Memory Phenomena Research Articles

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT OF THE PORTFOLIO OF FINANCIAL ASSET

Until now, three approaches to asset portfolio management have been used. The first approach is the classic one, based on the "Efficient Market Hypothesis" (EMH). The second and more modern approach is related to the "Fractal Market Hypothesis" (FMH). Modern economic practice is characterized by the presence of structurally unstable markets, included as nodes in the network of the world economy, which functions in real time. The structure of the available financial instruments is heterogeneous and non-Markovian processes arise in them. The third approach is the formation of a dynamic strategy of investment management of the asset portfolio. Due to the complex structure of the modern global financial market, the heterogeneous structure of available financial instruments and traders using different approaches and time horizons, forecasts, as a rule, require a large number of observations, work poorly at the edges of bifurcations, and do not have a computer model that could build forecasts in real time. In these structures, slow diffusion-type processes with a memory phenomenon occur, i.e., non-Markovian processes. Therefore, the formation of a dynamic strategy using modern methods of mathematical and computer modeling is very promising.
 Real financial data is expressed in rational numbers. Computational models were developed on the basis of classical substance analysis. Therefore, p-adic analysis methods are increasingly used in financial mathematical modeling. These methods are used, in particular, in the construction of neural networks, cellular automata, and percolation models. The paper seems to have taken the first step towards building a "synthetic" model of dynamic asset portfolio management. The model has the form of a differential equation in fractional derivatives obtained using the so-called interbasin kinetics method. A general form of the energy market model is also offered, as one of the specific, especially nowadays, markets.

Time Lag of Stem Water Deficit in Response to Increased Vapor Pressure Deficit

Abstract Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) shows a gradually increasing trend that forces trees to produce ecological memory with time-delay characteristics to drought year by year. The reversible stem diameter variation of trees can serve as an indicator for tree water status. In the context of global warming, these variations can dynamically monitor the response of stem water to the change of environmental water, especially to VPD. In this study, stem diameter variations of Larix gmelinii Rupr. and environmental factors were measured at high temporal resolution. We analyzed the tree water deficit–induced stem shrinkage (TWD) response to VPD variations. The results showed that variation of TWD lagged behind that of VPD to a certain extent, by about 3–5.5 h. Environmental water supply of trees under natural conditions can be divided into water deficit and adequate water supply. The division of the two water conditions was helpful to study the correlation between TWD and VPD. Observing the response of changes of stem diameter to the time lag of VPD is helpful to accurately represent the relationship of changes between moisture in the tree body and moisture in the air and to identify the stress effect of the lag in a short period of time. Study Implications: Stem diameter changes with change in moisture in the environment and usually reversibly shrinks under water deficits. Such reversible change in stem diameter is closely related to change in vapor pressure deficit, which is an environmental factor. Tree water deficit–induced trunk shrinkage, an index reflecting the change in stem diameter affected by moisture, had a time lag correlation with vapor pressure deficit in terms of variation characteristics. The time lag of the tree water deficit–induced trunk shrinkage response to vapor pressure deficit was 3–5.5 h. Just as the phenomenon of ecological memory cannot be ignored in an observational study with the year as the time scale, the phenomenon of time lag should not be ignored during an observational study of moisture stress at small time scales.

Memory studies of chunking and decay of memory

Memory is the basis of learning and work for humans, and is generally divided into short-term memory, working memory and long-term memory. The current study demonstrates the physiological basis of neuronal memory formation and processing. However, neuron theory cannot explain all human memory phenomena. There is also a lot of controversy about the relevant assumptions. Memory is an important aspect of human brain biology, and many researchers have spent their entire lives studying the components of memory. Over the past few years, a number of articles have appeared on memory that is critical to anyone learning memory and should be of interest. Memory, as an important aspect of human life to work and learn in this world, is receiving increasing attention, focusing on its function and utilization. The authors review the literature on memory decay and chunking techniques through targeted articles on many aspects of human memory. In recent developments, the author will talk about chunking, learning and synaptic plasticity.

Visual working memory phenomena based on categorical tasks replicate using a continuous measure: A simple interpretation and some methodological considerations

An increasingly popular method for investigating visuospatial working memory assumes stored features of objects such as color and orientation vary along continua subject to internal noise. It adapts the stimulus adjustment procedure from perceptual psychophysics to assess the precision with which stored features are represented in memory. This contrasts with methods using discrete, categorical measures of feature retention. The current study examined the replicability of some phenomena documented using conventional methodology when assessed using a continuous measure of feature recall. These concern memory for a short series of objects and include effects of recency, prioritizing an individual object, and presenting an irrelevant additional object after the last item (a poststimulus ‘suffix’). In two experiments we find broadly similar results using a continuous measure of color-orientation binding to those obtained previously using categorical measures, with small differences we regard as minor. We interpret the convergence between methods in terms of a simple analogy between categorical memory and categorical perception whereby categorical retrieval involves the application of a discrete criterion to an underlying continuum of stored feature information. We conclude by discussing some of the advantages and limitations of continuous and categorical measures of retention.

Same-different conceptualization in dogs (Canis familiaris).

concept formation was once thought to be a uniquely human ability. An increasing variety of nonhuman species have demonstrated aspects of this ability, however, suggesting that conceptualization is a widely shared aspect of cognition. The capacity to form a concept of same-different, in particular, has now been shown in pigeons, primates, bottlenose dolphins, sea lions, and more. Traditional methods of studying abstract concept formation include matching-to-sample (MTS), same/different (S/D), and relational-matching-to-sample tasks, tasks that typically require animals to discriminate sets of planar images. Some of these methods may actually test familiarity, memory, associative learning, or other phenomena rather than a concept of same-different. In the current study, we tested same-different concept formation in domestic dogs using a variation on the S/D task that required subjects to discriminate sets of three-dimensional objects. This method avoids some pitfalls of matching-to-sample and S/D tasks that use two-dimensional images and thousands of training trials. Dogs were able to learn to classify sets of objects as "same" and "different" and proved to be able to immediately transfer this ability to novel sets, including sets of only two objects. Domestic dogs are promising subjects for future studies of same-different conceptualization due to their widespread availability and willingness to work cooperatively with humans. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Children's gist-based false memory in working memory tasks.

False memories are well established episodic memory phenomena. Recent research in young adults has shown that semantically related associates can be falsely remembered as studied items in working memory (WM) tasks for lists of only a few items when a short 4-second interval was given between study and test. The present study reported two experiments yielding similar effects in 4- (n = 32 and 33, 18 and 14 females, respectively) and 8-year-old children (n = 33 and 34, respectively, 19 females in both). Short lists of semantically related items specifically tailored for young children were retained over a brief interval. Whether or not the interval was filled with a concurrent task that impeded or not WM maintenance, younger children were as prone to falsely recognize related distractors as their older counterparts in an immediate recognition test, and also in a delayed test. In addition, using the conjoint recognition model of the fuzzy-trace theory, we demonstrated that the retrieval of gist traces of the list themes was responsible for the occurrence of short-term false memories in 4- and 8-year-old children. Gist memory also underpinned the occurrence of false recognition in the delayed test. These findings suggest that young children are as likely to make gist-based false memories as older children in working memory tasks. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

High Frequency Response of Non-Volatile Memristors

This paper presents an analytical investigation of the transient and steady-state response of non-volatile memristors to high frequency periodic inputs, using as a case study a <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textrm {TaO}_{\textrm {x}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -based nano-scale memristor model derived at HP Labs. For the first time, we provide a mathematical proof for the fading memory phenomenon in memristors stimulated by periodic inputs in the high frequency limit. Specifically, we demonstrate that the steady-state response of a non-volatile memristor, exhibiting asymmetric switching kinetics with respect to the polarity of the input, depends only on the amplitude of the testing signal and not on the device initial conditions. Based on the results of our analyses, we provide an alternative method for tuning the memristor state by using high-frequency AC inputs, and introduce a new system-theoretic visualization tool, namely the input-referred High-Frequency Dynamic Route Map (HF-DRM), that allows the reproduction of the memristor time-response to any high-frequency periodic input from each admissible initial condition. The purely theoretical results introduced in this paper could inspire new approaches for modulating the memory states of practical non-volatile memristors.

Memory Re-Condensation

This paper reveals a phenomenon of memory in dropwise condensation in open air. After a first condensation process and complete evaporation of the condensed droplets, further condensations proceed with droplets nucleating at the very places where former droplets evaporated. The origin of this phenomenon is due to the incorporation of airborne salts during the first droplet condensation and its further concentration during droplet evaporation. Salts act as preferential nucleation sites and humidity sinks. The potential impact of this phenomenon on controlled breath figure patterns and plant metabolism is discussed.

Retrieval-induced forgetting in declarative and procedural memory: Inhibitory suppression resolves interference between motor responses

Over a century's worth of research suggests that, for a variety of verbal and perceptual memory phenomena, retrieval modifies memory in two ways. First, retrieved information is strengthened and thus more easily retrieved on subsequent recall tests. Secondly, when information is stored or organized in memory in such a way that multiple representations share a common retrieval cue, and are thus subject to interference, related information that is not retrieved becomes less recallable. Such retrieval-induced forgetting is a highly robust and well-understood phenomenon. Over the past decade, several experiments have demonstrated that retrieval-induced forgetting also persists for motor responses–both simple and complex, and that this impairment is observed for representations stored in both declarative and procedural memory. While several review papers have focused on retrieval-induced forgetting of verbal and perceptual information, to date no literature review has focused exclusively on retrieval-induced forgetting of motor responses or actions. In addition, while retrieval-induced forgetting has been documented extensively within the domain of declarative memory, only a few papers have been published documenting retrieval-induced forgetting in procedural memory. Therefore, this review paper will explore these findings and their primary implications, most notably that when multiple motor programs are initiated via a shared retrieval cue, inhibitory suppression is recruited to decrease accessibility of related, but inappropriate actions in service of potentiating retrieval of appropriate actions. More broadly, the same processes that govern selective retrieval in cognition are implicated in the selective retrieval of motor actions.

The Profile of Type 2 DM Patients with Insulin Resistance at Citra Husada Hospital

Type 2 DM is a complex chronic multifactorial disease involving many organs. Insulin resistance in type 2 DM patients that occurs due to insulin deficiency or insulin defects can also occur due to metabolic syndrome. This study aims to determine the profile of type 2 DM patients with insulin resistance based on the characteristics of HbA1c levels, leukocyte levels, and hypertension status at Citra Husada Jember Hospital in 2022. This study used a descriptive method with a case series design. The population study consisted of 40 type 2 DM patients who underwent outpatient care in May 2022 using a total sampling technique. The results of the study showed the characteristics of type 2 DM patients with HbA1c levels &gt; 6.5 (25%), 30% leukocytosis, and 45% hypertension. This condition continues even though blood glucose is controlled due to the phenomenon of metabolic memory. The addition of natural bioactive compounds in type 2 DM patients receiving metformin therapy can overcome metabolic memory. Keywords: Type 2 DM, metabolic memory, HbA1c, leukocyte, hypertension

The mechanism of memory policy implementation in the context of the social framework of "collective memory".

The purpose of the article is to analyze the mechanism of memory policy in the context of the phenomenon of "collective memory" by M. Halbwaks. The policy of memory is an orderly action of political elites to form the desired set of images and representations of the past by society. Such a strategy makes it possible to solve several problems, in particular the problem of legitimacy, as well as the problem of argumentation of domestic and foreign policy programs chosen by the state, which may also set themselves the task of distorting their own historical past and worsening relations between the two states. The processing of collective memory as a component of social consciousness has undergone a serious evolution and today can represent a lot of aggressive strategies. The scientific novelty of the research is the use of a combined approach to understanding the phenomenon of collective memory and its processing. A combined approach based on the works of M. Halbwaks in the field of sociology and psychoanalysis based on the psychology of the unconscious Z. Freud, as well as the theory of the collective unconscious and its archetypes by C.G. Jung, allows us to identify the interdependence between the differentiation of images of the historical past and the levels of consciousness of the individual. A scheme of interconnection, as well as a scheme of sampling narratives of public consciousness in order to form a universal set of images and representations, has been developed. The conclusions confirm the validity of M. Halbwax's method and its correlation with psychoanalysis, and also indicate the danger of connivance on the part of the Russian state in relation to the aggressive policy of memory in the countries of the post-Soviet space and the former socialist bloc.

Метаморфозы античной исторической традиции. Марафонская битва как феномен социальной памяти афинян

The battle at Marathon was a significant event in the history of Athens. It is considered here as a phenomenon of social memory, as an event, whose memory was passed on to subsequent generations. Social memory is understood as the preservation and transmission of significant information. This was due to the construction of the trophies and war-dead memorials both at the site of the battle (places of memory) and beyond. At the same time, the preservation of the memory of the Marathon Battle followed by obvious distortions and exclusion of some significant elements from its description. That is what often called "oblivion" or forgetting. It is suggested here that in the process of storing and transmitting information, a certain system of images and representations (pattern) was developed, which determines its perception. The events that do not fit into this system (pattern) were not taken into account.

Epigenetics of the Pathogenesis and Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Epigenetics of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has widened our knowledge of various aspects of the disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the important epigenetic changes implicated in the disease risks, pathogenesis, complications and the evolution of therapeutics in our current understanding of T2DM. Studies published in the past 15 years, from 2007 to 2022, from three primary platforms namely PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct were included. Studies were searched using the primary term 'type 2 diabetes and epigenetics' with additional terms such as 'risks', 'pathogenesis', 'complications of diabetes' and 'therapeutics'. Epigenetics plays an important role in the transmission of T2DM from one generation to another. Epigenetic changes are also implicated in the two basic pathogenic components of T2DM, namely insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Hyperglycaemia-i nduced permanent epigenetic modifications of the expression of DNA are responsible for the phenomenon of metabolic memory. Epigenetics influences the development of micro-and macrovascular complications of T2DM. They can also be used as biomarkers in the prediction of these complications. Epigenetics has expanded our understanding of the action of existing drugs such as metformin, and has led to the development of newer targets to prevent vascular complications. Epigenetic changes are involved in almost all aspects of T2DM, from risks, pathogenesis and complications, to the development of newer therapeutic targets.

Феномен памяти в условиях цифровизации образования: создание модульной системы безопасности цифровой образовательной среды

The article is devoted to the complex problem of modifying the memory of stu­dents in the context of digitalization of education. The research methodology is inter(trans)disciplinary in nature, based on informational, sociocultural and psy­chological-pedagogical approaches to the phenomenon of memory, identifying and leveling the risks of its crisis modification in the context of digitalization of education. The main content of the article is devoted to identifying the risks of crisis modification of students’ memory, which have a probabilistic nature: 1) “mnemonic digital addiction”; 2) “information overload of memory”; 3) “‘dis­continuity’ of the mnemonic process”; 4) “paradoxical correlation of the compo­nents of individual and social memory”; 5) “decrease in the cognitive efficiency of memory in the learning process”. The result of the study is proposals for the creation and implementation of a modular security system for the digital edu­cational environment, including: managerial, psychological and pedagogical, value-motivational, cognitive-informational, ethical and moral modules. Accord­ing to the authors, this system can prevent the crisis modification of students’ memory and ensure the safety of digital education.

Dissoanalytic Psychohistory: Dissoanalysis of the Traumatic History of Humanity and the Construction of a New Societal Reality

In the face of all the limitations and criticisms regarding the recognition of consciousness as a psychosocial "singularity experience", the construction of "Dissoanalysis Theory: Psychocommunal Therapy" centered on "multiple consciousness system", "multiple reality perception" and "multiple memory phenomenon", that is, a new societal reality, has become an indispensability. Based on trauma and dissociation studies, i.e. modern psychotraumatology paradigms and modalities, the "Dissoanalysis Theory", structured by Ozturk with the aim of creating a functional society consisting of empathetic, prudent, just, peaceful, and capable individuals, made it possible for the emergence of "dissoanalytic psychohistory" from a psychosocial perspective. Dissoanalytic psychohistory is intervention therapy for psychosocial crises! “Dissoanalytic psychohistory” structured by Ozturk within the framework of the dissoanalytic school is defined as a branch of science that does researches on childhood traumas, psychosocial perceptions of childhood, chronic oppressions, child-rearing styles, dysfunctional families, dysfunctional generations, intergenerational transmission of trauma, intergenerational transfer of psychopathology, psychocommunal dissociation, dominant leaders and mass violence and develops strategies focused on especially preventing childhood traumas and wars. Dissoanalytic psychohistory, emphasizing that the neutralization of dysfunctional generations and the future can be achieved by the administration of "psychocommunal therapy" of all nations in the world, is an original psychology theory that consists of a holistic synthesis of modern psychotraumatology and psychohistory paradigms with the study of intergenerational transmission of trauma and intergenerational transfer of psychopathology. Dissoanalytic psychohistory, which is the dissoanalysis of the traumatic history of humanity and the construction of a new societal reality, both analyzes and integrates the dissociative components of societies with absolute reality. Dissoanalytic psychohistory creates development-oriented shifts, “dissociative revolutions”, “integrative psychosocial movements” and “mass predictions” and even functional and healthy new society profiles by raising awareness of masses of human about their actions.

Эффекты памяти и нелинейная электропроводность легированного перовскитоподобного ферритов лантана-стронция La-=SUB=-0.5-=/SUB=-Sr-=SUB=-0.5-=/SUB=-Fe-=SUB=-0.75-=/SUB=-Al-=SUB=-0.2-=/SUB=-Ni-=SUB=-0.05-=/SUB=-O-=SUB=-3-delta-=/SUB=-

Analysis of the existence of memory phenomena in model heterostructures based on doped ferrite La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.75Al0.2Ni0.05O3-δ with a perovskite structure has been carried out. It was demonstrated that one 5-10 μm thick ferrite layer sandwiched between Pt and Ni electrodes exhibits an analog memristor behavior. Under positive polarity, this heterostructure shows a smooth increase in electrical conductivity, with an opposite effect under negative polarity. Such phenomena are presumably associated with changing local concentrations of oxygen vacancies due to their drift in the electric field. Since lanthanum-strontium ferrites are sufficiently tolerant with respect to oxygen non-stoichiometry variations, no dendrite growth due to reductive decomposition is observed. The current vs. voltage dependencies display a strong nonlinearity resulting the Poole-Frenkel effect, namely, a decrease in the activation energy of electron holes trapped on oxygen vacancies. In addition to the Poole-Frenkel effect, pre-exponential factor of the conductivity vs. temperature dependence also increases under electric field, indicating an increase in the effective electron-hole mobility.

Memory effects and nonlinear electrical conductivity of doped perovskite-like lanthanum-strontium ferrite, La-=SUB=-0.5-=/SUB=-Sr-=SUB=-0.5-=/SUB=-Fe-=SUB=-0.75-=/SUB=-Al-=SUB=-0.2-=/SUB=-Ni-=SUB=-0.05-=/SUB=-O-=SUB=-3-delta-=/SUB=-

Analysis of the existence of memory phenomena in model heterostructures based on doped ferrite La0.5Sr0.5Fe0.75Al0.2Ni0.05O3-delta with a perovskite structure has been carried out. It was demonstrated that one 5-10 μm thick ferrite layer sandwiched between Pt and Ni electrodes exhibits an analog memristor behavior. Under positive polarity, this heterostructure shows a smooth increase in electrical conductivity, with an opposite effect under negative polarity. Such phenomena are presumably associated with changing local concentrations of oxygen vacancies due to their drift in the electric field. Since lanthanum-strontium ferrites are sufficiently tolerant with respect to oxygen non-stoichiometry variations, no dendrite growth due to reductive decomposition is observed. The current vs. voltage dependencies display a strong nonlinearity resulting from the Poole--Frenkel effect, namely, a decrease in the activation energy of electron holes trapped on oxygen vacancies. In addition to the Poole--Frenkel effect, pre-exponential factor of the conductivity vs. temperature dependence also increases under electric field, indicating an increase in the effective electron-hole mobility. Keywords: perovskite, lanthanum-strontium ferrites, memory effects, nonlinear electronic transport, memristors.

Kontroverze kolektivnog pamćenja

Ever since the nineties of the XX century collective memory has become preoccupation and a research topic in a number of scientific disciplines. Despite its frequent use, even nowadays this term provokes uncertainty, disapproval and doubt. The debate on whether there is collective memory or not is usually taking place between two opposing theoretical interpretations of the term. One interpretation rests upon the perception that collective memory actually exists as an independent entity, and is essentially different from individual memory. The other interpretation is based on explanations of memory in which first individual consciousness is isolated from the social context, and then as such is analyzed without taking into account the social context it originated from. The consequence of such a methodological approach is the creation of the individual awareness and memory as independent essentialized entities. Through a critical review of both of these interpretations, we come to the realization that for the creation of the phenomenon of memory, both an individual and a social component of an individual are necessary.

Flexural Performance of RC Beams Strengthened with Pre-Stressed Iron-Based Shape Memory Alloy (Fe-SMA) Bars: Numerical Study

The iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA) has promising applications in strengthening and repairing aged steel-reinforced concrete structural elements. Fe-SMA bars can produce pre-stressing forces on reinforced concrete members by activating their shape memory phenomenon upon heating. This study aims to numerically evaluate the impact of pre-stressed Fe-SMA bars on the structural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams at the serviceability and ultimate stages. Nonlinear finite element (FE) models were developed to predict the response of RC beams externally strengthened with Fe-SMAs. The model shows to correlate well with published experimental results. A parametric investigation was also carried out to examine the effect of various concrete grades, pre-stressing levels, and Fe-SMA bars’ diameter on load-deflection behavior. In light of the innovative nature of the Fe-SMA strengthening technique, a comparison investigation was established between RC beams strengthened with Fe-SMA bars against different pre-stressing systems, such as carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars, glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars, and steel strands. The numerical findings showed a significant increase in the beams’ load-carrying capacity with larger Fe-SMA bars’ diameter. Specifically, using 12 mm Fe-SMA bars instead of 6 mm increased the beam’s strength by 73%. However, a 14% reduction in ductility was recorded for that case. Moreover, the pre-stressing level of Fe-SMA bars and concrete grade showed a negligible effect on the ultimate strength of the examined beams. Moreover, increasing the pre-stressing level and concrete strength significantly enhanced the load-deflection response in the serviceability stage. Furthermore, using 2T22 mm of Fe-SMA bars resulted in a better structural performance of RC beams compared to other techniques with 2T12 mm, with a comparable cost. Thus, it can be concluded that using Fe-SMA bars embedded in a shotcrete layer attached to the beam’s soffit is a viable and promising strengthening strategy. Nevertheless, further experimental investigations are recommended to further ascertain the reported findings of this numerical investigation.

Operating region-dependent characteristics of weight updates in synaptic In–Ga–Zn–O thin-film transistors

We present a study on characteristics of operating region-dependent weight updates in a synaptic thin-film transistor (Syn-TFT) with an amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O (IGZO) channel layer. For a synaptic behavior (e.g. a memory phenomenon) of the IGZO TFT, a defective oxide (e.g. SiO2) is intentionally used for a charge trapping due to programming pulses to the gate terminal. Based on this synaptic behavior, a conductance of the Syn-TFT is modulated depending on the programming pulses, thus weight updates. This weight update characteristics of the Syn-TFT is analyzed in terms of a dynamic ratio (drw) for two operating regions (i.e. the above-threshold and sub-threshold regimes). Here, the operating region is chosen depending on the level of the gate read-voltage relative to the threshold voltage of the Syn-TFT. To verify these, the static and pulsed characteristics of the fabricated Syn-TFT are monitored experimentally. As experimental results, it is found that the drw of the sub-threshold regime is larger compared to the above-threshold regime. In addition, the weight linearity in the sub-threshold regime is observed to be better compared to the above-threshold regime. Since it is expected that either the drw or weight linearity can affect performances (e.g. a classification accuracy) of an analog accelerator (AA) constructed with the Syn-TFTs, the AA simulation is performed to check this with a crossbar simulator.