Phenomenon Of Social Exclusion Research Articles

The Role of Childhood Violence in Adult Victimization Among Women Experiencing Homelessness in Spain.

Persons experiencing homelessness represent one of the principal manifestations of the phenomenon of social exclusion, with homeless women constituting a group in a particularly vulnerable situation. The article analyzed the experience of violence in childhood and adolescence, and its implications in terms of violence experienced as an adult, in a sample of women experiencing homelessness in Madrid (Spain) (n = 138). All participants were of legal age and had spent the night before the interview in a shelter or other facility for the homeless, on the street, in public spaces or in places not suitable for sleeping. Information was gathered through a structured interview. The results show that the interviewees had experienced a high percentage of physical, psychological, and/or sexual violence, both in their childhood and adolescence and throughout their lives, with a strong correlation between the experience of violence in childhood and the experience of violence in adulthood, particularly sexual assaults, intimate partner violence, and sex work. The experience of childhood sexual abuse among women experiencing homelessness appears to have had particularly negative consequences in adulthood. Public policies, prevention programs, and care mechanisms with a gendered perspective must be implemented, aimed at reducing the number and intensity of situations of violence experienced by women and girls at risk of social exclusion or in a homeless situation.

Social Exclusion: A Bibliometric Analysis and Future Research Directions in Advertising

Advertisers have begun to recognize the role of inclusive advertising in consumer well-being. One way to increase inclusivity is to minimize experiences of exclusion using marketing tools. Although social exclusion is common in today’s world, current academic literature is mostly silent on how advertising can mitigate the negative effects of exclusion. This article initiates the discussion on inclusive advertising by systematically exploring the underlying phenomena of social exclusion and related concepts (e.g., marginalization, loneliness, and social isolation). Through a bibliometric approach and thematic content analyses that includes more than 490 articles published in the last two decades in marketing, including advertising, communication, and psychology journals, we evaluate the mechanisms and consequences of social exclusion. We discuss several avenues for future research, present propositions, and suggest guidelines on (1) how marketers can design inclusive advertising, (2) how advertising can cater to the needs of excluded consumers, and (3) how advertising may alleviate the negative effects of social exclusion and enhance consumer psychological well-being.

MANAGEMENT OF CUSTOMER WITH DYSFUNCTION OF SOCIAL IN HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS

Any of health organization must be create a good relation not only inside of organization but mostly with all of them from outside of organization. One of them is a patient, by author is named “customer” because for every person for health organization is going money that affects the proper functioning of the hospital. Decision makers within the system are constantly required to make choices, as well as seek alternative ways to measure the unit costs of illness. One of the factors that makes it difficult to optimize the scope of health services is the phenomenon of social exclusion, which is increasingly affecting society. The author intends to demonstrate the links between social exclusion and the higher costs of treating customers belonging to this social sector, unlike other customers who are neither unemployed nor live in poverty.

Проблема социального отчуждения и эффективность продовольственного потребления (теоретико-методологические аспекты)

Abstract. In the context of a steadily changing macroeconomic and geopolitical situation and the formation of a new social reality, the issues of the efficiency of food supply and consumption are coming to the fore in the policy of any state. In this regard, the object of this study is to analyze and evaluate the phenomenon of social exclusion in food consumption and its role in the development of the food supply system for the population of our country in the context of macroeconomic instability and turbulence. The objectives of the study are: to identify the most important reasons that cause the persistence of the phenomenon of social exclusion in the field of food consumption in modern Russian society; assessment of the main factors and possible consequences of social exclusion in the socio-economic development of the country; analysis of the relationship between social exclusion, the efficiency of food consumption and the level of poverty in the sphere of food consumption of the population. Methods. To achieve the goal, inductive-deductive, program-target, structural-functional, expert-analytical and historical-retrospective methods were used. Scientific novelty consists in revealing the fundamental causes and main factors of maintaining social exclusion in the sphere of food consumption and determining ways to overcome it in the new social reality. Among the causes of social exclusion in the field of food consumption are endogenous and exogenous factors: the rudimentary preservation of the remnants of the past nomenclature system of catering and its revival in the face of growing bureaucracy; a relatively low share of imported high-quality food products and a high share of low-quality domestic food products; low level of transparency in the organization of food supply; weak legal control and a high level of irresponsibility of officials in the organization of various (especially special) food practices; comparatively high rates of inflation and growth in food prices compared to other groups of goods. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of theoretical and methodological aspects of this problem and the possibilities of its application in the food policy of the state.

Culture management as a factor of overcoming social exclusion and alienation: the animation approach

The purpose of the article is to substantiate animation approach to sociocultural activities and culture management as a mechanism of overcoming social alienation and exclusion, and to present a system for animation sociocultural activities management.
 The methodology. The research is based on a cultural studies paradigm, which provides for establishing a place of social exclusion phenomenon in the contemporary model of humanity’s culture. Interconnected fundamental and applied cultural studies constitute the foundation of deep analysis of culture management and contemporary culture practices. Synthesis of scientific knowledge and generalization of scientific facts acted as a foundation of conclusions about the significance of animation approach in culture processes management. Systemizing and modeling as scientific cognition methods enable designing an animation sociocultural activities system, which allows realizing the process of overcoming social exclusion.
 The results. During the research, it was established that characteristic features of culture management, through the prism of animation approach to sociocultural practice, manifest themselves as: stimulation and motivation of people and groups to directly participate in sociocultural processes; ensuring active performance; accompaniment of initiatives in sociocultural field; assistance in self-organizing; ensuring eventfulness and creativity of cultural practices to improve the animation effect. This shapes animation management as a process of creating conditions for uncovering creativity in various manifestations (social — self-organization, artistic – art, civic — social activities etc.). Culture management within the context of applied cultural studies, through the prism of animation approach, must study contemporary practices, ensure culture-creating being, facilitate creative self-development of society’s subjects and improve their participation in opposition to alienation in the sociocultural space.
 The scientific topicality. Rethinking of topicality of scientific research in contemporary sociocultural situation is caused by contemporary crisis realities. It is especially related to theoretical generalization of contemporary culture space management, which reacts promptly to challenges under conditions of extermination of our people’s cultural heritage. Special kind of responsibility rests upon those who must ensure active inclusion of society’s subjects into culture-creation processes, facilitate overcoming social alienation, and accompany continuousness of translation of Ukraine’s values on “the culture front”. Under such conditions, cultural practices that possess deep meaning, inspirational, culture-rehabilitating effect, and renew lost faith in the beauty of true human being become topical, which animation approach to sociocultural activities manifests in itself.
 The practical significance. A system of animation sociocultural activities was developed, which incorporates animation approach in culture management in order to overcome social exclusion and alienation. The system is based on high level of openness, motivated participation of social subjects in improving system’s functioning, the presence of a great number of various elements, which causes expansion of the system’s organization element etc. Based on the system, contemporary animation culture practices are improved and developed.

CONSEQUENCES OF POVERTY FOR INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY

The article examines the main consequences of poverty for individual citizens and society as a whole. Among the consequences of poverty for individuals, physiological, psychological and communicative effects are distinguished. The physiological consequences of poverty are the unavailability of quality food, as well as quality medical, hygiene, and health services, which reduces both life expectancy and health in general. Psychological problems include stress, depression, alcohol and drug abuse, which can lead to suicidal tendencies. The communicative consequences mean that a poor person often loses social ties, and his or her circle of communication becomes quite limited. Poverty also affects society as a whole. Among the purely economic consequences, we singled out the Vicious Cycle of Poverty, to which many Western studies are devoted. Also, impoverished societies in general cannot afford goods and services that are not related to survival. Therefore, there is a low demand for various categories of services, in particular, educational ones. Poverty is one of the factors of labor migration, which is illustrated by the example of Ukraine. In the conditions of a transitional and a market economy in post-Soviet states, the desire to withstand competition on the world market under the conditions of high energy and material intensity of production has been reflected in the preservation of low labour costs. Low wages, in turn, are a direct factor in the formation of social and economic risks in the field of human development. Poverty is also associated with the phenomenon of social exclusion, which we consider as the process of excluding an individual or a social group from social relations. A special class of precariat is being formed. The precariat is capable of self-organization under certain conditions. This group of people is associated with the spread of shadow employment and other forms of violation of the law. Political problems caused by poverty are also important. Poor citizens in the vast majority of countries (at least in all democracies) have the right to vote. Accordingly, they often support populist movements. Poverty and unemployment lead people to support far-left and far-right parties. Far-right movements often have an anti-immigrant focus. Sometimes poverty, social exclusion, social deprivation and other related socio-economic factors lead to revolutions and coups. In our opinion, relative poverty is unavoidable in principle, since in any society there will always be more and less wealthy citizens. But absolute poverty, which puts a person on the edge of normal existence, can and must be overcome. According to this, most countries of the world, including Ukraine, declare themselves welfare states. The article uses the achievements of economic, political, sociological, psychological and other sciences, taking into account the interdisciplinary synthesis and the pluralism of approaches. Modern trends in the interpretation of the consequences of poverty, which can be traced in the works of Ukrainian and foreign authors, are analyzed.

Technological Inequality and Social Exclusion of Older People during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract The digital transformation of contemporary societies may already have been seen by older people as an obstacle; during the pandemic, however, great emphasis was given to technology. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the phenomenon of social exclusion of older people, linked to their vulnerability and the “COVID circumstances” and shaped by the various measures imposed by different countries to limit physical contact, which led to technological inequality. The findings emphasize the isolation of the elderly and their non-use or insufficient use of health services and long-term care services. Further implications relate to socioeconomic costs arising from the inefficient treatment of their needs regarding their physical and “technological” vulnerability. The article concludes with considerations of the importance of distinct—both individually and collectively oriented—approaches to create better social conditions that will enhance technological equality for the elderly.

Bowed, Bent and Broken: Investigating Enrolments of Scheduled Castes/Tribes to Technical Higher Education Programmes in Kerala

The Kerala model of development is well regarded in the literature, with numerous authors citing how it brought forth high social development and egalitarianism into the state. Kerala, unlike its neighbours, has traditionally resisted private expansion of higher education, arguing for the cause of social equity, fairness and justice for deprived sections. However, post the millennium, growth in technical institutions offering professional higher education courses have been prolific in the state. Against this backdrop, this study investigates how the most backward sections of the state comprising Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) have fared in enrolments to such programmes. Using data retrieved from the available public records, the analysis finds that SC/ST sections are grossly under-represented across the entire spectrum of professional higher education courses in the state that offer technical programmes. The enrolments are far below the expected levels, underperforming all other South Indian states and the national average by a significant margin. The study suggests that this data is deliberately withheld by the government to the public. The research argues that Kerala is at a critical juncture, where in the absence of disruptive government intervention, the situation would worsen. These findings severely dent Kerala’s claims on being an inclusive society and its narrative on development orientation. A phenomenon of social exclusion encountered in the state is explained and illustrated. Thereafter, the article discusses the implications of the findings, while suggesting policy initiatives and regulatory actions that can help provide respite and relief for the deprived SC/ST communities.

Assessing the Impact of the Digital Divide on Indian Society: A Study of Social Exclusion

AbstractThe digital divide is an important issue in developing nations, especially during Covid-19 times. The notion of the digital divide gained prominence in the 1990s. The characterization of the idea of the digital divide has evolved with time and is currently recognized as “lack of knowledge, access or infrastructure.” It can be comprehended as a barrier for the general masses, particularly in developing countries. Information and communication technology (ICT) now occupies a significant role in our lives (especially in Covid-19 times). India is known for its social diversity. However, some groups and categories of people have historically been excluded and continue to be excluded today. This study focuses on the assessment of the impact of the digital divide on Indian society, specifically on the phenomenon of social exclusion because of the digitalization of almost all aspects of our lives. The research gap observed is that the digital divide can have serious concerns for future growth since it impedes social mobility, creates impediments, and exacerbates social inaccessibility for disadvantaged groups. To obtain an adequate sample size, respondents are chosen using simple random sampling technique of probability sampling. Statistical techniques such as validity and reliability analysis, T-test, ANOVA, and correlation-regression are used to present quantitative data. The study's expected outcome will be to provide a vigilant roadmap for policymakers and public institutions to strengthen nationhood among the masses while promoting social inclusion. Modern Indian society should strive for inclusion, and there should be no discrimination in terms of digital accessibility, which could paralyze the developing nation.

Social barriers and transportation social exclusion issues in creating sustainable car-sharing systems.

Currently, increasingly car-sharing systems are implemented in the area of urban transport systems. This type of development brings many benefits to cities and operators providing services, but above all, following the principles of sustainable development, it should improve society's quality of life. With this in mind, it is particularly important to monitor users’ opinions on the services offered and take into account the problems and complaints reported by them. Monitoring opinions on services may contribute to the improvement of the quality of services, but most of all contribute to eliminating transport barriers related to the use of car-sharing services. This study aimed to identify transport barriers, accessibility issues, and transport social exclusion reported by users of car-sharing services. The purpose is to present the phenomenon of social exclusion in car-sharing services based on the Church’s conceptual framework. The article identifies seven main categories of social exclusion, including economic, physical, geographic, spatial, fear-based, time-based, and facility-access barriers related to the use of car-sharing services. Moreover, the article includes presentation of remedial measures limiting the phenomenon of transport, social exclusion and barriers, consistent with the principles of sustainable development. The article supports operators who want to create services better suited to the needs of the society. It is also a response to a research gap dedicated to transportation social exclusion and aspects of responsible business in the car-sharing industry. The work supports eliminating the phenomenon of social exclusion and the pursuit of creating socially and environmentally responsible car-sharing services.

O PROCESSO DE URBANIZAÇÃO NO BRASIL DA PRIMEIRA REPÚBLICA E A SEGREGAÇÃO SOCIAL CONSEQUENTE

This research seeks to investigate, essentially, the urbanization process in Brazil of the First Republic, especially in the context of the Federal District, and how it decisively influenced the phenomenon of social exclusion and the resulting emergence of favelas and a stigmatized social class. An analysis of the historical context of the determined time frame is necessary, namely, the beginning of the 20th century, emphasizing how urban reforms fostered social imbalance in Rio de Janeiro. To carry out this research, the bibliographic review methodology will be used. This bibliographic review is characterized by being analytical and descriptive. The main objective of this method is to expose, in a summarized way, the main ideas already discussed by the researched authors who dealt with the problem, raising criticisms and doubts, when possible. Among all the alleged innovations and urban adaptations, modernity, the poor population, the class of the dispossessed, marginalization was relegated, concentrated in ghettos, even though this was an unplanned process. The emergence of favelas clearly demonstrates that the project, although positive in certain aspects, initiated social segregation, a phenomenon observable until today.

Income and State Benefits for Women Living Homeless in Madrid, Spain

People in a situation of homelessness represent one of the major manifestations of the phenomenon of social exclusion, with women living homeless constituting a collective in a position of particular vulnerability. This article examines a sample of women living homeless in Madrid, Spain (n = 136), their main sources of income, and their access to economic benefits from the government. It also analyzes the differences between participants based on whether they are in receipt of such benefits. A structured interview was used to gather the information. The results show the difficulties experienced by women living homeless in Madrid in accessing income and their limited access to state benefits, which amount to such a meager economic sum that they are insufficient to access independent housing. Differences in access to state benefits are examined based on variables such as age, nationality, length of time homeless, substance abuse, and suffering from a disability.

Problemy prawne i dylematy etyczne w badaniach autoetnograficznych w pedagogice resocjalizacyjnej

The aim of this article is to present and analyze the legal problems and ethical dilemmas of researchers studying difficult ways of life. There are a lot of questions about the ethical, acceptable and legal ways of research and in relation to the participants of the research. The practical aim of this article is to answerthe question what we should do when we face different ethical dilemmas in our studies. A special difficult situation occurs to the researcher – pedagogue of social rehabilitation, because by conducting research on the phenomena of social exclusion or social pathology they describe and analyze situations related to crime, para-criminal behaviors, addictions, and provide profound diagnosis of disorders or therapy. During scientific research, the scholar penetrates the difficult situations, faces ethical dilemmas and encounters legal problems. Legal awareness and ethical responsibility are the guarantees of the pedagogue’s safety but above all the safety of the respondents. Although the article is not a complete and comprehensive study, it responds to the needs of researchers who themselves have to answer many questions about legal issues and solve many ethical dilemmas in the process of collecting and developing data.

Digital Tools to Foster Inclusiveness: Porto’s System of Accessible Itineraries

The recognition, by public authorities, of the shared nature of urban places and the extent and variety of disabling conditions associated with the emergence of phenomena of social exclusion and a steadily ageing population has motivated the creation of new legislation and strategic tools under the umbrella of inclusive design and accessibility for all. This study aims to show how the use of a new interactive accessibility instrument—the System of Accessible Itineraries (SIA)—can help decision-makers, municipality services and citizens to develop pedestrian-friendly networks in their cities. An in loco analysis of the main features, weaknesses, and potential of public spaces was undertaken within a selected survey area in the city of Porto, with the aim of improving the inclusiveness of public spaces. The integration of several concerns and regulations, pertaining to inclusiveness in the design of public spaces, into an easy-to-understand summary specific to this territory constitutes an important first step towards changing the existing paradigm. Apart from the inherent advantages to citizens with reduced mobility, the SIA also has the ability to inform urban planners concerning areas in need of intervention, prioritizing the execution of corrective actions within the public space. Additionally, due to the morphological similarity of the consolidated urban fabric of most Portuguese and European cities, the adopted interactive framework also reveals a considerable potential for comprehensive replication in many city centres, reducing the physical barriers, in a more integrative land strategy.

The Evaluation of Transport Exclusion in the Peripheral Cross-Border Areas of Central Europe in the Context of Applicability of Information-Based Carpooling

The phenomenon of social exclusion caused by transport exclusion is one of the main causes of social problems in peripheral areas, as well as a major organizational challenge for public service providers and all organizations operating in the areas where this problem occurs. Transport exclusion has a negative impact on the dynamics of socioeconomic processes and may interfere with sustainable development plans of stakeholders operating in a given area. The phenomenon is characterized by particular intensity in peripheral border localities with a low population density and outdated public transport system (established in the past to meet the needs of industrial society). The aim of this analysis is to present the basic principles of a conceptual model that combines the estimation of the scale of the transport exclusion phenomenon (in accordance with the specificity of peripheral border areas) with the idea of institutionalized carpooling based on effective information management. The usefulness of the said model underwent verification with respect to the possibility of estimating the scale of transport exclusion in peripheral border areas based on the example of the Polish–Slovak border area (Lesko Commune and Snina District). During the course of the research, factors characterizing the currently functioning public transport system were also indicated. They proved the system’s inadequacy for the challenges faced by the post-industrial society.

Suicidal ideation and self-harm in transgender youth; role of social exclusion

Introduction: Transgender community across the world is extremely vulnerable for abuse, discrimination and violence. This vulnerability leads the transgender community towards suicidal ideation and self-harm. This paper attempts to study the phenomenon of social exclusion and how it relates to suicidal ideation and self-harm amongst the transgender youth living and working in a society. Material & Methods: The study adopted qualitative approach using document analysis, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion. Interviews and focus group discussion were held with twenty-six respondents selected through snowball sampling technique. Results: The results indicated that transgender community was prone to suicidal ideation and self-harm tendencies. Loneliness, gender identity crises, police behavior and bad attitude of gurus were some of the contributing factors to suicidal ideation in the studied group of transgenders. Conclusion: The biggest reason among transgender for suicidal ideation is their gender identity having the concept of 'incomplete life'. The ambiguous gender identity of studied transgender has more suicidal ideation in them than their normal counterparts. The behavior of their families and unsuccessful relationships are the strong predictors of self-harm in them.

Assessment of social exclusion in Ukraine and its impact on the socio-economic development of the state at the national and regional levels

Constant transformation of socio-economic processes in society leads to social mobility of the population. It also automatically generates changes in its social structure. In turn, this process leads to the gradual spread of the phenomenon. In scientific and social circles it is called social exclusion. The concept of social exclusion began to take shape in the process of dynamic development of society. It requires new approaches to identifying and measuring negative social phenomena. Today it is considered as a social phenomenon based on inequality of relations between social groups. It is most often understood as the partial or complete removal of individuals or groups from the social structure of society and social processes. As well as the creation of conditions that do not allow these individuals or groups to play a significant role in society. If we analyze approaches to understanding and explaining the phenomenon of social exclusion, we can conclude that it should be most fully considered from the standpoint of inequality and access to social opportunities (especially the social services system). It is also understood as the lack of necessary socio-economic conditions for functioning of individuals. Therefore, the article assesses the phenomenon of social exclusion in Ukraine at the national and regional levels. As a result of the assessment, the article determines the impact of social exclusion on the main domains of socio-economic life of society, in particular employment and wages, which in turn belong to the institution of the labor market and are its direct components, social standards and guarantees, and social services. The consequences of social exclusion for the state and society are identified and ways to minimize its manifestations are specified. The methodical approach to measuring the phenomenon of social exclusion in Ukraine and its regions is substantiated in order to find efficient mechanisms for regulating their socio-economic development.

Phenomenon of social exclusion in EU countries: Definition and measurements

The article analyses the phenomenon of social exclusion and the EU policy in combating this problem. The article is based on the analysis of the works of European researchers, official EU documents and Eurostat statistical data. The concept of social exclusion began to develop actively in the second half of the 20th century, and quickly had been used by politicians of European countries to develop effective social policies and to fight poverty. The concept of social exclusion is not a synonymous to the concept of poverty, because exclusion offers a comprehensive study of the causes of poverty in developed societies and suggests theories that explain the causes of poverty. The concept of social exclusion becomes a policy tool, as it offers concrete directions for reduction of poverty and marginalized groups through system of targeted support, as well as actions to reduce the marginalization of groups and people living in poverty. The article presents methods of measuring this phenomenon that are used by the EU institutions to assess if individuals are at risk of poverty and social exclusion. In Russia, researchers and official representatives are noticeably interested in the concept of social exclusion. Methods of measuring poverty and social exclusion offered in the EU countries are being tested and discussed. Given the complexities of the transformation of social policy in modern Russia, taken pension reform, reform of public health system, family policy, and education, it is likely that the problem of social exclusion will remain being a distant target. Nevertheless, the interest of Russian specialists and officials to the problem and development of methods for measuring poverty using the experience of scientists from European countries provides some ground for optimism.

Social exclusion in Ukraine and its impact on the development of human potential of the state and its regions

Modern socio-economic transformations and the development of ideas of individual rights and needs universalization emphasize the urgency of overcoming the new forms of inequality and finding effective mechanisms for consolidation and integration of social systems to avoid negative social phenomena that threaten national security, preventing the exclusion of certain groups from public life, forming the stable social ties and interpersonal cooperation. The changes taking place in Ukraine today are marked by the ambivalence of their impact: on the one hand, there are positive changes towards the necessary reforms, on the other – the aggravation of social tensions due to instability, bottlenecks, or imperfections of the reform process itself, increasing income gaps and limiting the access of large sections of the population to resources, etc. Despite the significant number of scientific papers on the phenomenon of social exclusion, the issue of substantiation of the forms and features of social exclusion, as well as the dynamics of its spread in Ukrainian society, remains insufficiently elaborated. The purpose of this article is to assess social exclusion in Ukraine in the context of studying its impact on the development of the human potential of the state and its regions. In the context of the study, the reasons underlying the formation of the phenomenon of social exclusion in Ukraine in the early stages of statehood are substantiated, the problems that determine its spread in modern Ukrainian society, and the consequences of the impact on society are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the phenomenon on the development of the human potential of Ukraine and its regions. The reasons underlying the formation of the phenomenon of social exclusion in Ukraine in the early stages of state formation are substantiated, the problems that determine its spread in modern Ukrainian society and the consequences of the impact on the human potential of the state and its regions are highlighted.

Selected ethical dilemmas and legal problems in autoethnographic research in social rehabilitation pedagogy

The aim of this article is the presentation and analysis of the selected ethical dilemmas and legal problems of a researcher in the study of the difficult way of life. There are a lot of questions about the ethical, decent and legal manner of research and behaviour in relation with the participators of the research. The practical aim of this article is the answer to the question – what should we do when we have various ethical dilemmas in our studies. A special difficult situation concerns the researcher – a pedagogue of social rehabilitation, because by conducting research on the phenomena of social exclusion or social pathology, he/she describes and analyses situations related to crime, para-criminal behaviours, addictions, touches the problems of deep diagnosis of disorders or therapy. During scientific research, he / she ‘goes deeper’ into difficult situations, ethical dilemmas, and brushes against legal problems. The guarantee of his/her safety, but above all the safety of respondents, is the legal awareness and ethical responsibility of the pedagogue. Although the article is not a complete and comprehensive study, it responds to the needs of researchers who themselves have to answer many questions about legal issues and solve any ethical dilemmas themselves in the process of collecting and developing data.