Phenotypic Coefficient Of Variation Research Articles

Evaluation of Common Bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris </i>L) Cultivars for Yield and Yield-Related Traits at Sekoru District, South Western Ethiopia

The low productivity of common beans is attached to many yield constraints such as lack of improved varieties; poor management practices, biotic and abiotic factors. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of improved common bean varieties for yield and yield related traits in the Sekoru district of the Jimma zone and identify high-yielding varieties for the study area. Eleven released and one local common bean variety were tested in two locations (Yero Sekoru and Inkure), using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data were collected for 12 quantitative traits and subjected to analysis using SAS software. The interaction effect of genotype by location showed a highly significant variation for all traits except for plant height, dry biomass yield, and hundred seed weight. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation for all traits. Higher The phenotypic coefficient of variation was recorded for 100 seed weight (52.78), pod length (28.9), pods per plant (27.63), harvest index (25.94) and seed yield (24.6) and also a high genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV) was observed for 100 seed weight (20.24) and pods per plant (20.34). Low (20) and high (93.5) heritability in broad sense were recorded in days to 50% flowering and dry biomass yield, respectively. At the phenotypic level, all traits had a positive phenotypic significant correlation with seed yield per hectare except for primary branches per plant day to 95% physiological maturity and hundred seed weight, while a negative significant correlation with seed yield per hectare was observed for days to 50% flowering. Genotypic path coefficient analysis indicates that the traits studied showed a positive direct effect on seed yield per hectare, while plant height, primary branches and secondary branches per plant, days to 50% flowering, days to 95% physiological maturity and 100 seed weight exhibited a negative direct effect. However, a positive direct phenotypic effect was observed for traits such as dry biomass yield, pod length, primary branches per plant, seeds per pod, and days to 95% physiological maturity. Among the varieties tested in both locations, the highest yield was recorded for the Ser119 variety (2865.2 kg/ha) followed by the Ser125 variety (2699.2 kg/ha). Therefore, recommending these varieties to farmers in the study area is very important to increase production and income.

Genetic Variability Analysis for Yield and Its Attributing Traits in Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) under Phosphorus-sufficient and Deficient Field Conditions

Aim: The present study aims to identify phosphorus deficiency tolerant rice genotypes under both phosphorus-sufficient and deficient conditions. Materials and Methods: Two kinds of fields (high and low phosphorus content) were selected based on their soil phosphorus availability. Hundred diverse rice germplasm was collected and planted in an augmented design along with four local checks namely, Swarna sub-1, MTU 1153, MTU 7029 and Uttar Sona. The data was recorded for 14 traits and subjected to different types of variability analysis. Place and Season of Study: The experiment took place at instructional Farm of Uttar Banga Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India during the Kharif season of 2021. Results: The variability analysis revealed that phosphorus uptake showed a high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) under phosphorus-deficient condition and high phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) under both conditions. Grain yield showed high GCV and PCV under both the phosphorus conditions. Heritability was moderate whereas high Genetic advance as percentage of mean was observed under both the conditions for both phosphorus uptake and grain yield. Strong positive correlations were observed between days to flowering and various yield-related traits under both the conditions. Positive correlation was observed between phosphorus uptake and grain yield under phosphorus-sufficient condition, but a weaker correlation under phosphorus-deficient condition.

Assessment of the salt tolerance of diverse bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes during the early growth stage under hydroponic culture conditions

ObjectivesSoil salinity affects the growth of crop plants, leading to reduced productivity, and is a major challenge for wheat production worldwide. Various adaptations and mitigation approaches in combination with tolerant wheat genotypes can be useful for the sustainability of crop production in saline environments. However, the development of salt-tolerant wheat genotypes is one of the best and most efficient solutions for obtaining desirable yields. Considering these issues, an investigation was carried out under hydroponic nutrient culture conditions to assess the genetic variability and selection of salt-tolerant wheat genotypes by categorizing inequitable morphophysiological and genetic variability as well as multivariate analysis. MethodsTo meet the objectives of this study, 100 wheat genotypes were tested hydroponically in 0 (control) and 15 dS m−1 salt solutions. ConclusionFor all the wheat genotypes grown under saline conditions, the shoot length (SL), root length (RL), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root fresh weight (RFW), total fresh weight (TFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), root dry weight (RDW), and total dry weight (TDW) decreased significantly. Furthermore, significant variation was observed among the genotypes in terms of their characteristics only under saline conditions. In the case of genetic diversity analysis, a high genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genetic advance in the percentage of the mean (GAM) and high heritability (h2b) were recorded for all tested wheat genotypes based on the SDW, RDW and TDW. Correlation analysis for both genotypic and phenotypic relationships revealed strong positive correlations for TDW, SDW, TFW and SFW. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that TDW, TFW, SDW, and SFW were the most discriminative variables for the wheat genotypes, which was confirmed by discriminant function analysis (DFA). PCA-biplot analysis also revealed significant positive correlations between SDW and SFW and between TDW and TFW. Hierarchical cluster analysis was performed for ten clusters based on the relative performance of the genotypes, where the genotypes were characterized into salt-tolerant, medium-salt-tolerant, medium-salt-susceptible and salt-susceptible groups. Among the genotypes, G11, G25 and G29 under cluster VII were categorized as salt tolerant based on their outstanding performance in terms of characteristics only under saline conditions. D2 analysis proved that the wheat genotypes of this cluster were highly divergent from the other cluster genotypes; as a result, these genotypes might be utilized as parents in the development of salt-tolerant wheat genotypes. The current study concluded that SDW and TDW could be employed as criteria for selecting and defining salt-tolerant genotypes during the early growth stage of wheat.

Genetic variability and character association among maize (Zea mays L.) Inbred lines

Genetic analysis of variability, heritability and character association was studied among 25 maize inbred lines for eleven traits. The ANOVA indicated significant variation existed among the inbred lines chosen for the study for all the traits. Wide range of variability was observed for all the traits among them grain yield varied from 16.03 to 62.52 q/ha with an average mean value of 45.75 q/ha. Phenotypic variance was higher compared to genotypic variance and highest phenotypic variance was observed for plant height followed by grain yield. However, the difference between phenotypic and genotypic variance was very narrow for majority of the traits. Similarly, phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was marginally higher than genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and highest GCV and PCV was recorded for grain yield (37.03, 38.12) followed by ear height (24.12, 26.48) indicating that these characters are under genetic control have high potential for selection. The high amount of broad-sense heritability coupled with high genetic advance as a percent mean (GAM) was observed for grain yield (0.94 and 74.12) followed by number of kernels per row (0.90 and 32.88) indicating phenotypic based selection for these traits would be successful. Hundred grain weight had the highest genotypic correlation (0.834) with grain yield followed by number of kernels per row (0.623). Bangladesh J. Bot. 53(1): 57-65, 2024 (March)

Genetic Variability and Selection Parameters for Yield and Its Contributing Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell)

Ten bread wheat genotype and their all possible cross combinations excluding their reciprocals (10 parents+45 F1s+45 F2s) were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications during Rabi2022-2023 at Student’s Instructional Farm, C. S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology-208002, Kanpur, U.P to get the extent of variability and related parameters to select effectively for grain yield and quality character. It is the big challenge for researchers to get high grain yield with high protein. The data was recorded on fourteen characters viz., days to heading (50%), days to maturity, plant height (cm), number of productive tillers per plant, chlorophyll content, spike length (cm), number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spike, weight of grain per spike (g), 1000 grain weight (g), biological yield (g), harvest index (%),protein content (%) and grain yield per plant (g). The variability among parents was highest for days to maturity it ranged from 117.33 to 137.67 with the mean value 126.60. The variation in F1 progenies was highest for plant height ranged from 85.97 to 120.53 with the mean value of 96.71.The variation in F2 progenies was highest for plant height ranged from 83.70 to 120.20 with the mean value of 94.99. The result showed higher estimated values for phenotypic coefficient of variability(PCV) of all the fourteen characters as compared to their corresponding genotypic coefficient of variability (GCV). Highest value of PCV and GCV were noted for grain yield per plantin both generation F1s and F2s except GCV were observed for none of the character F1s. high heritability estimates were recorded for all characters in both generation F1s and F2s.High genetic gain was observed for grain yield per plant followed by biological yield per plant in both generation F1s and F2s.

Analysis of Genetic Variability and Heritability in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Genotypes

Analysis on “Study of genetic variability and heritability in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) genotypes” was carried out at the experimental field of Division of Vegetable Science, FOH, SKUAST, Kashmir Shalimar during kharif season 2021 in Randomised Complete Block Design with three replications. The experimental material comprised of forty genotypes. Analysis of variance revealed that mean sum of squares due to genotypes for all the characters were highly significant, revealing significant variation among all the genotypes for all the traits under study. The phenotypic coefficients of variation were found to be higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficients of variation. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) in present experienment were high for the traits; average fruit weight (43.69% and 43.69%), total anthocyanin content (39.10 % and 39.10%), ascorbic acid (31.73 % and 31.73) and dry matter (42.31% and 42.29). Heritability in broad sense was found to be high for all traits under study (greater than 70 per cent). Highest genetic advance as percentage of mean was recorded in average fruit weight (90) followed by dry matter (87.11) and total anthocyanin content (80.55).

Genetic Variability Studies in Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor l.) Genotypes for Sugar and Biomass Related Traits

Sorghum bicolor (L. Moench) is an important crop in the semi-arid tropics of Africa and Southern Asia. Sweet sorghum is characterized by more rapid growth, higher biomass production, wider adaptation and greater potential for ethanol production. The present study was conducted to evaluate 33 sweet sorghum genotypes including two check varieties for different yield and sugar related traits. Analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant difference for all characters under the study. The genetic variability study revealed the presence of greater phenotypic co-efficient of variation (PCV) than genotypic co-efficient of variation (GCV) for most of the characters indicating the presence of the environmental effect. Stem girth, nodes per plant, biomass weight, cane weight, juice content and total soluble solids, total sugars were recorded high PCV and GCV. Plant height and cane height recorded moderate PCV and GCV. Except for plant height at 30 days after sowing (DAS) all other characters plant height at 60 DAS, plant height at 90 DAS, cane height, nodes per plant, stem girth, biomass weight, cane weight, total biomass yield, juice yield, total soluble solids, total sugars, total reducing sugars and total non-reducing sugars showed high heritability estimates coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean suggesting that, these characters are under the control of additive genes and phenotypic selection will be effective for these traits.

Genetic Investigation in Garden Pea for Yield and Quality Characters

An experiment was conducted to determine the magnitude of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance as per cent over mean among twenty-two genotypes of garden pea using five quantitative and eight qualitative characters. The results of ANOVA showed significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters, indicating a wide spectrum of variability among the genotypes. The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than the corresponding genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV). The high value of GCV and PCV was recorded for the weight of 10 green pods, the weight of seeds 10 green pods, Chlorophyll-A and Chlorophyll-B. All the characters showed a high magnitude of heritability in a broad sense (>60%), ranging from 86.68% (Pod yield per hectare) to 99.60% (Chlorophyll-A). Further, high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean (>20%) was observed for all the characters except firmness, suggesting that these characters are genetically controlled by additive (heritable) gene action and can be utilized for garden pea improvement through selection. This study has five promising genotypes: ‘Arka Apoorva, ’‘Arka Sampoorna, ’‘Arka Tapas,’‘IIHR-570’ and ‘IIHR-684’ which have been identified for higher yield, which can be utilized for further crop improvement program.

Evaluation of Germplasm for Reproductive Stage Salinity Tolerance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The current study was carried out to identify salt tolerant genotypes by screening 76 rice germplasm at reproductive stage salinity stress. The test entries were subjected to salt stress under field conditions and salinity was noted at different intervals of crop growth period i.e., 30 and 67 days after sowing and at the time of harvesting with the pH value of 5.4 and electrical conductivity of 4.3 dSm-1, 5.3 dSm-1and 7.2 dSm-1 respectively. The characters namely, salinity score, days to 50 percent flowering, plant height, panicle length, productive tillers/plant, number of filled grains/panicle, total number of grains/panicle, spikelet fertility and grain yield/plant were studied under saline conditions. Variability, heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean showed high genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation for grain yield plant-1indicating the presence of considerable amount of variation among the genotypes for potential yield improvement through selection. The trait grain yield per plant had high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean indicating that it is regulated by additive gene action and therefore selection could be practiced based on phenotypic performance. Association studies under saline conditions, revealed favorable and significant correlation of grain yield per plant with days to 50% flowering, panicle length, plant height, total number of grains per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle and productive tillers per plant whereas, spikelet fertility and plant height on the other hand, recorded negative non-significant correlation, indicating the undesirable causes of salinity on plant growth and yield potential.

Genetic Attributes for Selection and Assessment of Yield Enhancement in Paddy (Oryza sativa L.)

The present investigation was conducted in the Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Kathalagere. The experiment comprised sixty-seven advanced breeding lines of paddy. The experiment was conducted in three replications with 4mx3m of plot size. The observations are recorded on days to fifty per cent flowering, Days to maturity, Plant Height(cm), Panicles per sqm, Grain yield per plot(kg) and Grain yield per hectare (Kg). The data is subjected to analysis for genetic variability and diversity parameters (Key factors of plant breeding). Higher Genetic coefficient of variability (GCV) and Phenotypic coefficient of variability (PCV) are Days to fifty per cent flowering, Days to maturity, Plant height(cm), Panicles per square meter and grain yield per plot (Kgs) should be considered at the time of selecting the genotypes/varieties/breeding lines for progressing and prospering in the yield and yield contribution towards the varietal performance. Genetic diversity studies proved that the traits viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, Days to maturity, Panicles per square meter, Plant height and Grain yield per plot are prompt traits that contributed maximum divergence to the genotypes. Some clusters are composed of superior genotypes that may contribute to the several crossing studies to improve through transgressive segregants with high genetic yield potential and early maturity.

Assessment of Genetic Variability, Heritability, Genetic Advance, and Diversity Analysis for Morpho Physiological Traits in Finger Millet [Eleusine coracana (l.) Gaertn.

The study, conducted during the Kharif season of 2022, aimed to evaluate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, and diversity for morpho-physiological traits in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) using 39 genotypes. Significant genetic variation was identified for all studied traits through variance analysis. While moderate to high values of Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) and Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) were observed for most traits, exceptions were noted for days to 50 percent flowering, days to maturity, relative water content in leaves, and chlorophyll stability index. The study revealed high heritability with moderate to high genetic advance as a percent of the mean for most traits, suggesting the prevalence of additive gene effects. However, chlorophyll stability index and relative water content exhibited lower values. D2 analysis indicated the existence of sufficient genetic diversity among the genotypes. The genotypes were categorized into five distinct non-overlapping clusters. Cluster I, the largest cluster with 35 genotypes, displayed maximum intra-cluster distance. Clusters V and III had the highest inter-cluster distances, Days to maturity played a significant role in overall divergence. The findings suggest that a direct selection approach in finger millet landraces could lead to a substantial increase in yield response. This research provides valuable insights into the genetic characteristics of finger millet genotypes, offering a foundation for targeted breeding programs to enhance crop improvement.

Provenance and family variations in early growth of Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica Maxim.) and selection of superior families.

This study, conducted in China in November 2020, was aimed at exploring the variations in growth traits among different provenances and families as well as to select elite materials of Juglans mandshurica. Thus, seeds of 44 families from six J. mandshurica provenances in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces were sown in the nursery and then transplanted out in the field. At the age of 5 years, seven growth traits were assessed, and a comprehensive analysis was conducted as well as selection of provenance and families. Analysis of variance revealed statistically significant (P < 0.01) differences in seven growth traits among different provenances and families, thereby justifying the pursuit of further breeding endeavors. The genetic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all traits ranged from 5.44% (branch angle) to 21.95% (tree height) whereas the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) ranged from 13.74% (tapering) to 38.50% (branch number per node), indicating considerable variability across the traits. Further, all the studied traits except stem straightness degree, branch angle and branch number per node, showed high heritability (Tree height, ground diameter, mean crown width and tapering, over 0.7±0.073), indicating that the variation in these traits is primarily driven by genetic factors. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (r > 0.8) between tree height and ground diameter (r = 0.86), tree height and mean crown width (r = 0.82), and ground diameter and mean crown width (r = 0.83). This suggests that these relationships can be employed for more precise predictions of the growth and morphological characteristics of trees, as well as the selection of superior materials. There was a strong correlation between temperature factors and growth traits. Based on the comprehensive scores in this study, Sanchazi was selected as elite provenance. Using the top-percentile selection criteria, SC1, SC8, DJC15, and DQ18 were selected as elite families. These selected families exhibit genetic gains of over 10% in tree height, ground diameter and mean crown width, signifying their significant potential in forestry for enhancing timber production and reducing production cycles, thereby contributing to sustainable forest management. In this study, the growth traits of J. mandshurica were found to exhibit stable variation, and there were correlations between these traits. The selected elite provenance and families of J. mandshurica showed faster growth, which is advantageous for the subsequent breeding and promotion of improved J. mandshurica varieties.

Assessment of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Seed Yield and Its Contributing Traits in Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek

Vigna radiata L. Wilczek, sometimes known as greengram or mungbean, is a popular pulse crop in India. Most of its cultivation takes place in India's subsistence farming systems. It is cultivated in three distinct seasons in India, despite the extremely low average productivity. Due to the crop's extensive growth in a variety of environmental circumstances, the local germplasm exhibits a high degree of genetic variation. In order to determine the genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advancement of 40 green gram genotypes, a study utilizing twelve quantitative variables was conducted. For every traits, significant variance was discovered using basic descriptive statistics. High Phenotypic Coefficients of Variation (PCV) and high Genotypic Coefficients of Variation (GCV) were identified for seed yield per plant, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, biological yield per plant, number of pods per plant and 100 seed weight. Moderate PCV and GCV values observed for number of seeds per pod, plant height, harvest index, pod length and days to 50% flowering, whereas low PCV and GCV values were observed for days to maturity. Most of the characters studied in the current study had high estimates of heritability coupled with high to moderate genetic advance as a percentage of mean. This may be attributed to the preponderance of additive gene action and their high selective value, meaning that selection pressure can be applied profitably to these characters to improve them rationally.

Multi-locus genome-wide association studies reveal the dynamic genetic architecture of flowering time in chrysanthemum.

The dynamic genetic architecture of flowering time in chrysanthemum was elucidated by GWAS. Thirty-six known genes and 14 candidate genes were identified around the stable QTNs and QEIs, among which ERF-1 was highlighted. Flowering time (FT) adaptation is one of the major breeding goals in chrysanthemum, a multipurpose ornamental plant. In order to reveal the dynamic genetic architecture of FT in chrysanthemum, phenotype investigation of ten FT-related traits was conducted on 169 entries in 2 environments. The broad-sense heritability of five non-conditional FT traits, i.e., budding (FBD), visible coloring (VC), early opening (EO), full-bloom (OF) and decay period (DP), ranged from 56.93 to 84.26%, which were higher than that of the five derived conditional FT traits (38.51-75.13%). The phenotypic variation coefficients of OF_EO and DP_OF were relatively large ranging from 30.59 to 36.17%. Based on 375,865 SNPs, the compressed variance component mixed linear model 3VmrMLM was applied for a multi-locus genome-wide association study (GWAS). As a result, 313 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) were identified for the non-conditional FT traits in single-environment analysis, while 119 QTNs and 67 QTN-by-environment interactions (QEIs) were identified in multi-environment analysis. As for the conditional traits, 343 QTNs were detected in single-environment analysis, and 119 QTNs and 83 QEIs were identified in multi- environment analysis. Among the genes around stable QTNs and QEIs, 36 were orthologs of known FT genes in Arabidopsis and other plants; 14 candidates were mined by combining the transcriptomics data and functional annotation, including ERF-1, ACA10, and FOP1. Furthermore, the haplotype analysis of ERF-1 revealed six elite accessions with extreme FBD. Our findings contribute to the understanding of dynamic genetic architecture of FT and provide valuable resources for future chrysanthemum molecular breeding programs.

Genetic Evaluation of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Germplasm for Growth, Seed Yield and it’s Attributing Characters in Prayagraj Agro-climatic Conditions

The current study evaluated 13 chickpea genotypes raised in a randomized block design with 3 replications during Rabi season of 2020-21 at Experimental research farm of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding. Naini Agriculture Institute, Prayagraj. The results indicated that the magnitude of higher value of Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) was recorded for seed yield per plot and biological yield per plant respectively. The genotype C-203 recorded highest number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant, seed yield per plant and seed yield per plot. High Heritability coupled with high Genetic advance as percent mean was recorded for seed yield per plot, biological yield per plant and number of primary branches per plant. The analysis of variance indicated that there were highly significant differences among genotypes.

Genetic Variability Studies of Vegetable Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) for Productivity Traits

Aims: In the present investigation 60 different genotypes of vegetable amaranth were analysed for genetic variability in productivity traits and noticeable range of variability were reported in herbage yield and quality.&#x0D; Study Design: The layout of experimental plot was prepared according to augmented block design II (Federer, 1956).&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Bengaluru, UHS, Bagalkot, Karnataka during summer i.e., from January 2020 to March, 2022.&#x0D; Methodology: The experiment consisted of 60 vegetable amaranth genotypes that were collected from KRCCH, Arabhavi, NBPGR New-Delhi, TNAU, Coimbtore and some local collections, the whole plot was divided into 4 blocks, wherein, each block contained 19 beds of 1m × 1m dimension, each representing different genotypes including four check varieties. The genotypes were sown in line at the spacing of 20 cm, accommodating 10 plants per line and hence each bed accommodated 50 plants. All growth and yield parameters were recorded in five randomly selected and tagged plants of each genotype and mean was worked out for further statistical analysis. Variability parameters were worked out as per method given by Burton and Devane [1], heritability in broad sense and genetic advance as percent of mean was calculated according to the formula given Johnson et al. [2].&#x0D; Results: The phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation was maximum for number of leaves, stem weight (g), Stem to leaf ratio, herbage yield per plant (g), herbage yield per plot (kg), leaf area per plant (cm2) and leaf size (cm2) minimum in case of plant height and stem thickness as shown in table. High heritability was observed for all the traits, except plant height and stem thickness maximum was recorded for Herbage yield per hectare (99.45 %) and minimum was observed for stem thickness (1.07%). High heritability (h2 = 99.45%) with high genetic advance (GA=92.47%) as percentage of mean was observed for herbage yield per hectare which indicated that additive gene effects were more important for that trait. High genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for herbage yield per plant (g) however, lowest for stem thickness (0.27)&#x0D; Conclusion: Results indicates the preponderance of additive genes and selection will be effective for improvement of these traits having high heritability with genetic advance as percent of mean.

Physical characterization of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) schizocarps of different origins cultivated in Morocco

An initial investigation on the physical traits of the cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) schizocarps was examined in order to select the best genotypes of cumin grown in three regions of Morocco (Drâa-Tafilalet, Marrackech-Safi, and Oriental). This operation was conducted on 34 cumin accessions from six origins (local, India, Syria, Egypt, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia). To evaluate differences between the physical properties among accessions, length, width, thickness, and both the volumetric mass and the thousand-schizocarp mass were measured. Geometric properties (geometric mean diameter, sphericity index, specific mass and surface area) and gravitational parameters (bulk density, true density, and porosity) were calculated for each accession. Heritability (broad sense), phenotypic and genetic variabilities are also assessed. The average values of the evaluated parameters were found to be significantly different (p < 0.01) between accessions. The physical characteristics of schizocarps were significantly influenced by their origin, cultivated provinces and irrigation methods. Length, width, thickness and length of style range on average from 5.7 to 6.8 mm, 1.5 to 2.5 mm, 1.2 to 1.8 mm and 0.6 to 0.9 mm, respectively. Local and Egyptian accessions were the best-sized accessions. Regarding the weight, the Indian accession C11 registered the best volumetric mass 52.9 g, while the thousand-mass was found to be higher in the local accession from Zagora C19 with 7.3 g. The results showed that the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV). The highest PCV and GCV were length of style (30.0%) and true density (24.4%), respectively. Volumetric mass had the highest value of heritability (99%). PCA analysis of seed origin showed clearly the ordination of cumin schizocarps into three groups. The big-sized schizocarps group is composed of local and Egyptian accessions, while the Saudi Arabia accession was individualized in a single group. Regarding the cultivated zone in Morocco, the ordination of schizocarps according to the province revealed four distinct groups. Finally, this study showed that irrigation mode may also affect the physical properties of cumin schizocarps.

Genetic Variability, Heritability, Genetic Advance for Yield and Yield Related Attributes in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The present investigation was carried out with 30 chickpea genotypes to study the genetic variability for yield and yield related traits in chickpea and observed the high significance for all the thirteen characters i.e., germination percentage, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, shoot length, root length, seedling length, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of pods per plant, test weight, yield per plant. For the traits number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of pods per plant, yield per plant and seedling length genetic variability showed high estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation with high heritability coupled with genetic advance indicating this these characters exhibited wide variability. The heritability of these traits were due to additive gene effects which makes selection effective. This will help breeders in direct plant selection based on phenotypic expression.

Assessment of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Maize Genotypes (Zea mays L.)

Aim: The aim of the present research work was to estimate the genetic variability, broad sense heritability and genetic advance for various yield and its contributing characters of 39 maize genotypes.&#x0D; Methodology: 39 maize genotypes were sown in randomized block design and replicated thrice to evaluate various genetic parameters. The data was recorded on twelve quantitative traits including days to fifty percent tasseling, days to fifty percent silking, days to maturity, plant height, ear height, ear length, ear diameter, number of kernel rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100kernels weight, shelling % and grain yield/plant.&#x0D; Results: The mean sum of squares due to genotypes for each of the 12 traits under study indicated significant differences in analysis of variance. High to moderate genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation as well as genetic advance were observed in the traits yield per plant, plant height, ear height, number of kernels per row, and 100-kernel weight. These findings suggest that the heritability of these traits is most likely the result of additive gene effects and that selection in early generations may be effective for these traits. On the other hand, the remaining characters days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, number of kernel rows per ear, and shelling percentage were recorded with high heritability with low genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation and genetic advance suggesting non-additive gene action for control of these traits which provides limited scope for improvement by selection.&#x0D; Conclusion: Among the characters studied, grain yield, plant height, and ear height had high heritability and high values of genetic advance indicating that these characters were controlled by additive gene action and so phenotypic selection is effective for improvement of these traits.

Genetic diversity among maize (Zea mays) inbred lines for methionine and yield associated traits

A study was carried out during winter (rabi) and rainy (kharif) seasons of 2020–21 at the research farm of ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana, Punjab in which 22 maize inbred lines with varying content of methionine were evaluated to study various seeds and field parameters, and methionine content and further statistically analysed through genetic variability, principal components and hierarchical cluster analysis. Significant differences were noted among inbred lines for various traits. Broad- sense heritability analysis showed that traits exhibited more than 80% heritability, except plant height, cob height and no. of cobs. Principal component analysis showed five principal components having eigen value more than 1.00 and accounted for 82.01% of total variation. Cluster analysis distributed the inbred lines in 4 major clusters suggesting their use in breeding programmes. Correlation analysis was also studied to understand the correlation of field and yield parameters with methionine content. Plant height and cob height (0.83), no. of rows per cob and no. of seeds per row (0.76), anthesis and silking interval (0.89), specific gravity and silking interval (0.45) showed significant positive correlation. Traits including methionine, moisture, 100-kernel weight, no. of cobs, no. of rows/cob, no. of seeds/row and germination rate having higher genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability, and genetic advance mean can be used for further crop improvement programme.