Phenomenon Of Spread Research Articles

Identification of spread after deliberate intraneural injection in five mammalian species

IntroductionThis research endeavors to investigate the phenomenon of intraneural spread across distinct locations: subcircumneurium, extrafascicular intraneural, intrafascicular intraneural, and intraperineurium after deliberate intraneural injections across five mammalian species. The study...

Strategies and bottlenecks to tackle infodemic in public health: a scoping review.

The World Health Organization defines "infodemic" as the phenomenon of an uncontrolled spread of information in digital and physical environments during a disease outbreak, causing confusion and risk-taking behaviors that can harm health. The aim of this scoping review is to examine international evidence and identify strategies and bottlenecks to tackle health-related fake news. We performed a scoping review of the literature from 1 January 2018 to 26 January 2023 on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus electronic databases. We also performed a search of grey literature on institutional websites. The research question has been defined according to the PCC (population, concept, and context) mnemonic for constructing research questions in scoping reviews. The overall research in the scientific databases yielded a total of 5,516 records. After removing duplicates, and screening the titles, abstracts, and full texts, we included 21 articles from scientific literature. Moreover, 5 documents were retrieved from institutional websites. Based on their content, we decided to group recommendations and bottlenecks into five different and well-defined areas of intervention, which we called strategies: "foster proper communication through the collaboration between science and social media companies and users," "institutional and regulatory interventions," "check and debunking," "increase health literacy," and "surveillance and monitoring through new digital tools." The multidisciplinary creation of standardized toolkits that collect recommendations from the literature and institutions can provide a valid solution to limit the infodemic, increasing the health education of both citizens and health professionals, providing the knowledge to recognize fake news, as well as supporting the creation and validation of AI tools aimed at prebunking and debunking.

Epidemic process on partially overlapped multi-layer networks

The phenomenon of epidemic spread has received continuous attention due to its profound applications in a wide range of social and economic activities. In this paper we propose a partially overlapped multi-layer network model and illustrate the influence of multi-layer structure on outbreaks. Combined with the classic SIS model, we propose a set of discrete Markov equations and make first-order approximation on the threshold of epidemic outbreak. In comparison with independent simplex networks, we find that a multi-layer structure promotes epidemic spread and leads to a smaller critical threshold. In addition, we also find that the epidemic process on partially overlapped multi-layer networks is dominated by the layer with the largest main eigenvalue. Through Monte Carlo simulations, we find that the role of the dominant layer is irrelevant with its size, which means a small set of nodes can exhibit a disproportionate impact on the epidemics of a large network. Our research sheds light on the epidemic process on partially overlapped multi-layer complex systems, and provides a theoretical explanation of unexpected real-world outbreaks.

Clinical and pathological characteristics and expression of related molecules in patients with airway disseminated lung adenocarcinoma

Abstract Objective Lung adenocarcinoma exhibits diverse genetic and morphological backgrounds, in addition to considerable differences in clinical pathology and molecular biological characteristics. Among these, the phenomenon of spread through air space (STAS), a distinct mode of lung cancer infiltration, has rarely been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the relationship between STAS tumor cells and the clinical and molecular characteristics of patients with lung adenocarcinoma, as well as their impact on prognosis. Methods This study included 147 patients who were diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma at the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Cancer Institute between January 2014 and December 2017. Surgical resection specimens were retrospectively analyzed. Using univariate and multivariate Cox analyses, we assessed the association between STAS and the clinicopathological features and molecular characteristics of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, we investigated the effects on patient prognosis. In addition, we developed a column–line plot prediction model and performed internal validation. Results Patients with positive STAS had a significantly higher proportion of tumors with a diameter ≥2 cm, with infiltration around the pleura, blood vessels, and nerves, and a pathological stage >IIB than in STAS-negative patients (P < 0.05). Cox multivariate survival analysis revealed that clinical stage, STAS status, tumor size, and visceral pleural invasion were independent prognostic factors influencing the 5-year progression-free survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. The predictive values and P values from the Hosmer-Lemeshow test were 0.8 and 0.2, respectively, indicating no statistical difference. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis demonstrated areas under the curve of 0.884 and 0.872 for the training and validation groups, respectively. The nomogram model exhibited the best fit with a value of 192.09. Conclusions Clinical stage, pleural invasion, vascular invasion, peripheral nerve invasion, tumor size, and necrosis are independent prognostic factors for patients with STAS-positive lung adenocarcinoma. The nomogram based on the clinical stage, pleural invasion, vascular invasion, peripheral nerve invasion, tumor size, and necrosis showed good accuracy, differentiation, and clinical practicality.

Investigation of the Phenomenon of Pterygium Spread for Ages 20 up to 70 Years in Iraq

Investigation of the Phenomenon of Pterygium Spread for Ages 20 up to 70 Years in Iraq

The challenge of infodemic: a scoping review of strategies to tackle health-related fake news

Abstract Introduction The term “infodemic” was coined by David J. Rothkopf during the SARS epidemic to describe the phenomenon of the uncontrolled spread of speculation amplified by the media and the technologies of the 21st century. During the COVID-19 pandemic, a tremendous increase of misinformation was observed. The purpose of this scoping review is to collect and describe all the strategies, tools, and recommendations available from the literature aimed at counteracting infodemic and provide useful information for decision makers to build effective responses. Methods We performed a systematic search of scientific literature from 1 January 2018 to 31 January 2023 on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus electronic databases. Eligible articles were English article analysing tools (strategies, policies, recommendations, guidance, guidelines, toolkits, etc) aiming at supervising, monitoring, preventing and countering infodemic. Results The overall research in the scientific databases yielded a total of 5,516 record. Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected 26 articles from scientific and grey literature. From the included articles, 21 public health actions were extracted. These recommendations were grouped into five main categories (“Strategies”) that act on the infodemic phenomenon: - Increasing the health literacy of the population - Surveillance of the spread of misinformation strategies - Checking and debunking misinformation strategies - Legal and Institutional strategies - Communicate and dissemination programs Conclusions The review showed a large number of stakeholders envolved (social media companies, healthcare professionals, institutions, population). To properly address the problem of infodemia, it will be essential the creation of a solid health network, capable to tackle the spread of fake news in every moment of the process, from the surveillance systems to the checking and debunking information. Key messages • Healthcare professionals have the responsibility of disseminating information in an understandable manner; government and authorities should implement laws to tackle the dissemination of fake news. • Social media companies (and their most famous users, the ‘influencers'), should take stronger actions to contain the dissemination of fake news.

The designed housing projects as an alternative for the informal building and their impact in addressing the heterogeneity of the urban escape in the built residential areas

The phenomenon of informal building Spread recently in Iraqi residential areas, in general, and in Baghdad, in particular, due to the urgent housing need, on the one hand, and lack of commitment to building controls, on the other hand, to highlight the phenomenon of uncommitted building to controls and housing governing legislation in Iraq, leading to heterogeneity in both building densities and plot areas, and disorder in the urban fabric and urban escape of those areas. Research problem identified as the absence of a clear vision about the General aspects of the phenomenon of informal building in residential street scene, and the role of designed housing projects as a substitute for informal building in built residential areas. The designed housing projects (single or multi story buildings), which designed and constructed accordance to the approved planning and construction regulations and legislation, as one of the solution to the housing crisis, that achieve the harmonious at each level of the urban fabric and urban escape. Accordingly the research hypothesis stated as "the designed housing projects achieve homogeneous formal unity in residential street scene". This paper deals with the role of designed residential projects to reduce the phenomenon of informal building and heterogeneity in the urban escape of built residential areas, by identifying the phenomenon in residential areas, in general, and in selected area in Baghdad, in particular, first, and present a designed housing projects ( global and local) that achieve homogeneous formal unity at the level of the urban escape, second, the research identified the principles and the elements of the residential street scene and the organization bases that can be a substitute for the informal building and the heterogeneity of the urban escape in built residential areas, third.

Resolution of the equatorial spread F problem: Revisited

An overview of recent advances made in understanding the phenomenon of equatorial spread F (ESF) is presented and a discussion of unresolved issues that need to be addressed. The focus is on research that has occurred in the last decade. The topics include satellite observations, theory, and modeling. The suggested areas that require further exploration are a unified theory of turbulence extending from 100 s m to 10 s cm, the impact of geomagnetic storms on the development of equatorial spread F, the need for accurate thermospheric wind measurements and models, and identifying the underlying physics of ESF in the post-midnight sector during solar minimum.

Bacterial Resistance to β-Lactam Antibiotics in Municipal Wastewater: Insights from a Full-Scale Treatment Plant in Poland.

This study investigated enzymatic and genetic determinants of bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in the biocenosis involved in the process of biological treatment of wastewater by activated sludge. The frequency of bacteria resistant to selected antibiotics and the activity of enzymes responsible for resistance to β-lactam antibiotics were estimated. The phenomenon of selection and spread of a number of genes determining antibiotic resistance was traced using PCR and gene sequencing. An increase in the percentage of bacteria showing resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in the microflora of wastewater during the treatment process was found. The highest number of resistant microorganisms, including multi-resistant strains, was recorded in the aeration chamber. Significant amounts of these bacteria were also present in treated wastewater, where the percentage of penicillin-resistant bacteria exceeded 50%, while those resistant to the new generation β-lactam antibiotics meropenem and imipenem were found at 8.8% and 6.4%, respectively. Antibiotic resistance was repeatedly accompanied by the activity of enzymes such as carbapenemases, metallo-β-lactamases, cephalosporinases and β-lactamases with an extended substrate spectrum. The activity of carbapenemases was shown in up to 97% of the multi-resistant bacteria. Studies using molecular biology techniques showed a high frequency of genes determining resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, especially the blaTEM1 gene. The analysis of the nucleotide sequences of blaTEM1 gene variants present in bacteria at different stages of wastewater treatment showed 50-100% mutual similarity of.

Crystallization of sodium metaborate on the surface of layered double hydroxide imparts high flame retardancy properties to epoxy coatings

To address the phenomenon of rapid fire spread in high-rise steel buildings, this paper used the in situ growth method to crystallize sodium metaborate (SMB) on the surface of layered double hydroxide (LDH) and grafted Ti-O onto LDH@SMB hybrid material by hydroxyl action. The synthesized LDH@SMB@Ti (LST) hybrid material was then doped into epoxy resin (EP) to prepare a composite coating. The fire test showed that the LST/EP coating makes the steel plate reach a stable temperature in a shorter time, so that the plate temperature did not continue to rise, and the temperature on the back side of the plate was stabilized at 172.9 °C, which was 87.4 °C lower compared to pure EP. This proves that the LST material gives the coating stronger fire retardant properties upfront and strengthens the continuous insulation ability of the char layer. Cone calorimeter tests showed that the total heat release rate (THR) of LST/EP was reduced by 47.3% and the total smoke release rate (TSR) was reduced by 45.4%, proving the excellent fire and smoke suppression performance of LST/EP. In the expansion performance test, the expansion height and expansion rate of LST/EP reached 29.90 mm and 23.36 respectively, and the expansion of char layer was more uniform. This indicates that the addition of LST hybrid material can improve the mechanical strength of char layer and attenuate the heat transfer rate in the vertical direction. The residual char of LST/EP was 33.2% by thermogravimetric analysis, indicating that the addition of LST could reduce the volatilization of volatile components and improve the thermal stability of EP.

The Phenomenon of Drug Abuse in Iraq

After 2003, the phenomenon of drug abuse spread in Iraq, especially among young people, and this is due to several reasons: the economic, social, psychological reasons, or related to weak religious faith, increased rates of domestic violence and the loss of confidence by this age group in their future, which made them feel that they are living an absurd life, also the weak deterrent or official punishment represented by law and security, weak inspection and control processes, and difficulty controlling land and river borders.

Publishing in hijacked Web of Science journals: Analytical and legal study

This study aimed at a legal and scientific analysis of the plagiarized journals within the Web of Science system, in a time when the phenomenon of plagiarism and piracy spread to the titles of scientific and humanities magazines. Researchers sought to analyze the concept of plagiarism of international scientific journals based on its definition in scientific publishing, its dimensions and danger at the academic level of the researcher, and the academic and institutional level of the university. It also analyzed the types of plagiarism that include cloning, copying, substitution, mixing, and repetition as well as the scientific publishing of forged magazines that are no less dangerous and effective than the spoofed magazines. The study obtained several results, the most important of which is the risk for researchers to lose academic promotion and face direct penalties that hinder their path when appropriating funds through unaccredited scientific publications. The study has also reached specific criteria that the researcher must adhere to when seeking publication, the most important of which is the use of accredited websites of scientific journals and international publishers.

A Study of Land Function Conversion and Urban sprawl Patterns in Sokaraja Banyumas Regency

Urban sprawl is a phenomenon of the unplanned physical appearance spread in the city due to the rapid development of the city. The limited availability of land triggers its development to extend to the suburbs which causes land conversion. This phenomenon occurs due to the development of the city which continues to grow but has limited space. This study aimed to spatially examine land-use conversion and urban sprawl patterns in Sokaraja as a WPU (peri-urban area) from Purwokerto and its close distance to Purbalingga City. This study used a qualitative descriptive method to analyze land-use conversion and urban sprawl patterns using built-up area indicators including settlements and places of activity, agricultural land, and road network. The study was conducted on land use spread over 18 urban villages. Remote sensing analysis with image interpretation of the ArcGIS 10.6 software application was used to review four-time series, namely 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2019. The results of the study found that in a span of 14 years there had been a land conversion in Sokaraja subdistrict. This is evidenced by the increase of the building area which includes settlements and places of activity by 261,991 Ha (8,901%) and followed by a decrease in the area of agricultural land by 261,991 Ha (8,901%). The urban sprawl pattern found is a combination of leapfrog development and ribbon development.

Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in the staff of the Slovak Academy of Sciences in response to COVID-19 and/or vaccination: situation in August 2021.

Cross-sectional seroprevalence study of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was accomplished in the Slovak Academy of Sciences to inform authorities of research institutions about the situation at their workplaces, to assess the risk of next exposure to SARS-CoV-2, and to guide decisions on institutional measures sustaining essential research in evolving epidemic situation. Study participants provided informed consent, anamnestic information, and self-collected dry blood spot samples that were analyzed by ELISA for SARS-CoV-2 Sprotein-specific IgG antibodies. Relative antibody levels detected in 1928 subjects showed seroprevalence of 84.13% and led to the following main findings consistent with the current knowledge: (1) mRNA-based vaccines induce better humoral response compared to adenovirus vaccines, (2) antibody levels reflect severity of COVID-19 symptoms, (3) post-COVID vaccination results in marked elevation of IgG levels particularly in asymptomatic and mild cases, (4) antibody levels decrease with increasing time elapsed from vaccination or COVID-19. In addition, data sorting to distinct research institutes and their clustering to three principal scientific sections of the Slovak Academy of Sciences revealed marked differences in seroprevalence, and allowed to identify workplaces with relatively high seropositivity and response rate that can potentially provide asafer working environment than those, where seroprevalence was low or unknown due to low participation. Thus, findings of this study can have direct implications on management decisions during the next pandemic development, with the necessity to keep in mind the phenomenon of time-dependent immunity waning and current spread of more contagious Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus; COVID-19; spike protein; seroprevalence; antibodies; vaccination.

Азиз Гази-Мансура в Бахчисарае

On the basis of various groups of sources, the author considers the origins and functioning of a spiritual cult complex formed in the medieval period around the Gazi-Mansur Medini Aziz in the southeastern suburb of Bakhchisarai. The phenomenon of a wide spread of azizes in the territory of the Crimean Peninsula connected, primarily, with a high popularity of various Sufi teachings with the population of the region, is analyzed. The author traces the etymology of the term aziz, in all probability derived from the Arabic word عزیز, aziyzun translated as “friend”, “neighbor”, “om-nipotent”, “precious”. Given the lack of reliable historical facts about Gazi-Mansur, a large number of legends and folk traditions have been studied in order to find information about this semi-legendary personality. The author admits that, a native of Medina, he might have been a companion to the Prophet (Sakhab). It was established that his grave could be only one of the places of appear-ance of the saint (maqam), where one could enter into a spiritual connection with him. If this as-sumption is correct, it is possible that such saints’ maqams may exist anywhere in the Muslim world where he could be popular. On the basis of the late 19th century photographic sources, the architec-tural appearance of the complex, whose centre was a tekieh presumably built in the 15th century, was recreated. The author has reconstructed the chronology of functioning of the spiritual centre that had been almost completely destroyed by the mid 20th century. The current state of the landmark, which is still in a state of neglect, is considered. Emphasis is put on the need for a comprehensive scholarl study of the complex based on fundamental archaeological research.

On A Logarithmic Mittag-Leffler Function, its Properties and Applications

In this paper, we introduce a logarithmic Mittag-Leffler function and discuss some of its properties. The application of these properties become helpful in extension of Pochhammer’s type contour integral representations and Rodrigues formulae of some known hypergeometric functions. On application point of view, some relations are discussed which are useful in interpreting the phenomenon of spread of infectious diseases in terms of Lauricella’s multiple hypergeometric functions.

E-Health Literacy: A Skill Needed in the Coronavirus Outbreak Crisis

The article's abstract is not available.

COVID-19-Induced Fear in Infoveillance Studies: Pilot Meta-analysis Study of Preliminary Results.

BackgroundThe World Health Organization named the phenomenon of misinformation spread through social media as an “infodemic” and recognized the need to curb it. Misinformation infodemics undermine not only population safety but also compliance to the suggestions and prophylactic measures recommended during pandemics.ObjectiveThe aim of this pilot study is to review the impact of social media on general population fear in “infoveillance” studies during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsThe PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) protocol was followed, and 6 out of 20 studies were retrieved, meta-analyzed, and had their findings presented in the form of a forest plot.ResultsThe summary random and significant event rate was 0.298 (95% CI 0.213-0.400), suggesting that social media–circulated misinformation related to COVID-19 triggered public fear and other psychological manifestations. These findings merit special attention by public health authorities.ConclusionsInfodemiology and infoveillance are valid tools in the hands of epidemiologists to help prevent dissemination of false information, which has potentially damaging effects.

Gutturals, emphatics, and the phenomenon of emphasis spread in Fallaahi Jordanian Arabic: A non- linear analysis

The study aims to investigate guttural and emphatic sounds and the phenomenon of emphasis spread in Fallaahi Jordanian Arabic (FJA), a rural Jordanian dialect spoken in the north of Jordan. The study uses a non-linear approach, namely, the feature geometry approach to represent guttural and emphatic sounds and the phenomenon of emphasis spread. The data are collected by recording spontaneous conversations of twenty participants who are native speakers of this dialect. The analysis shows that gutturals in FJA are (/x, ʁ, ʕ, ħ, h, ?/) and the primary emphatics are (/T, D, S/). The analysis also shows that emphatic sounds can cause spreading of emphasis to other segments since they involve the back of the tongue and accompany a primary articulation at another place of articulation. Moreover, the study reveals that emphasis spread is bi-directional: leftward and rightward. Leftward emphasis is absolute, while rightward emphasis is blocked by the [+high, -back] segments (/i/, /i:/, /y/, and /ʃ/) since they are incompatible with and antagonistic to the Retracted Tongue Root [RTR] feature. Finally, the study shows that the domain of emphasis is minimally over the syllable and maximally over the phonological word.

Modeling Coronavirus Spread Rate Utilizing Dimensional Analysis via an Irredundant Set of Fundamental Quantities

The phenomenon of spread of a (pathogenic) virus involves many physical variables, and is not amenable to satisfactory analysis via conventional methods. Dimensional Analysis (DA) is singled out as a simple and accessible way that can determine (at least qualitatively) how virus spread is related to seven physical quantities that are thought to influence it. However, classical DA deduces four dimensionless products only, none of which incorporates temperature and humidity, despite the obvious relevance of these two meteorological factors. This paper proposes an alternative version of dimensional analysis using a novel irredundant set of three fundamental quantities only. This new DA version produces five dimensionless products, four of which are essentially a replication of the old ones, while the fifth is a novel product that relates both humidity and temperature to other influencing factors. Our novel DA solution is a significant contribution, since it provides a more realistic model for virus spread rate, and it does not ignore any of the essential influencing factors. Such a model might lead to a better understanding of the determinants of spread for the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that causes the ongoing COVID-19 fatal pandemic.