy conscious pigs.

Xenometabolites from microbial and plant sources are thought to confer beneficial as well as deleterious effects on host physiology. Studies determining absorption and tissue uptake of xenometabolites are limited. We utilized a conscious catheterized pig model to evaluate interorgan flux of annotated known and suspected xenometabolites, derivatives, and bile acids. Female pigs (n = 12, 2-3 mo old, 25.6 ± 2.2 kg) had surgically implanted catheters across portal-drained viscera (PDV), splanchnic compartment (SPL), liver, kidney, and hindquarter muscle. Overnight-fasted arterial and venous plasma was collected simultaneously in a conscious state and stored at -80°C. Thawed samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Plasma flow was determined with para-aminohippuric acid dilution technology and used to calculate net organ balance for each metabolite. Significant organ uptake or release was determined if net balance differed from zero. A total of 48 metabolites were identified in plasma, and 31 of these had at least one tissue with a significant net release or uptake. All bile acids, indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-arylic acid, and hydrocinnamic acid were released from the intestine and taken up by the liver. Indole-3-carboxaldehyde, p-cresol glucuronide, 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, dodecanendioic acid, and phenylacetylglycine were also released from the intestines. Liver or kidney uptake was noted for indole-3-acetylglycine, p-cresol glucuronide, atrolactic acid, and dodecanedioic acid. Indole-3-carboxaldehyde, atrolactic acid, and dodecanedioic acids showed net release from skeletal muscle. The results confirm gastrointestinal origins for several known xenometabolites in an in vivo overnight-fasted conscious pig model, whereas nongut net release of other putative xenometabolites suggests a more complex metabolism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Xenometabolites from microbe origins influence host health and disease, but absorption and tissue uptake of these metabolites remain speculative. Results herein are the first to demonstrate in vivo organ uptake and release of these metabolites. We used a conscious catheterized pig model to confirm gastrointestinal origins for several xenometabolites (e.g., indolic compounds, 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, dodecanendioic acid, and phenylacetylgycine). Liver and kidney were major sites for xenometabolite uptake, likely highlighting liver conjugation metabolism and renal excretion.

COMPONENT COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF GENUS VIOLA (VIOLACEAE) OF RUSSIAN FLO-RA

The subject of the review is the component composition and biological activity of species of genus Viola L. (Violaceae) from the flora of the Russian Federation according publications appeared over the past few decades. Chemical constituents and biological activities have been reported for 24 species of the 100 Viola species occurring in Russian. Components of various structures: flavonoids, cyclotides, anthocyanidins, phenylpropanoic acids, coumarins, alkaloids, fatty acids and its derivatives and ect. were found in the roots, aerial parts, flowers and leaves. Composition of 137 flavonoids, alkaloids, coumarins etc. was expanded with references to their chemical formulas and literature sources. Data of the essential oils isolated from the leaves of V. tricolor L., V. arvensis Murray, V. yedoensis Makino и V. odorata L. is systematized. It was demonstrated that extracts, their fractions, and some components showed different types of biological activity, including anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic and antiviral ones. The revealed range of biological activity partially confirmed expediency of using species of genus Viola in folk and standard practice medicine.

Palladium-Catalyzed meta-C-H Allylation of Arenes: A Unique Combination of a Pyrimidine-Based Template and Hexafluoroisopropanol.

Controlling remote selectivity and delivering novel functionalities at distal positions in arenes are an important endeavor in contemporary organic synthesis. In this vein, template engineering and mechanistic understanding of new functionalization strategies are essential for enhancing the scope of such methods. Herein, meta-C-H allylation of arenes has been achieved with the aid of a palladium catalyst, pyrimidine-based auxiliary, and allyl phosphate. 1,1,1,3,3,3-Hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) was found as a critical solvent in this transformation. The role of HFIP throughout the catalytic cycle has been systematically studied. A broad substrate scope with phenethyl ether, phenol, benzylsulfonyl ester, phenethylsulfonyl ester, phenylacetic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, and 2-phenylbenzoic acid derivatives has been demonstrated. Interestingly, conformationally flexible arenes have also been selectively allylated at the meta-position using allyl phosphate. A combination of 1H NMR, 31P NMR, ESI-MS, kinetic experiments, and density functional theory (DFT) computations suggested that reaction proceeds through a ligand-assisted meta-C-H activation, allyl addition forming a Pd-π-allyl complex which is then followed by a turnover determining the C-C bond formation step leading to the meta-allylated product.

Obtaining Stem Cell Spheroids from Foreskin Tissue and the Effect of Corchorus olitorius L. on Spheroid Proliferation.

Mesenchymal stem cells are self-renewing stem cells. The human foreskin has potential to be used as a source of stem cells. The aim of the study was to obtain spheroid formation of human foreskin cells (hnFSSCs) isolated from newborn human foreskin tissue. In addition, the apoptotic and proliferative effects of a traditional plant, Corchorus olitorius L. (C. olitorius), on hnFSSC spheroids were investigated. After a routine circumcision procedure the cells were isolated and cultured in suitable medium. The plant leaves was extracted with ethanol and their composition was analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The foreskin stem cells were characterized immunocytochemically by CD45, CD34, and CD90 antibodies. hnFSSC spheroids were formed using the hanging drop technique. Immunofluorescence staining was used on the obtained spheroids to determine the distribution of caspase-3 and Ki-67 after being treated with C. olitorius extract for 48 h. Immunostaining analysis showed that hnFSSCs were positive for CD45 and CD34 and negative for CD90. According to LC-MS/MS C. olitorius was rich in flavanols and hydrocinnamic acid derivatives. Although the spheroids obtained were loose and floating, the cells interacted with each other. Caspase-3 activity was higher in the control group than in the extract-treated group and Ki-67 was higher in the extract-treated group than in the control group, suggesting that the plant might have the capacity to increase stem cell proliferation due to its rich polyphenolic content. The results suggest that hnFSSCs and spheroids might be used in stem cell generation, tissue repair and renewal as human foreskin tissue has potential to be used as a stem cell source. C. olitorius also increased proliferation of hnFSSCs, showing that polyphenols might increase proliferation of stem cells.

Rice-Associated Rhizobacteria as a Source of Secondary Metabolites against Burkholderia glumae.

Various diseases, including bacterial panicle blight (BPB) and sheath rot, threaten rice production. It has been established that Burkholderia glumae (B. glumae) is the causative agent of the above mentioned pathologies. In the present study, antagonistic activity, growth promotion, and the metabolite profiles of two rhizobacteria, isolated in different paddy fields, were assessed against B. glumae. Strains were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, and the phylogenetic analyses showed that both strains belong to the genus Enterobacter, with high similarity to the strain Enterobacter tabaci NR146667.2 (99%). The antagonistic activity was assessed with the disc diffusion method. Active fractions were isolated through a liquid/liquid extraction with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) from the fermentation media, and their antibacterial activities were evaluated following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The Pikovskaya modified medium was used to test the ability of in vitro inorganic phosphorus solubilization, and BSB1 proved to be the best inorganic phosphorus solubilizer, with a solubilization index (SI) of 4.5 ± 0.2. The glass-column fractionation of the EtOAc extracted from BCB11 produced an active fraction (25.9 mg) that inhibited the growth of five B. glumae strains by 85–95%. Further, metabolomic analysis, based on GC–MS, showed 3-phenylpropanoic acid (3-PPA) to be the main compound both in this fraction (46.7%), and in the BSB1 extract (28.6%). This compound showed antibacterial activity against all five strains of B. glumae with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1000 mg/L towards all of them. The results showed that rice rhizosphere microorganisms are a source of compounds that inhibit B. glumae growth and are promising plant growth promoters (PGP).

Intestinal, Hepatic, Muscle, and Renal Xenometabolite Release and Uptake in Healthy Conscious Pigs

Abstract Objectives To characterize the intestinal, hepatic, muscle, and renal release and uptake of xenometabolites (non-host derived metabolites) and endogenously modified xenometabolites by measuring their across-organ net release and uptake in a post-absorptive conscious pig model. Methods Twelve 2–3 months old female pigs (25.6 ± 2.2 kg) had surgically-implanted catheters across portal drained viscera (PDV), splanchnic area (SPL), liver, kidney, and hindquarter muscle. Ten days after catheter implantation, overnight fasted arterial and venous plasma was collected in a conscious state and stored at -80°C. Thawed samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Xenometabolites were identified by retention time and MS2 spectra from in-house authentic standards and expressed as peak areas. Plasma flow measurements determined with para-aminohippuric acid dilution technology. Net organ balance rate (peak area/kg body weight/min) was calculated. Significant (P &amp;lt; 0.05) release or uptake was determined if tissue net balance differed from zero, using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Results Forty-eight xenometabolites were structurally identified in this model. Of these, 31 had at least one tissue with a significant net release or uptake. Metabolites suggestive of intestinal origin (i.e., significant PDV net release) included 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, acetic acid, atrolactic acid, dodecanedioic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, p-cresol sulfate, p-cresol glucuronide, stercobilin, and several bile acids and indole derivatives. Of these, atrolactic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, stercobilin, and all of the bile acids were taken up by the liver; p-cresol glucuronide was taken up by the kidneys. No xenometabolite released from the gut was taken up by muscle, but 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, dodecanedioic acid, and indole-3-carboxaldehyde were also released by muscle tissue. Conclusions Our study confirm gastrointestinal origins for a number of known xenometabolites. Liver and kidney are key organs for xenometabolite uptake. Other putative xenometabolites appear to have either non-gut origins or released by other tissues. Funding Sources Funding provided by the US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service.

Changes in Blueberry Polyphenol Metabolism Are Dependent on Dose and Food Matrix Over 90 Days in Ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley Rats

Abstract Objectives Fruit and vegetable derived polyphenols are associated with many health benefits when consumed regularly. Blueberries are a rich source of polyphenols, leading to interest in their use as dietary supplements. With expanded use, it is critical to evaluate metabolic changes associated with repeated consumption of purified blueberry polyphenols at elevated doses relative to whole fruit. This includes potential for changes in gut microbial polyphenol metabolism and generation of putative biologically relevant phenolic metabolites. To address this, we investigated the dose-response of blueberry polyphenols and microbial metabolites produced over 90 days in rodents. Methods Five-month old, ovariectomized, Sprague-Dawley rats were orally gavaged for 90 days with either a purified extract of blueberry polyphenols (0, 50, 250, or 1000 mg total polyphenols/kg bw/d) or lyophilized blueberries (50 mg total polyphenols/kg bw/d, equivalent to 1–2 cups/d in humans). Polyphenol metabolism was assessed via 24 h urine collections on days 0, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 as well as collecting GI tissues, brain, liver, and kidney at sacrifice. Phenolic metabolites were extracted, purified, and quantitated via UPLC-MS/MS. Results Total phenolic content of lyophilized blueberries and the purified extract were 3.5% and 27% (w/w), respectively. A total of 38 phenolic metabolites were detected using a targeted LC MS/MS method in the urine, with 15 metabolites also found in at least one of the tissues. Metabolites were excreted in a dose-dependent manner, with total metabolite excretion ranging from 11.4–91.2 µmol/24 h. The major metabolites were cinnamic (56–87%), hippuric (6–39%), and phenylpropionic acids (4–15%). As the dose increased, metabolite production shifted from hippuric to phenolic acids (phenolic: hippuric acid ratio increased from 3.2 to 13.9), though lyophilized blueberries exhibited the opposite trend (phenolic: hippuric acid ratio 1.7). Conclusions These results indicate that ingested blueberry polyphenols are efficiently metabolized over a large range of doses, though there are clear shifts in polyphenol metabolism driven by dose and matrix. Thus, purified polyphenol extracts, as found in dietary supplements, are metabolized differently than those found in whole fruits and vegetables. Funding Sources NIH.