Phenotypic Coefficient Of Variation Research Articles

Evaluation of Germplasm for Reproductive Stage Salinity Tolerance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The current study was carried out to identify salt tolerant genotypes by screening 76 rice germplasm at reproductive stage salinity stress. The test entries were subjected to salt stress under field conditions and salinity was noted at different intervals of crop growth period i.e., 30 and 67 days after sowing and at the time of harvesting with the pH value of 5.4 and electrical conductivity of 4.3 dSm-1, 5.3 dSm-1and 7.2 dSm-1 respectively. The characters namely, salinity score, days to 50 percent flowering, plant height, panicle length, productive tillers/plant, number of filled grains/panicle, total number of grains/panicle, spikelet fertility and grain yield/plant were studied under saline conditions. Variability, heritability and genetic advance as percent of mean showed high genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation for grain yield plant-1indicating the presence of considerable amount of variation among the genotypes for potential yield improvement through selection. The trait grain yield per plant had high heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean indicating that it is regulated by additive gene action and therefore selection could be practiced based on phenotypic performance. Association studies under saline conditions, revealed favorable and significant correlation of grain yield per plant with days to 50% flowering, panicle length, plant height, total number of grains per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle and productive tillers per plant whereas, spikelet fertility and plant height on the other hand, recorded negative non-significant correlation, indicating the undesirable causes of salinity on plant growth and yield potential.

Genetic Attributes for Selection and Assessment of Yield Enhancement in Paddy (Oryza sativa L.)

The present investigation was conducted in the Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Kathalagere. The experiment comprised sixty-seven advanced breeding lines of paddy. The experiment was conducted in three replications with 4mx3m of plot size. The observations are recorded on days to fifty per cent flowering, Days to maturity, Plant Height(cm), Panicles per sqm, Grain yield per plot(kg) and Grain yield per hectare (Kg). The data is subjected to analysis for genetic variability and diversity parameters (Key factors of plant breeding). Higher Genetic coefficient of variability (GCV) and Phenotypic coefficient of variability (PCV) are Days to fifty per cent flowering, Days to maturity, Plant height(cm), Panicles per square meter and grain yield per plot (Kgs) should be considered at the time of selecting the genotypes/varieties/breeding lines for progressing and prospering in the yield and yield contribution towards the varietal performance. Genetic diversity studies proved that the traits viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, Days to maturity, Panicles per square meter, Plant height and Grain yield per plot are prompt traits that contributed maximum divergence to the genotypes. Some clusters are composed of superior genotypes that may contribute to the several crossing studies to improve through transgressive segregants with high genetic yield potential and early maturity.

Assessment of Genetic Variability, Heritability, Genetic Advance, and Diversity Analysis for Morpho Physiological Traits in Finger Millet [Eleusine coracana (l.) Gaertn.

The study, conducted during the Kharif season of 2022, aimed to evaluate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, and diversity for morpho-physiological traits in finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.) using 39 genotypes. Significant genetic variation was identified for all studied traits through variance analysis. While moderate to high values of Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) and Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) were observed for most traits, exceptions were noted for days to 50 percent flowering, days to maturity, relative water content in leaves, and chlorophyll stability index. The study revealed high heritability with moderate to high genetic advance as a percent of the mean for most traits, suggesting the prevalence of additive gene effects. However, chlorophyll stability index and relative water content exhibited lower values. D2 analysis indicated the existence of sufficient genetic diversity among the genotypes. The genotypes were categorized into five distinct non-overlapping clusters. Cluster I, the largest cluster with 35 genotypes, displayed maximum intra-cluster distance. Clusters V and III had the highest inter-cluster distances, Days to maturity played a significant role in overall divergence. The findings suggest that a direct selection approach in finger millet landraces could lead to a substantial increase in yield response. This research provides valuable insights into the genetic characteristics of finger millet genotypes, offering a foundation for targeted breeding programs to enhance crop improvement.

Provenance and family variations in early growth of Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica Maxim.) and selection of superior families.

This study, conducted in China in November 2020, was aimed at exploring the variations in growth traits among different provenances and families as well as to select elite materials of Juglans mandshurica. Thus, seeds of 44 families from six J. mandshurica provenances in Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces were sown in the nursery and then transplanted out in the field. At the age of 5 years, seven growth traits were assessed, and a comprehensive analysis was conducted as well as selection of provenance and families. Analysis of variance revealed statistically significant (P < 0.01) differences in seven growth traits among different provenances and families, thereby justifying the pursuit of further breeding endeavors. The genetic coefficient of variation (GCV) for all traits ranged from 5.44% (branch angle) to 21.95% (tree height) whereas the phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) ranged from 13.74% (tapering) to 38.50% (branch number per node), indicating considerable variability across the traits. Further, all the studied traits except stem straightness degree, branch angle and branch number per node, showed high heritability (Tree height, ground diameter, mean crown width and tapering, over 0.7±0.073), indicating that the variation in these traits is primarily driven by genetic factors. Correlation analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (r > 0.8) between tree height and ground diameter (r = 0.86), tree height and mean crown width (r = 0.82), and ground diameter and mean crown width (r = 0.83). This suggests that these relationships can be employed for more precise predictions of the growth and morphological characteristics of trees, as well as the selection of superior materials. There was a strong correlation between temperature factors and growth traits. Based on the comprehensive scores in this study, Sanchazi was selected as elite provenance. Using the top-percentile selection criteria, SC1, SC8, DJC15, and DQ18 were selected as elite families. These selected families exhibit genetic gains of over 10% in tree height, ground diameter and mean crown width, signifying their significant potential in forestry for enhancing timber production and reducing production cycles, thereby contributing to sustainable forest management. In this study, the growth traits of J. mandshurica were found to exhibit stable variation, and there were correlations between these traits. The selected elite provenance and families of J. mandshurica showed faster growth, which is advantageous for the subsequent breeding and promotion of improved J. mandshurica varieties.

Assessment of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance for Seed Yield and Its Contributing Traits in Greengram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek

Vigna radiata L. Wilczek, sometimes known as greengram or mungbean, is a popular pulse crop in India. Most of its cultivation takes place in India's subsistence farming systems. It is cultivated in three distinct seasons in India, despite the extremely low average productivity. Due to the crop's extensive growth in a variety of environmental circumstances, the local germplasm exhibits a high degree of genetic variation. In order to determine the genetic variability, heritability, and genetic advancement of 40 green gram genotypes, a study utilizing twelve quantitative variables was conducted. For every traits, significant variance was discovered using basic descriptive statistics. High Phenotypic Coefficients of Variation (PCV) and high Genotypic Coefficients of Variation (GCV) were identified for seed yield per plant, number of branches per plant, number of clusters per plant, biological yield per plant, number of pods per plant and 100 seed weight. Moderate PCV and GCV values observed for number of seeds per pod, plant height, harvest index, pod length and days to 50% flowering, whereas low PCV and GCV values were observed for days to maturity. Most of the characters studied in the current study had high estimates of heritability coupled with high to moderate genetic advance as a percentage of mean. This may be attributed to the preponderance of additive gene action and their high selective value, meaning that selection pressure can be applied profitably to these characters to improve them rationally.

Multi-locus genome-wide association studies reveal the dynamic genetic architecture of flowering time in chrysanthemum.

The dynamic genetic architecture of flowering time in chrysanthemum was elucidated by GWAS. Thirty-six known genes and 14 candidate genes were identified around the stable QTNs and QEIs, among which ERF-1 was highlighted. Flowering time (FT) adaptation is one of the major breeding goals in chrysanthemum, a multipurpose ornamental plant. In order to reveal the dynamic genetic architecture of FT in chrysanthemum, phenotype investigation of ten FT-related traits was conducted on 169 entries in 2 environments. The broad-sense heritability of five non-conditional FT traits, i.e., budding (FBD), visible coloring (VC), early opening (EO), full-bloom (OF) and decay period (DP), ranged from 56.93 to 84.26%, which were higher than that of the five derived conditional FT traits (38.51-75.13%). The phenotypic variation coefficients of OF_EO and DP_OF were relatively large ranging from 30.59 to 36.17%. Based on 375,865 SNPs, the compressed variance component mixed linear model 3VmrMLM was applied for a multi-locus genome-wide association study (GWAS). As a result, 313 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) were identified for the non-conditional FT traits in single-environment analysis, while 119 QTNs and 67 QTN-by-environment interactions (QEIs) were identified in multi-environment analysis. As for the conditional traits, 343 QTNs were detected in single-environment analysis, and 119 QTNs and 83 QEIs were identified in multi- environment analysis. Among the genes around stable QTNs and QEIs, 36 were orthologs of known FT genes in Arabidopsis and other plants; 14 candidates were mined by combining the transcriptomics data and functional annotation, including ERF-1, ACA10, and FOP1. Furthermore, the haplotype analysis of ERF-1 revealed six elite accessions with extreme FBD. Our findings contribute to the understanding of dynamic genetic architecture of FT and provide valuable resources for future chrysanthemum molecular breeding programs.

Genetic Evaluation of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Germplasm for Growth, Seed Yield and it’s Attributing Characters in Prayagraj Agro-climatic Conditions

The current study evaluated 13 chickpea genotypes raised in a randomized block design with 3 replications during Rabi season of 2020-21 at Experimental research farm of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding. Naini Agriculture Institute, Prayagraj. The results indicated that the magnitude of higher value of Genotypic Coefficient of Variation (GCV) and Phenotypic Coefficient of Variation (PCV) was recorded for seed yield per plot and biological yield per plant respectively. The genotype C-203 recorded highest number of pods per plant, biological yield per plant, seed yield per plant and seed yield per plot. High Heritability coupled with high Genetic advance as percent mean was recorded for seed yield per plot, biological yield per plant and number of primary branches per plant. The analysis of variance indicated that there were highly significant differences among genotypes.

Genetic Variability Studies of Vegetable Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) for Productivity Traits

Aims: In the present investigation 60 different genotypes of vegetable amaranth were analysed for genetic variability in productivity traits and noticeable range of variability were reported in herbage yield and quality.&#x0D; Study Design: The layout of experimental plot was prepared according to augmented block design II (Federer, 1956).&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, Bengaluru, UHS, Bagalkot, Karnataka during summer i.e., from January 2020 to March, 2022.&#x0D; Methodology: The experiment consisted of 60 vegetable amaranth genotypes that were collected from KRCCH, Arabhavi, NBPGR New-Delhi, TNAU, Coimbtore and some local collections, the whole plot was divided into 4 blocks, wherein, each block contained 19 beds of 1m × 1m dimension, each representing different genotypes including four check varieties. The genotypes were sown in line at the spacing of 20 cm, accommodating 10 plants per line and hence each bed accommodated 50 plants. All growth and yield parameters were recorded in five randomly selected and tagged plants of each genotype and mean was worked out for further statistical analysis. Variability parameters were worked out as per method given by Burton and Devane [1], heritability in broad sense and genetic advance as percent of mean was calculated according to the formula given Johnson et al. [2].&#x0D; Results: The phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation was maximum for number of leaves, stem weight (g), Stem to leaf ratio, herbage yield per plant (g), herbage yield per plot (kg), leaf area per plant (cm2) and leaf size (cm2) minimum in case of plant height and stem thickness as shown in table. High heritability was observed for all the traits, except plant height and stem thickness maximum was recorded for Herbage yield per hectare (99.45 %) and minimum was observed for stem thickness (1.07%). High heritability (h2 = 99.45%) with high genetic advance (GA=92.47%) as percentage of mean was observed for herbage yield per hectare which indicated that additive gene effects were more important for that trait. High genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for herbage yield per plant (g) however, lowest for stem thickness (0.27)&#x0D; Conclusion: Results indicates the preponderance of additive genes and selection will be effective for improvement of these traits having high heritability with genetic advance as percent of mean.

Genetic Variability, Heritability, Genetic Advance for Yield and Yield Related Attributes in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

The present investigation was carried out with 30 chickpea genotypes to study the genetic variability for yield and yield related traits in chickpea and observed the high significance for all the thirteen characters i.e., germination percentage, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, shoot length, root length, seedling length, number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of pods per plant, test weight, yield per plant. For the traits number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, number of pods per plant, yield per plant and seedling length genetic variability showed high estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation with high heritability coupled with genetic advance indicating this these characters exhibited wide variability. The heritability of these traits were due to additive gene effects which makes selection effective. This will help breeders in direct plant selection based on phenotypic expression.

Growth and Yield Variance and Heritability Estimates among Some Local and Improved Varieties of Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranean L. Verdc)

The current investigation demonstrated that all the seeds taken into consideration generally had different varietal characteristics with the exception of several growth characteristics, notably the stem girth where the improved varieties outperformed the local Bambara nuts. The local Bambara nut varieties (Jan Iri) had the highest parameters measured compared to others. The huge variation in yield component recorded for this variety made the promise it displayed astounding. Due to the importance of the genotype-by-environment interaction on the expression of all the examined characters, the phenotypic coefficients of variation for each character were all more significant than the genotypic coefficients of variation. Three examined features, including number of pods per plant, number of pods per plot, and number of seeds per plot, all had high heritability estimates (84.96, 99.24, and 99.35, respectively). The quantity of seeds produced by each plant and the dried weight of each plot were moderately recorded at 32.48 and 38.63, respectively. Number of pods per plot (140.01) and number of seeds per plot (176.83) both showed strong genetic advance and with high heritability also. However, fresh weight per plot (109.12) revealed low heredity along with high genetic advance. Looking at the number of seeds per plant, the number of pods per plant, and the number of seeds per plant, a substantial positive association was found.

Assessment of Genetic Variability, Heritability and Genetic Advance in Maize Genotypes (Zea mays L.)

Aim: The aim of the present research work was to estimate the genetic variability, broad sense heritability and genetic advance for various yield and its contributing characters of 39 maize genotypes.&#x0D; Methodology: 39 maize genotypes were sown in randomized block design and replicated thrice to evaluate various genetic parameters. The data was recorded on twelve quantitative traits including days to fifty percent tasseling, days to fifty percent silking, days to maturity, plant height, ear height, ear length, ear diameter, number of kernel rows/ear, number of kernels/row, 100kernels weight, shelling % and grain yield/plant.&#x0D; Results: The mean sum of squares due to genotypes for each of the 12 traits under study indicated significant differences in analysis of variance. High to moderate genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation as well as genetic advance were observed in the traits yield per plant, plant height, ear height, number of kernels per row, and 100-kernel weight. These findings suggest that the heritability of these traits is most likely the result of additive gene effects and that selection in early generations may be effective for these traits. On the other hand, the remaining characters days to 50% tasseling, days to 50% silking, number of kernel rows per ear, and shelling percentage were recorded with high heritability with low genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation and genetic advance suggesting non-additive gene action for control of these traits which provides limited scope for improvement by selection.&#x0D; Conclusion: Among the characters studied, grain yield, plant height, and ear height had high heritability and high values of genetic advance indicating that these characters were controlled by additive gene action and so phenotypic selection is effective for improvement of these traits.

Genetic diversity among maize (Zea mays) inbred lines for methionine and yield associated traits

A study was carried out during winter (rabi) and rainy (kharif) seasons of 2020–21 at the research farm of ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana, Punjab in which 22 maize inbred lines with varying content of methionine were evaluated to study various seeds and field parameters, and methionine content and further statistically analysed through genetic variability, principal components and hierarchical cluster analysis. Significant differences were noted among inbred lines for various traits. Broad- sense heritability analysis showed that traits exhibited more than 80% heritability, except plant height, cob height and no. of cobs. Principal component analysis showed five principal components having eigen value more than 1.00 and accounted for 82.01% of total variation. Cluster analysis distributed the inbred lines in 4 major clusters suggesting their use in breeding programmes. Correlation analysis was also studied to understand the correlation of field and yield parameters with methionine content. Plant height and cob height (0.83), no. of rows per cob and no. of seeds per row (0.76), anthesis and silking interval (0.89), specific gravity and silking interval (0.45) showed significant positive correlation. Traits including methionine, moisture, 100-kernel weight, no. of cobs, no. of rows/cob, no. of seeds/row and germination rate having higher genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, heritability, and genetic advance mean can be used for further crop improvement programme.

Morpho-molecular and nutritional profiling for yield improvement and value addition of indigenous aromatic Joha rice of Assam

Short-grain aromatic Joha rice of Assam is a unique class of specialty rice having tremendous potential in domestic and international markets. The poor yielding ability of Assam's Joha rice demands its systematic characterization for an effective breeding program. This study investigates the morphological, molecular and biochemical profiles of twenty popular Joha (aromatic) rice cultivars indigenous to Assam. Distinctiveness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) characterization of the cultivars revealed polymorphism in thirty-seven traits, establishing distinctiveness for their utilization in breeding programs. Unweighted Neighbor Joining (UNJ) clustering based on usual Euclidean distances for the polymorphic morphological markers grouped the cultivars into three clusters with eight, eleven, and one genotypes. The Joha rice cultivars showed significant differences for all the quantitative traits except for panicle length. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variability (GCV & PCV) were high for grain yield ha−1 (24.62 & 24.85%) and filled grains panicle−1 (23.69 & 25.02%). Mahalanobis D2 analysis revealed three multi-genotypic and four mono-genotypic clusters of the cultivars. The first five principal components explain 85.87% of the variation among the cultivars for the traits under study; filled grain panicle−1 (0.91) and stem thickness (0.55) positively contributed to the first PC. The cultivars' average polyunsaturated fatty acids were 37.9% oleic acid, 39.22% linoleic acid, and 0.5% linolenic acid. Kon Joha 4 and Ronga Joha contained the highest iron (82.88 mg kg−1) and zinc (47.39 mg kg−1), respectively. Kalijeera, Kunkuni Joha, Kon Joha-5, Manimuni Joha and Kon Joha-2 accorded a strong aroma. PCR amplified 174 alleles with a mean value 2.64 across the 66 polymorphic SSR markers. PIC values ranged from 0.091 to 0.698, with an average of 0.326. The highly informative (PIC > 0.50) markers were RM316, RM283, RM585, RM1388, RM3562, RM171, R1M30, RM118, RM11and RM29 for identification of the twenty aromatic rice cultivars. PCR amplification of 27 SSR markers identified 28 unique alleles (97–362 bp) in 13 Joha rice cultivars, which can help their identification/DNA fingerprinting. The UNJ clustering based on Jaccard's coefficients classified the cultivars into three distinct clusters with eight, ten, and two genotypes. Our study revealed the nutritional richness of these specialty Joha rice cultivars and sufficient scope for yield enhancement through their interbreeding to keep quality intact.

Estimation of Genetic Variability Parameters for Various Yield Attributing Traits in Germplasm Collection of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Genetic variability parameters were studied in 2879 germplasm accessions of rice for 11 quantitative traits. Moderate value of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient variation (PCV) was observed for the traits, 100 seed weight, seedling height, L:B ratio, plant height, and number of effective tillers, whereas rest of the traits had low GCV and PCV values. High heritability was observed for all the traits except leaf length, leaf width and grain yield per plant. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent of mean was observed for 100 seed weight, seedling height and L:B ratio. High heritability coupled with moderate genetic advance as percent of mean was recorded for days to 50% flowering and plant height. The presence of high heritability and high genetic advance as percent of the mean indicated the presence of additive gene effects for controlling aforesaid traits, hence selection in later generations will be rewarding in a breeding programme.

Genetic Diversity and Structure of Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn. Roxb.) Population in India as Revealed by Genetic Analysis.

In this study, an extensive exploration survey of wild progeny was conducted which yielded 18 candidate plus trees (CPTs) of Terminalia bellerica. Seeds of these CPTs were collected from diverse locations between 10°54' and 28°07' E longitude, and 76°27' and 95°32' N latitude, covering 18 different locations across 5 states of the Indian subcontinent. The objective of the progeny trial was to assess genetic associations and variability in growth and physio-chemical characteristics. Significant variations (p < 0.05) were observed among the growth traits, encompassing plant height, basal diameter, girth at breast height and volume, as well as physio-chemical characteristics such as leaf length, width, area and chlorophyll content, carotenoids, and protein in the progeny trial. Broad-sense heritability (h2b) estimates were consistently high, exceeding 80% for all growth and physiological related traits under investigation except for plant height, leaf length, and girth at breast height. A correlation study revealed that selecting based on plant height, leaf area, and girth at breast height effectively enhances T. bellerica volume. A moderate genetic advance in percent of the mean (GAM) was observed for most traits, except leaf length, leaf width, girth at breast height, and plant height. Across all 13 traits, phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) surpassed genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV). Utilizing principal component analysis (PCA) and dendrogram construction categorized the genotypes into seven distinct groups. In conclusion, the study has demonstrated that targeting girth at breast height and plant height would be a highly effective strategy for the establishment of elite seedling nurseries and clonal seed nurseries for varietal and hybridization programs in the future.

Delineating the Genetic Variability and Diversity in Green Gram [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] Genotypes

This study evaluated 44 green gram genotypes collected from the AICRP on MULLaRP to investigate genetic variability and divergence. During kharif (July–October, 2020), the genotypes were assessed for various morphological traits. The phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient of variation, indicating significant variability. Clusters plant-1, pods plant-1, and seed yield plant-1 exhibited the highest genetic and phenotypic coefficient of variation. High heritability was observed for 1000-seed weight, clusters plant-1, pods plant-1, and seeds pod-1, suggesting the influence of additive genetic factors. Genetic advance as a % of the mean was particularly notable for clusters plant-1, pods plant-1, and seed yield plant-1. Further analysis using Mahalanobis D2 statistics resulted in the classification of genotypes into seven clusters, with Cluster I being the largest. Cluster IV and VI showed the highest inter-cluster distance, indicating substantial genetic divergence. Notably, Cluster III represented by AKM 1801 displayed superior characteristics such as high mean values for pod length, seeds pod-1, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield per plant, making it a potential candidate for green gram improvement programs. In terms of genetic diversity, 1000-seed weight contributed the most, followed by clusters plant-1 and chlorophyll content. These findings highlight the importance of these traits in shaping the genetic diversity observed among the green gram genotypes.

Polygenic Variations and Character Association Study of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) Genotypes for Yield and Quality Attributes

An experiment was conducted in the Vegetable Farm of Bihar Agricultural University in Rabi Season with the objective to study the genetic variability and character association for yield and quality attributes in thirty tomato genotypes. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The results indicated significant differences amongst the genotypes for all the characters studied. Yield per plant showed the highest coefficient of variations (56.41 %, 58.93%) at both genotypic and phenotypic level. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation was also noted for average fruit weight (48.33%, 48.98%) and number of fruits/plant (35.14%, 33.55%). Traits like average fruit weight (97.4%, 41.85), number of fruits per plant (91.2%, 25.90), and plant height (95.8%, 69.38) exhibited high heritability coupled with high genetic advance. Genetic advance as percentage of mean ranged from 11.81-111.22% for different characters. The highest genetic advance as percentage of mean (111.2%) was recorded for yield per plant. Fruit yield per plant expressed highly significant and positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations with average fruit weight (0.697, 0.694), equatorial diameter (0.637, 0.596) and polar diameter (0.488, 0.454). The genotypes, Hisar Lalit, Pusa Ruby, Arka Alok, Pant T-7 and Pusa Rohini which have been found to be promising with respect to fruit weight and yield per plant may further be exploited to create new genetic variations by random mutation, somaclonal variation and modern molecular techniques for studying disease resistance, post-harvest and processing qualities.

Estimates of Genetic Variability and Correlation Coefficient for Yield and Its Attributes in Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

The study was conducted throughout the autumn/winter season 2021-2022 with the aim of estimating genetic variability for different characters in available Fenugreek germplasm viz: heritability in broad sense, genetic advance in per cent of mean and correlation coefficient among the characters pairs. The study's experimental material comprised 42 genotypes along with one check (Hisar Sonali). There were eleven quantitative characteristics (traits) on which observations were made. The magnitude of the phenotypic coefficient of variation (P.C.V.) was greater than the genotypic coefficient of variation (G.C.V). The greatest differences in phenotype and genotype have been found in seed yield per plant followed by (no.) number of branches per plant, harvest index, days to maturity, test weight and no number. of seed per pod. The heritability estimates for various traits ranged from 15.9 (no number. of branches per plant) to 68.3 (plant height). Genetic advance in per cent of mean ranged from 3.36 per cent (No. number of seed per pod) to 12.64 per cent (days to maturity). The phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients were computed among the eleven characters. The most (A very) important trait, seed yield per plant exhibited highly significant and positive phenotypic correlation with, harvest index (0.948) and test weight (0.935). While, days to 50% flowering (-0.678) was significantly and negatively correlated with seed yield per plant. These findings suggested that the current fenugreek germplasm has a great deal of promise for effective crop improvement and better yield and yield-(components) attributing traits.

Studies on the genotypic co-efficient of variation and phenotypic co-efficient of variation in chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) germplasm for yield-attributing characters

The magnitude of the genotypic co-efficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic co-efficientof variation (PCV) in chickpea germplasm was observed high for characters like seed yield per plant followed by number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, plant height, number of secondary branches per plant and number of primary branches per plant. The characteristics viz., seed yield per plant showed high GCV and PCV, moderate heritability and high genetic advance as a per cent of the mean. The characters viz. number of pods per plant, 100 seed weight, harvest index, number of secondary branches per plant and plant height recorded a highly positive significant correlation with seed yield at both genotypic and phenotypic levels. This indicates the simultaneous improvement of these characters through the selection of chickpeas.

Genetic variation, genetic advance, heritability and correlation analysis of phenotypic traits in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum spp.) landraces and some improved cultivars of Ethiopia

AbstractTetraploid wheat species from Ethiopia hold ample genetic variation, which could provide a source for improvement of wheat. A total of 196 Ethiopian tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum spp.) accessions, including 174 landraces and 22 improved cultivars, were evaluated at Sinana and Debrezeit to assess morphological variation, genetic advance, heritability and correlation based on 11 phenotypic traits. Except for spike length, highly significant variation (P &lt; 0.001) among genotypes for all traits was observed. The observed mean and range values of the phenotypic traits revealed high variability in the accessions. Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) values were high for grain yield, biomass yield and harvest index. Seed yield showed highly significant (P &lt; 0.001) negative correlation with days to booting and days to maturity and positive correlation with all traits. The estimates of heritability (H2) for grain yield and the number of spikelets per spike respectively ranged from 41.78 to 84.62%. The genetic advance as a percentage of mean was low for the number of seeds per spikelet, days to booting and days to maturity; intermediate for plant height, thousand kernel weight and spike length and high for the number of spikelets per spike, the number of effective tillers per plant, grain yield, biomass yield and harvest index, respectively. The number of spikelets per spike gave a high value of genetic advance and heritability implying high genetic gain from its selection.