Phenomenon Of Social Exclusion Research Articles

Homeless people's right to health: reflections on the problems and components.

In the present context of neoliberalism, it can be seen that employment and family links are becoming more fragile, contributing to the phenomenon of social exclusion, and making people who are homeless - the Homeless - more visible. This population, situated on the margin of the healthcare network, challenges the universality, equity and integrated quality of Brazil's Unified Health System - the SUS, and has been the subject of focalizing policies. The debate on this theme is the subject of this study, which is an integrative review of Brazilian publications in the literature databases of Lilacs (Latin America and the Caribbean Health Sciences Database) and the BDENF (Base de Dados de Enfermagem - Nursing Database), to provide a survey of the literature on characterization of the Homeless as a group, their needs and the policies that have been developed to serve them. The study reveals that discussion on the homeless has been timid in production of knowledge, principally in relation to comprehension of the social determinants of the health-disease process of this group. The social policies addressing this population are, mostly, compensatory and existentialist, so that they do not allow for materialization of the right to health as a possible outcome. In this context, it becomes necessary to build social policies that are coherent with the social needs of the homeless.

The Freedom to Exclude: The Case of Israeli Society

The phenomenon of social exclusion in Israel is a vivid demonstration of the Basic Laws' failure to fulfil their integrative role. Despite the ‘constitutional revolution’ and the Supreme Court's ongoing endeavour over the last two decades to instil a bill of rights through its jurisprudence, Israeli society has failed to fully internalise values of equality. In terms of legal jargon, individuals continue to claim and exercise ‘sole and despotic dominion’ over their private property in order to avoid contact with individuals belonging to certain minority groups. In many cases, such behaviour in the private sphere results in exclusion from the public sphere.This phenomenon is especially astonishing considering the fact that many laws in Israel apply the right of equality to the private sphere. Furthermore, the Israeli Supreme Court has developed comprehensive human rights jurisprudence applicable to the private sphere. The gap between the law in the books and the law in action illustrates that effective implementation of human rights in the private sphere cannot be achieved solely by specific legislation or by jurisprudence that is sensitive to human rights. This argument is backed by several recent bills which preserve and enforce the exclusion of minorities, particularly of Arabs, from the public sphere. These bills illustrate that exclusion is indeed a growing phenomenon in Israeli society that cannot be overlooked. Moreover, they underscore the urgent need to entrench a direct obligation to apply human rights to the private sphere at the constitutional level. This will be achieved only when Israel adopts a full constitution.

Target and Non-Target Processing during Oddball and Cyberball: A Comparative Event-Related Potential Study.

The phenomenon of social exclusion can be investigated by using a virtual ball-tossing game called Cyberball. In neuroimaging studies, structures have been identified which are activated during social exclusion. But to date the underlying mechanisms are not fully disclosed. In previous electrophysiological studies it was shown that the P3 complex is sensitive to exclusion manipulations in the Cyberball paradigm and that there is a correlation between P3 amplitude and self-reported social pain. Since this posterior event-related potential (ERP) was widely investigated using the oddball paradigm, we directly compared the ERP effects elicited by the target (Cyberball: “ball possession”) and non-target (Cyberball: “ball possession of a co-player) events in both paradigms. Analyses mainly focused on the effect of altered stimulus probabilities of the target and non-target events between two consecutive blocks of the tasks. In the first block, the probability of the target and non-target event was 33% (Cyberball: inclusion), in the second block target probability was reduced to 17%, and accordingly, non-target probability was increased to 66% (Cyberball: exclusion). Our results indicate that ERP amplitude differences between inclusion and exclusion are comparable to ERP amplitude effects in a visual oddball task. We therefore suggest that ERP effects–especially in the P3 range–in the Oddball and Cyberball paradigm rely on similar mechanisms, namely the probability of target and non-target events. Since the simulation of social exclusion (Cyberball) did not trigger a unique ERP response, the idea of an exclusion-specific neural alarm system is not supported. The limitations of an ERP-based approach will be discussed.

The phenomenon of social exclusion in the period of transition in Serbia

The phenomenon of social exclusion in the period of transition in Serbia

Разработка пробной версии опросника на определение переживания исключения из социальной системы

The article describes the evolution of the phenomenon of social exclusion and methods of its investigation in laboratory conditions. To the best of our knowledge, the diagnostic of social exclusion has been primarily based on external factors till now. This article is devoted to the creation of questionnaire aimed to reveal the psychological experience of social exclusion in natural conditions. Such tool is necessary because it is insufficient to refer only to external conditions of personal exposure to the periphery of social system in order to estimate psychological exclusion, as physical and psychological exclusion do not always coincide. The reliability of our questionnaire is α = 0,952. The validity of the tool was checked through the correlation with Leontiev’s Test of Sense of Life Orientations. As a result, strong links were found between scales of both tests (0,462< r < 0,725; 0,01< p< 0,05).

The role of occupational therapy in contexts of armed conflict and the post-conflict

Objective To identify professional experiences of Occupational Therapy in Colombian and international contexts of armed conflict and post-conflict. Methods A qualitative systematic review of the literature between 2005-2014 in five analytical categories: professional experiences, problem situations, populations, theoretical frameworks, and procedures. Results 78 papers were retrieved. Colombian context: the models most used are human occupation and occupational performance; the most frequent problem is forced displacement. International context: 19 countries documented experiences; the Canadian model and the community-based rehabilitation model are most used; the main problem situations are forced displacement, refugee status, and attention to members of the armed forces. Both contexts highlight procedures such as artistic activities and interventions related to social welfare and social-inclusion. Conclusions Graduate these are the main source of Colombian experiences, though few are published; there are a few studies about victim population (demobilized). The rural sector as a typical scenario of armed conflict and a context of displacement have been seen as relevant. Frequent conceptual categories and practices have been introduced from the critical perspective of Occupational Therapy which reinforce the role of the professional in phenomena of social exclusion and violence, as a transformational agent that addresses the socio-political dimension of human occupation. These findings posit challenges for professionals and academics to publish, to work with populations (victims or not), to approach training and practice in rural contexts, and to recognize the role of the professional as an agent that transcends the public health dimension of human occupation.

Social Marginality as an Object of Scientific Research

In the article marginality problems in their lighting in the Russian theses of doctor's and candidate level are considered. It is shown that interest to studying of problems of marginalization is defined by existence of deep social and philosophical traditions, the fact of ambiguous impacts of welfare transformations on various social communities and the identity of the certain person. On the basis of the content analysis the range of distributions of dissertation researches on marginality problems from 1991 to 2013 is revealed. In the article the perspective considered in theses in various directions of science and vocational training is differentiated. It is shown that many works performed on philosophy and psychology, have no practical focus. It is established that theses on philosophy, psychology, the perspective is presented to philology mainly on the basis of descriptions of a phenomenon of the marginality, available in philosophical and literary works. The majority of dissertation works is united by idea of recognition of marginalization of the population as consequences of economic, political and sociocultural transformations of society. Some aspects of emergence of signs of marginal culture at the military personnel transferred to the reserve, have been already investigated. In modern researches out of a zone of attention there are problems of marginalization and) migrants and children of labor migrants, b) the homeless who doesn’t have constant a residence owing to their involvement into financial swindles, c) jobless various typological groups, d) re-emigrants. Not enough attention is paid to prevention of marginal behavior and socialization of children and teenagers. These subjects are actual and wait for the research in the future on the basis of the actual supervision of a phenomenon of social exclusion.

Intrapersonal and interpersonal processes of social exclusion.

People have a fundamental need to belong with others. Social exclusion impairs this need and has various effects on cognition, affect, and the behavior of excluded individuals. We have previously reported that activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rVLPFC) could be a neurocognitive index of social exclusion (Kawamoto et al., 2012). In this article, we provide an integrative framework for understanding occurrences during and after social exclusion, by reviewing neuroimaging, electrophysiological, and behavioral studies of dACC and rVLPFC, within the framework of intrapersonal and interpersonal processes of social exclusion. As a result, we have indicated directions for future studies to further clarify the phenomenon of social exclusion from the following perspectives: (1) constructional elements of social exclusion, (2) detection sensitivity and interpretation bias in social exclusion, (3) development of new methods to assess the reactivity to social exclusion, and (4) sources of social exclusion.

Differentiated-Motivation Program as a Re-Socialization Tool of Homeless People

Transformation of social sphere in Slovakia after 1989 caused many changes resulting in extensive reforms in social and economic fields. A new phenomenon of social exclusion and poverty started to occur. Homelessness became extreme form of exclusion. At that time, homelessness was not at the forefront of interest of professionals, as far as there were only rare cases of homeless people. However, continuous economic changes caused significant increase of this phenomenon and suddenly it was necessary to investigate it and find out solutions for elimination of this phenomenon. This paper deals with the possibilities of intervention of homeless people staying in the shelter. We verified potential of selected active measures within the application of differentiated-motivation program both methodologically and by our research. Our findings record fruitfulness of intervention form in the process of re-socialization within a context of finding a job. Our intention was to contribute to searching of more efficient social help for homeless people. We met with positive difference between the differentiated-motivation program and currently offered motivation strategies. On the basis of the results, we recommend to perform interventions verified by research in the work with homeless people. Social work with homeless people is very important, because social workers should be able to ensure new interventions and programs. Regarding the research file and set objective, we used a method of experiment in our research and collected data were evaluated and statistically processed in SPSS program.

El carácter analítico y político del concepto de colonialismo interno de Pablo González Casanova

El artículo se centra en el reconocimiento al trabajo de Pablo González Casanova, en especial su contribución para esclarecer fenómenos de exclusión social en contextos indígenas con el uso de una de sus categorías clave: el colonialismo interno. Se muestra la génesis del concepto, los problemas teóricos a su alrededor y la actualización que sufrió su uso con el paso del tiempo. El objetivo radica en dar razón del carácter analítico y político del concepto, así como de su vigencia para alumbrar problemas sociales relacionados con el fenómeno del colonialismo.

Constructing Validity for Capabilities-Related Indicators

Amartya Sen’s approach to Welfare Economics argues evaluation of individual advantage should occur in the informational space of the freedom of choice individuals have in achieving valuable human functionings, that is in the space of capabilities. Furthermore, the identification of what is valuable involves taking into account ethical reasoning in the explanation of actual human behaviour, that is agency freedom, as well as the variety of human values. Despite of the recognition of such contribution to Economic Theory, unavailability of appropriate data and indicators challenges empirical investigations. This paper aims at overcoming such shortcoming through an assessment of the validity of an indicator measuring agency freedom as empowered autonomous choice. The empirical investigation is conducted on a random sample of 136 women in a rural patriarchal village in Uttar Pradesh, India, through a multi-topic survey instrument. Results indicate agency freedom differs across domains. In particular, individuals ranking high in the domain of resources simultaneously rank lower in the domain of empowerment. Furthermore, empirical evidence suggests a phenomenon of social exclusion of those more autonomous. Therefore, policy prescriptions at the community level identify enhancing collective capabilities as a viable strategy to accommodate the simultaneous coexistence of empowerment and social inclusion as well as the enhancement of principles of social justice rooted in a freedom-related metric.

Aspect traumatogène de l’exclusion sociale, une analyse ethnopsychanalytique

This research explores the phenomenon of social exclusion into a complementarist approach using interviews with six people as a starting point. Thanks to a qualitative method based on the grounded theory, we carried out a comparative analysis of our material. The analysis helped to show the traumatogenic dimension of social exclusion. We used the concept of liminality from the cultural anthropologist Victor Turner, in order to describe the destabilizing aspect of this experience, but also its potential to provoque profound change. The traumatogenic dimension appears in each story, but sometimes it provoques a real “initiatory transformation”. In other cases, it may lead to defensive psychic arrangements which are constructed on the basis of a splitting between the “sacred” and the “profane” and even really become traumatic.

Los departamentos de orientación ante la exclusión social. Prácticas inclusivas / Guidance departments dealing with social exclusion. Inclusive practices.

We approach three secondary education public schools of the Andalusia Autonomous Community, located in rural and vulnerable to social and educative exclusion areas, aiming to identify, select and classify practices that promote social cohesion and educational development of students, while reducing social and educational exclusion processes. The study has been conducted through a qualitative methodology in which design we consider: analyzing the information contained in the educational administration databases of ESO students in situation of social exclusion; selecting a sample of IES centers located in contexts of vulnerability, with a high rate of pupils in school failure risk, above Andalusia average. Data collecting instruments were based on depth interviews and the analysis of various documents and reports from schools and from different national and international organizations. As outstanding results of this process, we highlight the function of Counselling and Guidance Departments and the core figure of the counselor, who enhances and encourages the emergence of practices and strategies that address the phenomenon of social exclusion. So, three key sub-categories are notorious in the analysis: personal relationships, school and classroom organization and the establishment of a linkage with the context of the school.

Development and Disparities at Local and Regional Level in Romania

Romania's regional policy is oriented today towards the eight regions of development. That is why, in order to understand the nature and dynamics of the regional disparities, poverty and social exclusion we shall analyze the main changes occurred in the human development process in Romania, in the last sixteen years. In order to achieve an accurate evaluation, we shall use indicators of regional economic development such as: unemployment indicator, occupation indicator, average number of employees, GDP, business figure of some companies from areas such as industry, construction, commerce and services. In order to develop a best suitable framework for analysis and measurements of the changes occurred at local and regional level, amongst the inclusion of classical indicators such as: the GDP and gross medium income we shall include four other fundamental dimensions: the occupational matrix of the active population; the professional and occupational mobility of the population in the last sixteen years; the social exclusion phenomenon (marginalization) and the integrating phenomenon (inclusion) and participation of the labour force in the new market economy. In order for the analysis of the disparities in Romania to be more relevant we shall comprise data, in comparison at historical regional level, not taking into account the new regions of development. Also our analysis on human development must be placed in the context of our days, by highlighting the actual tendencies and social structure at national level. In order to consolidate the ties between human development at local and regional level with other conditions (e. q. economic growth, macro-economic policies, distribution of financial resources) we mustn't promote only the accumulation of human capital (investment in education, health system) but also we must bear in mind the increase of opportunities at regional and local level which people might take on by participating at the economic, social or political life. Thus national policies are the corner stone for realizing the needs for regional and local human development, and if this are well targeted they can consolidate the benefits generated by the level of development. In conclusion, the new socio-economic structure of Romania that has appeared in the last sixteen years of transition may be explained through the process of social mobility due to the economic, social and political reforms made after 1989.

New Social Risks and Social Exclusion as a Challenge to Czech Social Policy

Current demographic and social changes in (post)modern societies present new challenges to social policy in the form of a new and deepening social and economic imbalance – they are sometimes referred to as ‘new social risks’ – and among the direct consequences of these new risks is the phenomenon of social exclusion. In response to these challenges, European agendas for employment and for social inclusion, are being implemented. These guidelines are set out in programme documents such as National Action Plans for Employment (since 2005 National Reform Programmes) and National Action Plans for Social Inclusion. Given that the Method of Open Coordination is a rather ‘soft instrument’, specific implementation of these agendas in European countries is dependent on many aspects of the national context. In this article, we aim to describe the specifics of the Czech Republic's approach to the problems of social exclusion. We will first explore the emphasis laid on the new risks in Czech social policy measures and attempt to draw comparisons with other EU countries. Next, we will also pay attention to the Czech approach to the agenda for social inclusion, which is among the key agendas in this area.

Discursos sobre el hacinamiento: una oportunidad para reflexionar sobre el conflicto

The following article seeks to contribute to the supply of knowledge about social context required by the categories that social intervention professionals use. Delving into the intellectual production related to the phenomena of social exclusion in contemporary societies offers us the opportunity to go more deeply into the relationship between residential exclusion and immigration. Since housing is one of the most highly valued material objects in our society (increasing value in proportion to the restriction placed by the mechanisms of the market on access to housing) and immigrants comprise the group that historically has found greatest difficulty in the use of housing, an analysis of overcrowding as a manifestation of the precarious state of housing provides us the opportunity to reflect on the perception of the public and private space that inhabitants of cities have and on the intercultural relationships that different social groups establish between themselves, as well as the community of social intervention professionals and the foreign population.

Social Exclusion as Constraint for the Development of Environmentally Friendly Attitudes

In this article we investigate the consequences of the phenomenon of social exclusion on the development of environmental concern. We use the concept of social exclusion in order to describe situations where least privileged groups of the population experience a combination of problems, undermining their ability to fully participate in society and to access basic social infrastructures. Our research revealed that certain aspects of social exclusion could be considered significant determinants for the development of environmentally friendly attitudes of four cultural population groups (Roma people, immigrants from ex-USSR countries, Greek citizens of Muslim religion and general population), living in the urban area of Thessaloniki, Greece (n=545). A consistent pattern of factors across groups was shown, predicting environmental attitudes. The important conclusion of this survey is that "social exclusion constraints" effects and not cultural or ethnic effects dictate concern for the environment. When these constraints are not present, environmental attitudes are improved.

A life-course perspective on social exclusion and poverty.

This article assesses whether it is possible to reconceptualize the traditional research approaches to the relationship between poverty and the life cycle on the basis of different sociological perspectives on the life course found in the literature. While the family-cycle approach, which was originally formulated by Seebohm Rowntree (1902), is criticized for being static, descriptive, normative and inflexible, dynamic poverty research is mostly confined to the quantitative analysis of income trajectories, and thus offers only a partial solution to our problem. However, the life-course perspective allows us to combine the best elements of these traditional approaches and to reconceptualize them into a general framework for the study of social exclusion and poverty. To this end, three sociological perspectives on the life course are considered: the traditional North-American life-course perspective formulated by Elder (1974), the Continental institutional approach, and a combined approach which we label the 'political economy of the life course'. Drawing from these three perspectives, we propose a general framework of analysis and formulate hypotheses regarding the phenomena of social exclusion and poverty over the life course which can subsequently be empirically validated.

Social Exclusion: Belonging and Not Belonging in the World System

The term “social exclusion” is defined. Research on social exclusion, undertaken in Britain, with particular reference to the situation of ethnic minorities and refugees is reviewed. It is argued that the phenomenon of social exclusion must be understood in a global context. Inequality, social exclusion, ethnic conflict, and terrorist activities, while not caused by globalization, have been greatly exacerbated by recent changes in the world system. The immigration and anti-terrorist measures adopted after 11 September are criticized, and policies that are needed to remedy the consequences of social exclusion are proposed.

Rejection, Exclusion, and Harassment at Work and in Schools

In recent years, the phenomenon of social exclusion and harassment has been studied with increasing intensity in two different literatures, referred to as “mobbing at the worksite” or “bullying at school,” respectively. This paper reviews research in each field and integrates the separate literatures. A comparison of definitions and operationalizations as well as empirical data on prevalence and moderating conditions demonstrates far-reaching parallels in the two phenomena. However, the predominantly descriptive research on bullying focuses on the offender (bully), whereas the mobbing discussion stresses the work environment. An integration reveals that a more comprehensive picture of harassment requires both perspectives to be taken into account. More elaborated evidence on mediating mechanisms can be found in a further field of research, i.e., on social status among peers, which has received little attention in either mobbing or bullying research. These studies demonstrate the strong impact of features of the victim (e.g., certain social cognitive styles and social competence) and the group (in particular, individual-group misfit) on an individual's social status. Finally, conceptual considerations with regard to definitions and processes of bullying/mobbing are discussed.