Spiritual Phenomena Research Articles

THE PHILOSOPHY OF HOPE AND RECOVERY: CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR POST-WAR UKRAINE

The aim of this study is to explore the philosophical concepts of hope and recovery in the context of post-war Ukraine, a nation deeply affected by war and striving for reconstruction and the establishment of a new social order. The article integrates various philosophical approaches to the categories of hope and recovery, with a special focus on the ethical dimensions of this process. The research employs the dialectical method (particularly in the analysis of Hegel’s ideas), the hermeneutic approach (Paul Ricoeur), and the phenomenological ethics of responsibility (Emmanuel Levinas). Additionally, concepts of existentialism and utopianism are engaged to provide a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon of hope. The key results of the study show that hope emerges not only as an individual spiritual phenomenon but also as a collective driving force fostering societal transformation. Recovery, in turn, is viewed not as mere reconstruction of what was destroyed but as the creation of new social, moral, and political realities. Levinas' and Ricoeur’s ethical concepts allow for a deeper understanding of the moral recovery process through responsibility for the other and forgiveness. The scientific novelty of the article lies in combining different philosophical schools to analyze hope and recovery in a post-war context, particularly by integrating phenomenological ethics of responsibility and hermeneutics of forgiveness into the understanding of Ukraine’s current situation. Theoretical significance lies in expanding the understanding of hope and recovery as central to the philosophical analysis of post-war revival. The practical significance of the research can be applied in developing ethical and political strategies for societal recovery after military conflicts, particularly in the context of national reconciliation and reconstruction of social relationships.

Koncept spirituality v pedagogice: Přehledová studie

The study provides an overview and systematization of key theoretical approaches to the phenomenon of spirituality since second half of the 20th century and shows their implications for contemporary pedagogical research and discourse. For this purpose, the different approaches are differentiated based on their disciplinary origin. These are approaches rooted in 1) the psychology of religion and spirituality, focusing on the relationship between spirituality and human experience, thought, and behaviour; 2) the philosophy and theory of education, discussing educational goals, forms and methods; and 3) the “science of well-being,” which combines the perspective of subjective experience and standardized indicators of human flourishing. The study highlights the key ideas and concepts of each approach, opening the discussion on the possible direction of pedagogical research in this area.

What Does Spirituality Look Like?

The concept of spirituality defies a rigorous definition, much like some fundamental concepts in mathematics and physics. However, we may gain an understanding of this vital religious concept by asking what spirituality “looks like.” In this paper, following a brief overview of the concepts of spirit and spirituality in the Bahá’í writings, we examine a letter of the Universal House of Justice that gives us a picture of what spirituality should look like today, as the Bahá’í community pursues its work of creating vibrant communities. We then explore the question of whether, and to what degree, the social sciences can investigate the phenomenon of spirituality as central to human nature, arguing that they can productively adopt spiritual reality as a background assumption, whose validity can then be evaluated.

AN ARCHETYPAL ANALYSIS OF VASYL SIMONENKO’S WORK IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL COMMEMORATIVE PRACTICES

The article deals with the creative heritage of the Sixties poet Vasyl Symonenko through the prism of the archetypal method. The methodological basis of the research is the principle of interdisciplinarity, methods of archetypal and comparative analysis, as well as the concept of language as a «house of being» (M.Heidegger). The relevance of this consideration is due to the growing theoretical and practical interest of social philosophy in various historical and cultural forms of spiritual phenomena of resistance and social cohesion under totalitarian pressure. The presence of markers of psychoanalytic structures of Jungian archetypes of the Self, Shadow, and Mother, as well as paradigms of Sophia, the Earth archetype, agrarian and Cossack background of Ukrainian mentality, high status of the family and value attitude to the past, substantiated by the theory of Ukrainian national archetypes and studies of Ukrainian mentality, is revealed in the poet’s civil lyrics. The author traces the manifestations of the philosophy of freedom, human dignity and national self-determination in the poetic word. As a result of the study, it is also noted that V.Symonenko’s poetry is characterized by vivid features of individualism, Ukraine-centrism, emotionality, courage or individual rebellion, which is a way of manifesting one’s national identity in the context of colonialism. The central idea of the study is that the archetypal method is a modern scientific method that offers a wide range of interpretations in the field of humanities, explication of philosophical meanings and problematization of collective phenomena of humanization of life, including the study of national cultures. One of the important conclusions of the article is the thesis about the ontological status of the socio-cultural phenomenon of the Sixties as a manifestation of non-conformism and counteraction to dogmatism, in the worldview of which the philosophy of dignity, freedom, protection of national identity, cultural pluralism and creative expression were important.

Return to the Mental Interpretation of the Nature of Life

Bringing consciousness into the realm of the mind and returning the mind to the essence of life, the core is how to place the self of life. It is necessary to provide answers within the realm of the central intelligence of life and explore its natural realization in order to overcome the difficulty of consciousness. Firstly, in our view, consciousness is merely a common interpretation of the state of the mind, which is essentially integrated into life and contained in life traits. Therefore, the interpretation of the mind should be projected onto the characteristics of life itself and project onto phenomena. Understanding the mind also requires solving some basic problems and establishing interpretation norms: firstly, the basis of argument is to establish three classification concepts for objects in the sense of structure function: non self energy system, self energy system, and quasi self energy system, in order to determine a sphere of existence for life and the central intelligence of life, and to explain the available effects and spiritual phenomena of the mind; Secondly, in order to overcome the problem of the use of names for the detriment of the meaning of the word, issues such as mind and intelligence, mind and brain in mental understanding were distinguished, and the real-life experiences of consciousness were questioned. The problems in the understanding of mind such as mind and intelligence, mind and brain, and traces the reality of what happens to consciousness. Then, a summary statement was made on the occurrence and evolution of life, as well as the spiritual phenomena that arise with the supply and use effect of the mind. From the perspective of availability, based on the biological value of life control, the sense of dependence on motion, the functionality of memory, image and image flow editing, and self reflection and self illumination, the possible abilities of the mind were stated.

From the Socio-Psychological Aspects of Digitalization to the Reflection of the Nature of the Word Phenomenon

In connection with the ongoing processes of social transformation, informatization and digitalization, there is a tendency to increase emotional tension and anxiety in society. Studies of the impact of digitalization on the security of the individual and society, analysis of the positive and negative aspects of digitalization are relevant. Part of the population is afraid of depersonalization, replacing the name with a digital code. Against this background, the search for a philosophical understanding of the word, as well as the name, is actualized in a comparative analysis with a digit and a digital designation, the problem of attention to the word as a spiritual phenomenon and cultural historical value is posed. Thus, the process of digitalization is a complex cultural, historical and socio-psychological phenomenon. At the personal level, the realization of personal freedom and responsibility in choosing worldview values and aspirations contributes to reducing frustration in an era of change, at the social level it is important to maintain the priority of spiritual values and meanings, where the word should remain as the highest ability that distinguishes a person from the world of animals and things.

The Kyiv Bandurist Chapel’s concert activity during the Second World War

Statement of the problem. Recent research and publications. The article is dedicated to the creative activity of the Kyiv Bandurist Chapel, its origins, and stages of formation. It characterizes the peculiarities of the Chapel’s concert and touring activities and states the role played by the bandurist choir in the social and political life of Ukraine. The creativity of the Kyiv Bandurist Chapel (and later – the Taras Shevchenko Bandurist Chapel) as a spiritual phenomenon of Ukrainian musical culture has been increasingly studied over the last two decades. Published works highlight various aspects of its activity, however, there remain questions that require deeper analysis and a new approach, particularly, the concert and touring activities of the Chapel in 1939–1944. Objectives, methods, and novelty of the research. The purpose of the article is to analyze the Kyiv Bandurist Chapel’s concert activity in the context of the social and historical events during 1939–1944 and its impact on various aspects of cultural, musical, and social life in Western Ukrainian territories. The article uses general scientific methods: source study, descriptive and analytical. The concert and performance repertoire of the Chapel has been analyzed in terms of its content and dynamics. The article mentions joint projects of the Chapel with Ukrainian musical institutions and public organizations. New data about the numerical composition of the first Kyiv Bandurist Chapel, the peculiarities of its concert and touring activities, and some episodes from the lives of individual bandurists have been introduced into the scientific discourse. Research results and conclusion. The Kyiv Bandurist Chapel takes its origins from the period when the national liberation struggles began in 1918–1922. During its existence, the Chapel has been known under various names: “Kobzar Choir” or “First Chapel of Kobzars” (according to V. Yemets), “First Ukrainian Art Chapel” (1925), “United State Exemplary Chapel of Bandurists of the Ukrainian SSR” (1935–1941), “Taras Shevchenko Bandurist Chapel” (from 1941). The foundation of the Kyiv Bandurist Chapel’s repertoire in different historical times constituted Ukrainian dumas, historical, Sich Riflemen’s and insurgent songs, national-patriotic authors’ works, and song and dance melodies. During the period under study, the Kyiv Bandurist Chapel actively performed concert tours in such regions, including Kyiv region, Volyn, and Galychyna. Throughout 1942–1944, it performed in Germany for Ukrainians who were forcibly deported by the Nazis from Ukraine and placed in Ostarbeiter camps. The Kyiv Bandurist Chapel, being in the whirlwind of historical events, proved that the Ukrainian people’s will and independence were always the priority in their creative activities. Further study of the Kyiv Bandurist Chapel’s history is pertinent to several key historical periods: the post-war reconstruction of Soviet Ukraine, the nation’s journey to independence, and the Russian-Ukrainian war. These topics are awaiting unbiased examination and scientific synthesis.

SPIRITUALITY AS A CRITERION OF SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL NORM: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL EXPERIENCE OF JUSTIFICATION FOR THE PERIOD OF LIMINALITY (INDIVIDUALS AND GROUP LEVEL)

The article presents the results of the fi rst domestic socio-psychological empirical pilot study of the phenomenon of spirituality based on the theoretical ideas of S. L. Frank. The theoretical part of the article presents a four-aspect model of spirituality (moral, cognitive, aesthetic, religious aspects) and a six-factor model of the moral aspect (in terms of a morally perfect attitude towards another person), built on the basis of the model-forming parameter «morally perfect attitude». The criteria for socio-psychological norm and pathology are discussed. In the empirical part, with the help of a developed questionnaire, ideas about a morally perfect attitude towards another person are studied. The questionnaire was tested on a small sample of students in order to test its capabilities for studying the moral aspect of spirituality and assessing socio-psychological norms and pathologies. Conclusions are drawn about the acceptability of the developed conceptual and logical research scheme and the questionnaire used, as well as the advisability of continuing this research in terms of three other aspects of spirituality. The substantive results of the study are of an auxiliary nature due to the statistically insignifi cant sample (35 people). At the same time, the applied method of assessing the socio-psychological norm and pathology on the test sample showed a discrepancy between the results and the norm in terms of the moral aspect of the spirituality of the group.

The Image of The Hero in J.M. Synge’s Play The Playboy of the Western World

This study will try to show that John Millington Synge (1871-1909) blended metaphysics, mythology and reality to produce an image of the ideal type of individual needed as the savior of Ireland, in particular, and mankind, in general. The hero concept is best understood as a rather curious and obsessional example of a spiritual phenomenon that reached something of a climax in the nineteenth century, most notably is the thought of Hegel, Ludwig Feuerbach, Thomas Carlyle, August Comte, Marx, and Nietzsche, namely, the uneasy substitution of purely secular objects of veneration for the traditional transcendental ones. Worship of God gave way to worship of man and human society – man as individual in capitalism and society in Marxism. This albeit gave rise to leaders like Hitler, Mussolini and all third world leaders in the first half of the 20th century. The playboy draws on the myth of the dying god or king who renews his life for the benefit of the community. In addition, in his preface to Playboy, Synge places himself in the mainstream of realism: "It is possible for a writer to be rich and copious in his words and at the same time to give the reality, which is the root of all poetry, to a comprehensive and natural form", thus he blends mythology and reality. As for metaphysics, Synge's definition of the literary qualities, or nature, of drama is extremely wide. He says, for example, "Art is but expression" (Works, II, 95). And the problem of the artist is that he feels "the inexpressible … We have walked with God" (Ibid).

The Teen Witch and the Complexity of Care Under Capitalism Through a Case Study of Chilling Adventures of Sabrina

The contemporary teen witch figure is conceived of and represented in a way that is interrelated with young adult media culture. Through an examination of the show Chilling Adventures of Sabrina, as well as teen witches in popular culture, contemporary alternative spirituality, and witch hunts in mediaeval Europe, I explore how the extra-ordinary girl figure like Sabrina the witch is culturally and historically symbolic of how care practices become defiant amidst capitalism. I draw connections between the teen witch, the teen girl in contemporary North American society, and ideology within the context of care as resistance to capitalism. Through textual analysis of Sabrina, qualitative research, and a brief discussion of the relevant socio-historical background, I emphasize that the teen witch figure today must be read within the context of capitalism and neoliberalism. Moreover, the multiple methods I use illuminate the various ways the defiant girl’s care can be both valorized and weaponized. I draw upon real and fictional girls to demonstrate that there is a link between the fictitious co-opted witch in contemporary popular media and real women who were labelled witches around the emergence of capitalism. I explore the significance of the show Sabrina, alongside socio-cultural phenomenon of present-day alternative spirituality and the ‘witch’ of feudalism in Europe.

КОММЕРЦИАЛИЗАЦИЯ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА: БЛАГО ИЛИ БИЧ?

The progressive commercialization of the English language is taking place both in the audio-visual information space and in the academic environment of the Russian Federation. The process is global, not national, and affects the educational sphere, but has not yet received proper analysis and assessment. The purpose of this study is to identify special functions of English as a foreign language in the context of language education, in particular its transformation into a sought-after product, an instrument of prestige and profit making. At first glance, this is a positive phenomenon that increases the motivation and responsibility of language learners, giving a competitive advantage in individual careers and contributing to the growth of income of countries and companies. On the other hand, commercialization leads to a consumerist attitude towards the language as a means of well-being, and not as a cultural and spiritual phenomenon, which has a detrimental effect on pedagogical practices. This interdisciplinary study examines the modern status of English, drawing on scientific evidence from the fields of language economics, linguistic landscape, educational policy, philosophy of education, and linguistic security. The scientific result of this work embraces identified indicators of commercialized English, their evaluation from the perspective of the foreign language educationist, and proposing counterbalances to it.

Symbolic Interactions in Traditional Medicine Practice

<p>This study aims to explain the symbolic interaction in traditional medicine of the Sungai Guntung community. The traditional treatment in question is the administration of salt acid. Giving salt acid from the patient to the shaman is still preserved and believed by the community as the key to treatment. The theory used to analyse is Herbert Blumer's Symbolic Interactionism. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The determination of informants was carried out by purposive sampling technique or method. Based on the results of this study, the Sungai Guntung Village community still practises traditional medicine. This research resulted in the finding that the administration of salt acid is a spiritual phenomenon where the illness comes from physical, psychological and magical sources. The meaning of tradition depends on social interaction, so the continuity of meaning is also very dependent on changes in social interaction. The symbolic interaction in this treatment is reflected in the symbol of bonding between the shaman and the patient, the symbol of the patient's trust in the shaman, the symbol of gratitude from the patient to the shaman, the symbol of the key to treatment, the symbol of the belief that illness and treatment are spiritual phenomena.</p>

Kant: on the Way to Understanding the Spiritual Nature of Man

Purpose. The main purpose of the study is to examine Kant’s first experience in creating a methodology for determining the holistic, spiritual nature of man, firstly, in terms of identifying the range of phenomena that should be included in the analysis of the spiritual essence of man, and secondly, this experience may be indicative for identifying dead ends in the research of spirituality of modern philosophers. Theoretical basis. The study is based on the methodology of philosophical anthropology formulated by M. Scheler, which, on the one hand, integrates the achievements of philosophy of life, phenomenology, existentialism and philosophical hermeneutics, and on the other hand, is based on the premise of the initial direct unity of the opposition of mental and physiological processes of human life. The basis for further expansion of the theoretical framework is the experience of spiritual practices of the Ancient East and religious practices of the Christian Middle Ages. Particularly noteworthy is the experience of modern psychotherapeutic practices, which, for all their diversity, have their roots in the depths of primitive beliefs and mysteries of ancient civilisations, and the tips of their branches reaching to the ideas of modern transpersonal psychology. Originality. Firstly, the author uses M. Scheler’s ideas about the spiritual nature of man and the unity of his essential forces: corporeality, senses, feelings, thinking, values of worldview principles and the Absolute to analyse Kant’s anthropological concept. Secondly, Kant’s position on the way of describing human nature reveals contradictions. These contradictions are caused, on the one hand, by the prevailing mechanistic picture of the world, and, on the other hand, by the philosopher’s intuitive assumptions that did not follow from the provisions of his dualistic position (the concepts of mind and soul as used in Kant’s work "Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View"). Thirdly, the author identifies those fragments of the said work where Kant assumes the presence of corporeality, but does not clearly formulate its role in building the integral nature of the spiritual man. Conclusions. Immanuel Kant was one of the first to raise the issue of the primary study of human nature in comparison with issues of ontology, epistemology, morality, etc. However, the philosopher failed to create a concept of holistic human nature, the essence of which would be its spiritual core. Kant based his methodology of studying human nature on the dualistic opposition of the essential forces of man. This methodology was conditioned by the dominant mechanistic picture of the world. Kant’s researches in the field of morality, aesthetics, and science were carried out in the cognitive-theoretical plane, so they were unable to reach a true synthesis of the essential forces of man by their methodology. Such a synthesis is possible on the basis of spiritual practice. The results of the study of the experience of the achievements and mistakes of the outstanding philosopher in the study of human nature open up the possibility of further refinement and development of philosophical and anthropological methodology in understanding the spiritual nature of man as a whole through comprehension of the mechanism of spiritual practice and, on this basis, understanding of the phenomenon of spirituality in all historical forms of its manifestation.

CURRENT PROBLEMS OF MODERNIZATION OF MUSIC EDUCATION OF THE PRC IN THE CONTEXT OF MODERN CHALLENGES

The scientific review article presents an analysis of the current problems of music education in the People's Republic of China, which are caused by the contradictions between the urgent need to preserve and multiply the national cultural potential and the requirements for the reorganization of the education system in accordance with the tasks of integration into the cultural and educational world space. The role of Chinese musical art in the historical, cultural and philosophical excursion is characterized. The main problems of music education in the People's Republic of China, which are determined by the music-pedagogical community, are presented. They are the following: orientation of Chinese music education on the training of performers, improvement of their technique; insufficient use of interdisciplinary connections with humanitarian disciplines to form a holistic view of musical art as a spiritual phenomenon; insufficient level of professional training of teachers of musical art; conservative approach in the organization and implementation of the educational process. The views of Chinese scientists, teachers, and art critics regarding the modernization of music education in the People's Republic of China are highlighted: updating and expanding the content of education by disciplines, topics of a national nature; the use of modern methods, techniques, organizational forms of training; raising the level of training of music teachers. The importance of building a national music school for the implementation of the state national cultural strategy is revealed. Among other important factors are solving the problems of national unification of the country, consolidation of the people, harmonization of relations in the society on the basis of cultural cohesion of the nation; elevation of the national identity of the Chinese nation. Prospective directions for the development of the national music school are outlined: updating the performing repertoire, supplementing the musical material studied in music lessons with examples of folk art; creating a historical and cultural context when teaching musical disciplines; promoting the spread of traditional Chinese music, its popularity and prestige in public consciousness; improvement of the process of teaching Chinese traditional music in educational institutions of all levels; defining and reconstructing the subjectivity of Chinese music, using the unique spiritual experience of national music.

Vital rhythms of spiritual being in the foundations of canonical psychology

This article undertakes a methodological reflection of the concept of spirituality, which is ontophenomenally structured as a revealed aspect of human existence in the existential act of life. It emphasizes the interplay between noumenal and phenomenal forms in shaping the content of spirituality and their connection to the transcendental and existential dimensions of materiality. Spiritual phenomena are analyzed as concrete expressions of the existential substantiality of real human life, which prompt individuals (both intuitively and rationally) to feel the contradictions and doubts inherent in their existence, to place their own value accents, to make existential decisions, to perceive everyday life as a personal responsibility. Spirituality is considered a constantly renewed process of interaction between man and the world, occurring within the immediate unity of the transcendental (metaphysical and unknowable) and the immanent (natural and known). The core of an individual’s spiritual life, capable of integrating and focusing the potential for self-creation and serving as a source of self-motivation, is their inherent spiritual potential. This potential represents a person’s innate capacity for self-development and self-determination within the realm of motivational and value relationships, and it is an act-event of transcendence. The updating of this resource is a source of manifestation of a person’s spiritual testimonies. Its deployment, on the one hand, takes a person beyond the limits of the individual, and elevates it to transpersonal experiences, on the other hand, through self-reflection, directs it to the different world of its own inner world. From the perspective of the cyclical-action approach, the text delineates the attributive traits-qualities, groups of internal conditions, and dominant forms of self-organization within an individual’s psycho-spiritual potential. It is posited that the identified components of an individual’s spiritual potential (mental-experiential, cognitive-semantic, need-motivational, conative-volitional, spiritual-reflexive) constitute the substantial reality of the human spiritual world. Using cognitive-semantic components as an example, specifically spontaneity, intuitiveness, reflexivity, and creative activity, the text reveals a cycle for the unfolding of an individual’s spiritual potential. This cycle alternately visualizes the pre-situational, situational, motivational, active, and post-active aspects of supramaterial action.

WINGED WORDS AND RELATED LANGUAGE UNITS

Winged words have a special place in national and world culture; they represent the thoughts of famous philosophers, scientists, writers and statesmen in a polished form. Winged words are individual phrases that are used as a figurative expression in speech. They are widely used in the speech of peoples who speak different languages. Winged words have entered the language as a whole and are used as an expressive description of social, domestic, and spiritual phenomena. They are phrases that clearly and figuratively convey deep thoughts in a concise form, briefly clarify the meaning of complex situations and characters, and move from language to language. Winged words differ from other linguistic units in terms of stability, meaningfulness, specific formation, and active use, association with an event or occasion, re-perception in the mind, ownership of an author or source. The following article will discuss the difference between the existing winged words in the French language and such units as phraseological units, aphorisms, proverbs and sayings, maxims, sentences, adages, and quotations. The specific features of each unit are analyzed in detail, similarities and differences are explained with the help of examples, and concluding remarks are given.

«FORTY FABLES": THE HISTORY OF THE PUBLICATION OF THE COLLECTION AND ITS CONSONANCE WITH THE WORK OF ABAI

Collection of A. Baitursynov "Forty fables", in which the fables of the Russian poet I. Krylova, is one of the most striking works of educational literature of the early twentieth century, a separate spiritual phenomenon in Kazakh spirituality. I. Krylov's fables are widely spread in the Kazakh steppe due to the teaching of subjects of the educational process of Russian-Kazakh schools opened in military fortresses and trading cities, as well as the educational activities of democratic poets and scientists deported to the Kazakh steppes from Central Russia, who were subjected to political repression. The poet's fables arethe basis of the work of such poets-writers as Ybyrai Altynsarin, Abai Kunanbayev, who in the 2nd half of the XIX century spread the ideas of Enlightenment.The author prepared his translation of the collection for publication in 1903, but did not publishit in print for many years due to censorship. One of the first who got acquainted with the handwritten version of the collection "Forty Fables" –A. Bokeikhan. He admired A. Baitursynov's fables as "wonderful poems" and worked hard to publish the collection in print. Thanks to the tireless search of A. Bokeikhan's publishing house, the collection "Forty Fables" was published in St. Petersburg in 1909. The leader of Alash evaluates translated poems as a sublime expression of artistic creativity in the satirical genre.

К ВОПРОСУ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ФИЛОСОФСКИХ ОСНОВАНИЙ ДУХОВНОГО ПЕРЕФОРМАТИРОВАНИЯ ОБЩЕСТВА И ЛИЧНОСТИ

Актуальность данного исследования состоит в том, что в настоящее время, время масштабных изменений, происходящих, как в пространстве научного познания, так и в геополитическом пространстве, имеет место быть формирование новой картины мира, новой онтологии, с одной стороны, и актуализация проблем всех типов идентичности (от национально-государственной и до уровня индивида, личности, человеческой идентичности, в конечном итоге), с другой стороны. Авторы считают, что эти два процесса взаимосвязаны через новые подходы к пониманию духовности, основанному на новом понимании принципа целостности, всеобщих связях. Поскольку в основе всех типов кризисов, по мнению авторов, а также многих исследователей, лежит духовный кризис, то и духовное переформатирование общества является главной целью построения перспективных моделей будущего. По мнению авторов, «точкой отсчета» в духовной модернизации общества должна стать, в первую очередь, личность как духовно-телесная целостность, реализующая себя, утверждающая себя через феномен интерсубъективности в пространстве культуры. Цель и новизна данного исследования заключается в том, что подобная философская экспликация понятия «личность» как точки отсчета духовной трансформации общества не должна осуществляться на основе постмодернистского индивидуалистического либертализма в противовес новой формирующейся онтологии с ее новым подходом к феномену духовности как практической необходимости, основанному на новом понимании принципа целостности, значении всеобщих связей и единого происхождения объекта и окружающего мира.

Unholy Catholic Ireland: Religious Hypocrisy, Secular Morality, and Irish Irreligion. Spiritual Phenomena, by HUGH TURPIN

Unholy Catholic Ireland: Religious Hypocrisy, Secular Morality, and Irish Irreligion. Spiritual Phenomena, by HUGH TURPIN

Religious Mysticism and the Psychology of Religion: on the Question of the Limits of Reduction. Part 2

Relevance. At the present stage of the development of religious studies, the importance of revealing the psychological "slice" of mysticism is increasing from the point of view of comparing two approaches – the reductionist, which reduces mysticism to intense and unusual psychological experiences, and the anti-reductionist, which sees in mysticism something more than just subjective experiences.The purpose is to supplement the understanding of the limits of psychological reduction of religious‒mystical experience by understanding the limits of anti-reductionism.Objectives: to determine the specifics of the approach of the Russian psychology of religion to the phenomenon of mysticism in the unity of its religious and non-religious forms; to demonstrate the content of antipsychologism as a worldview and methodological attitude of Russian religious philosophy in its approach to religious mysticism; to comprehend the boundaries of the reductionist attitude against the background of its comparison with antireductionism.Methodology. The comparative method was used in the process of analyzing ideological attitudes (on the one hand, Western psychology of religion, and on the other – Russian psychology of religion) in the process of studying religious and mystical experience. The principle of consistency made it possible to comprehend reductionism and anti-reductionism as scientific programs that have heuristic potential only in the general space of interdisciplinary dialogue and interaction.Results. Firstly, the heuristic value of considering religious mysticism through the prism of "genuine – inauthentic" is substantiated and the significance of demarcation of spiritual phenomena forming the three-dimensional space of religious mysticism is revealed. Russian Russian religious philosophy demonstrates the prerequisites of an antipsychological attitude within the framework of the approach of Russian religious philosophy to the phenomenon of mysticism in the unity of its religious and non-religious forms, and also defines the specifics of the Russian psychology of religion. Thirdly, the limits of the anti-reductionist approach to mystical phenomena are demonstrated.Conclusions. In the context of the increasing influence of the neurobiological approach to the study of mysticism, new perspectives of discussion arise between the research programs of reductionism and anti-reductionism. The "boom" of neurotheology creates prerequisites for raising the question of a new composition of the interdisciplinary space for the study of religious as well as non-religious mysticism.