Phenoxyacetic Acid Derivatives Research Articles

Degradation of chlorinated derivatives of phenoxyacetic acid and benzoic acid byAspergillus niger

Degradation of chlorinated derivatives of phenoxyacetic acid and benzoic acid by<i>Aspergillus niger</i>

Degradation of chlorinated derivatives of phenoxyacetic acid and benzoic acid by Aspergillus niger

Degradation of chlorinated derivatives of phenoxyacetic acid and benzoic acid by Aspergillus niger

Effects of herbicide treatment on the structure and functioning of agro-ecosystems II. Structural changes in the plant community after the application of herbicides over several years

The paper reports the effects of the continued application of herbicides over 5 years on the structure of the plant community in a selected agro-ecosystem with cereals within the crop rotation. The application of herbicides led to quantitative changes in the structure of the weed population, both in the numbers of individuals and the development of biomass. In contrast, the number of species involved remained almost constant. The biomass and the grain yield of the crops on the treated areas did not exceed that on the controls until towards the end of the experiment. In contrast to the majority of relatively rapidly decomposing herbicides (phenoxy-acetic acid derivatives) which remained effective only in the year of application, the application of a persistent herbicide (simazine) produced more enduring effects on several omponents of the ecosystem. These effects were still evident during the following year and reduced the yield of the crop. The multivariate statistical tests used to interpret the primary data proved suitable for obtaining quantitative measures of change in the structure of the plant community and other parameters characterizing the ecosystem, even at an early stage. The use of these methods in investigations at ecosystem level (e.g., in questions relating to bioindicators) are promising.

Studies on the Organogenesis in Carrot Tissue Cultures I. Effects of Growth Regulators on Somatic Embryogenesis and Root Formation

Summary The effects of various growth regulators on in vitro organogenesis of hypocotyl segments of Daucus carota L. cv. US-Harumakigosun are described. IAA, NOA, IBA and NAA induced roots at lower concentrations and somatic embryos at higher concentrations. The short term application (twO weeks) of 2,4-D greatly stimulated the formation of somatic embryos, and continuous application induced yellowish nodular calluses which possess embryonal potential. The effects of some phenoxyacetic acid derivatives on the organogenesis were also tested. POA stimulated neither root nor somatic embryo formation. OCP A only slightlystimulated root formation, while 2,4,5-T, MCPA, and PCPA stimulated somatic embryo formation. Cytokinins such as BA and Z, and 4-PU, an aromatic urea having cytokinin activity, did not induce any organogenesis. However, the application of BA with IAA strongly inhibited the root-inducing action of IAA and induced only soft friable calluses. The shortterm application of BA plus 2,4-D also induced only soft friable calluses suppressing somatic embryo formation. The effects of various other growth regulators such as AMO-1618, TIBA, 2,6-D, ABA, GA 3 and coumarin were examined in suspension cultures of carrot cells. GA 3 , ABA, and AMO-1618 inhibited somatic embryo formation, but TIBA and 2,6-D slightly stimulated it at lower concentrations.

Chlorinated phenoxyacetic acid derivatives and tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in foliage after application of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid esters.

Six reforestation areas were sprayed with 2,4,5-T esters. Leaf samples from the areas were analyzed for the esters, tetrachlorodioxin, and dehalogenated phenoxyacetic acid esters. Tetrachlorodioxin was found in one leaf sample only, but the level found, relative to the amount of 2,4,5-T ester found, was lower than in the formulation material used in the study. The concentration of the dichlorophenoxyacetic acid esters present in several leaf samples was greater, relative to the 2,4,5-T ester, which indicated a photochemical breakdown of the 2,4,5-T in the environment.

The Metabolic Fate of Phenoxyacetic Acids in Higher Plants

The metabolism of phenoxyacetie acid (POA) was followed over short periods in segments of Auena and Pisum using a vacuum infiltration technique. Both species form 4-hydroxyphenoxy-acetic acid (4-OH-POA) and its phenolic glucoside (OGlu-POA) but Pisum incorporates much of the substrate into an insoluble wall component. This insoluble material appears to be formed from 4-OH-POA. Preliminary kinetic experiments show that the overall conversion of POA is linearly related to concentration up to 2μmol POA g-1 fresh tissue and can be completed in a few hours. The method provides a very useful means of preparing sufficient quantities of 14C-labelled 4 OH POA and O-Glu-POA in a pure form for subsequent use as substrates for the enzymes involved in glucosylation and formation of the insoluble material. Although light has relatively little effect on hydroxylation, the capacity formation of both the glucoside and the insoluble material is increased by continuous fluorescent, red, and far red light. The results so far obtained suggest that phytochromeis involved in the transformations. The chlorinated derivatives of phenoxyacetic acid with high herbicidal activity e.g. 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) are also metabolized by analogous reactions and the formation of hydroxylated and glycosylated derivatives may contribute to the detoxification of such herbicides in resistant species.

Interference of phenoxyacetic acid derivatives in the estimation of monochloroacetic acid by the thioindigo method.

The thioindigo test for the detection of monohalogenoacetic acids and/or derivatives thereof has been adopted for spectrophotometric estimation of residues in wines and other substrates. However, this method has been found to lack specificity because other compounds occurring as residual contaminants, such as those of phenoxy acetic acid herbicides, are able to form the thioindigo, presumably through a reaction in which the phenoxy ether bond is split and the liberated acetic moiety is able to couple with the SH group of thiosalicylic acid by a substitution mechanism.

Drug treatment of lipoproteinaemia type II. Effect on plasma lipids of a new phenoxyacetic acid derivative, clofibrate, and nicotinic acid

The plasma lipid-reducing effect of a new phenoxyacetic acid derivative (GP 45.699) has been studied in nine patients with lipoproteinaemia Type II A or Type II B. GP 45, 699, 0.75 g per day produced a marked (average 26%) fall in the plasma cholesterol. Doubling the dose led to further reduction of cholesterol, but plasma triglycerides rose. This was associated with an increase in plasma triglyceride turnover as measured by an intravenous fat-loading test (Intralipid), an elevation in serum simplastin A, and with a rise in the SGOT and SGPT levels. — It is suggested that GP 45.699 which is related chemically to clofibrate, has a marked effect on cholesterol catabolism and on the rate of turnover of plasma triglycerides. It also affects liver cells causing increased synthesis of plasma triglycerides or pre-beta-lipoprotein, and, in some cases receiving high doses (1.5 g daily), there may also be liver damage. Despite its promising capacity to reduce the plasmacholesterol level, there may not be sufficient justification for its routine use in cases of lipoproteinaemias.

High resolution NMR spectra of some phenoxyacetic acid derivatives

High resolution NMR spectra of some phenoxyacetic acid derivatives

Triazenes of Phenylbutyric, Hydrocinnamic, Phenoxyacetic, and Benzoylglutamic Acid Derivatives

p-Dialkyltriazeno derivatives of the ethyl esters and acid hydrazides of phenylbutyric, hydrocinnamic, phenoxyacetic, and benzoylglutamic acids were synthesized. The triazenophenylbutyric acid derivatives are structurally related to chlorambucil, and the hydrocinnamic and phenoxyacetic acid derivatives are related to other antineoplastic aromatic nitrogen mustards. All of the triazeno groups contained unsubstituted alkyl groups (except for a hydroxyethyl group in a derivative of benzoylglutamic acid). In initial tests of these compounds versusmouse lymphatic leukemia L-1210, ethyl p-(3-butyl-3-methyl-1-triazeno)hydrocinnamate (VIb) was the most effective compound in increasing the survival time of treated animals. Certain other hydrocinnamic and phenylbutyric acid derivatives caused small increases in survival time.

Aryl-2-halogenoalkylamines—XXII. Derivatives of phenoxyacetic acid: Synthesis and antineoplastic activities

The preparation of o-, m-, and p-(ethyl-2-chloroethylamino) and o-(di-2-chloroethylamino)-phenoxyacetic acid is described. The results of a preliminary screening of these new compounds against the transplanted Walker rat carcinoma and the mouse lymphoid leukaemia, L1210, are reported.

Detection and determination of chlorophenols and chlorophenoxyacetic acids by instrumental analysis

A quantitative method for the determination of chlorophenols and chlorophenoxyacetic acids in aqueous solutions is described. The samples investigated contained 2-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,6-dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol and their phenoxyacetic acid derivatives. The total amount of chlorophenols is determined by spectrophotometry, the ratio of individual chlorophenols by gas chromatography and the total quantity of phenoxyacetic acids by acidimetric titration. The determinations are carried out after extraction with diethyl ether, carbon tetrachloride and petroleum ether, respectively.

Comparison of the polyethylene glycol esters of the phenoxyacetic acid derivatives

Comparison of the polyethylene glycol esters of the phenoxyacetic acid derivatives

Differential effects of certain phenoxyacetic acid compounds and phenylcarbamates on plant species. II. Effects of foliage applications with special reference to yields of wheat

The effects of foliage sprays of various phenoxyacetic acid derivatives and of isopropyl n-phenylcarbamate on a dicotyledon, Phaseolus vulgaris, were compared. The carbamate was without effect and although all phenoxyacetic acid compounds were markedly toxic, they differed in the rapidity of their action. Wheat (Triticum vulgare) exhibited differential responses to phenoxyacetic acid compounds and to isopropyl phenylcarbaniate at different growth stages. Applications of four phenoxyacetic acid compounds to wheat at different stages of development, from late seedling to flowering, showed that grain yields were reduced most markedly by applications in the seedling stage; the butyl ester and amine salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid were more toxic than the sodium salt. 0.1 per cent. foliage sprays of isopropyl phenylcarbamate had no effect on wheat in the late seedling or tillering stages, but severely depressed the yield of grain when applied at flowering. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) responded similarly. Higher concentrations applied to wheat at pre-shooting also reduced grain yields. Flax (Linum sitatissimum), although susceptible to pre-emergence treatment, was not affected by foliage sprays of isopropyl phenylcarbamate at any growth-stage. 0.1 per cent. applications of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid as the sodium salt reduced flax yields only when applied at the seedling stage.

Differential Effect of 2-Benzoylbenzoic Acid and its Derivatives upon Plant Species

AT the time of the discovery of the selective herbicidal activity of (i) the substituted phenoxy-acetic acids1,2 and (ii) the arylcarbamic esters3,4, many other chemical types were examined, and 2-benzoylbenzoic acid and its derivatives received considerable attention because of their marked biological activity5. The investigation of this type was at the time abandoned because of the superior promise of the phenoxyacetic acid derivatives as agents for the practical control of crop weeds. It is felt desirable, nevertheless, to place our observations on record, for it is our view that as the study of the subject develops, increasing numbers of different types of chemicals will be found to display selective herbicidal action, and the recording of data will contribute to the ultimate understanding of the relationships between chemical constitution and herbicidal effect.

The Action of Isopropylphenylcarbamate upon Plants

1. Comparisons have been made of the herbicidal effectiveness of isopropylphenylcarbamate and some phenoxyacetic acid derivatives. 2. While isopropylphenylcarbamate applied in aqueous solution to soil at rates of 11/2-6 mg. per 4-inch pot severely stunted or killed seedling oats, wheat, corn, barley, and nonflooded rice, similar applications of the phenoxyacetic acid derivatives did not cause statistically significant inhibition of growth. 3. Isopropylphenylcarbamate applied to the soil was ineffective in herbicidal activity upon soybeans, kidney beans, cowpeas, sunflowers, radishes, turnips, and sugar beets. It possibly had a slight stimulatory action on tomatoes and appeared to cause stunting of young potatoes, an effect which was subsequently outgrown. The germination of buckwheat was completely prevented by isopropylphenylcarbamate. 4. Isopropylphenylcarbamate proved to be a highly effective herbicide upon field-grown oats and rye when applied in sawdust to the soil at seeding time or to seedling plants. It had a lesser inhibiting action upon older plants. 5. The results of applications of isopropylphenylcarbamate in oil sprays were inconclusive. Although the vegetative growth of greenhouse cereals was not inhibited, field-grown winter rye was killed. 6. Isopropylphenylcarbamate is a highly selective herbicide for certain cereals, but whether its toxicity is general for the Graminae and related families is not known. The possible use of this compound as a herbicide for the control of weedy grasses is suggested.

Effects of Certain Growth-Regulating Compounds on Irish Potatoes

1. The substance 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and other compounds with the 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy- configuration have been shown to have a decided herbicidal action on the Irish potato, while other phenoxyacetic acid derivatives applied in sprays at comparable rates produce markedly less and different effects. 2 The compound 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, when applied to vegetative portions of Irish potato plants in aqueous or oil sprays, or to the soil, causes pronounced stunting and distortion of vegetative growth, swelling of the pulvini, and marked reduction in yield and quality of tubers. 3. The chlorinated 5 position of substituted phenoxyacetic acids does not appear to have any significance as far as the phytocidal action of such compounds on the potato is concerned, whereas the 2,4,5-trichloro-configuration appears to be significant. 4. The use of substituted phenoxyacetic acids, such as 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, may be of value for the select...

Observations on the Growth of Certain Plants in Nutrient Solutions Containing Synthetic Growth-Regulating Substances III. The Relative Toxicity of Isopropylphenylcarbamate and Some Phenoxyacetic Acid Derivatives to Some Cereals.

Previous articleNext article No AccessObservations on the Growth of Certain Plants in Nutrient Solutions Containing Synthetic Growth-Regulating Substances III. The Relative Toxicity of Isopropylphenylcarbamate and Some Phenoxyacetic Acid Derivatives to Some Cereals.D. L. TaylorD. L. Taylor Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 107, Number 4Jun., 1946 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/335390 Views: 1Total views on this site Citations: 3Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in the Botanical Gazette (1876-1991), which is continued by International Journal of Plant Sciences (1992-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:E. K. Woodford The mode of action of 2 : 4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid and 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 3, no.88 (Aug 1952): 349–353.https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740030803 Mary Aileen Murray , and A. Geraldine Whiting A Comparison of the Effectiveness of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and Four of Its Salts in Inducing Histological Responses in Bean Plants, Botanical Gazette 109, no.11 (Oct 2015): 13–39.https://doi.org/10.1086/335453 D. L. Taylor Observations on the Growth of Certain Plants in Nutrient Solutions Containing Synthetic Growth-Regulating Substances IV. The Amount of Growth in Soil and Solution Cultures Treated with Equal Weights of Ammonium 2,4- Dichlorophenoxyacetate, Botanical Gazette 107, no.44 (Oct 2015): 630–632.https://doi.org/10.1086/335391