Island Phenomenon Research Articles

Assessing the impact of greenery on urban heat using opportunistic drive-by sensing

The urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon is recognized as a main urban sustainability problem in the face of a changing climate, affecting human health, energy consumption, and other socio-economic considerations. The UHI can be mitigated by urban greenery, but it needs further investigation of detailed impacts across the urban landscape. The aim was to study UHI and model the relation to greenery in combination with urban grey structures, at a high spatiotemporal resolution across the urban landscape, in Stockholm. Temperature data was collected through opportunistic drive-by sensors on electric three-wheeled taxis. Data on greenview and skyview factors were used to inform on greenery and building density along the roads. During night and morning hours, the surface temperature was in general higher than air temperature, indicating that some densely built-up environments stored heat overnight. Hot zones were unevenly distributed throughout the city, while greenery had a cooling effect, especially when combined with skyview as an inverse measure of building density. Our results provide information on the spatiotemporal distribution of heat that can be used to inform efforts to use greenery for mitigating impacts of UHI on urban residents.

Thermophysical experimental characterisation of concrete cool pavements

ABSTRACT Cool pavements represent an innovative and promising technique to mitigate the urban heat islands phenomenon. The cool pavements studied in this work, allow limiting the increase in the surface temperature, thanks to the evaporation of the water conducted through capillary pores. The cooling effect of the pavement is reflected by its surface temperature value. When pavements having the same initial conditions are exposed to the same weather conditions, their thermophysical properties control their surface temperatures. Therefore, this study focuses on an exhaustive thermophysical characterisation of a large number of concrete pavements by measuring their properties related to the cooling effect according to literature. In this context, this work covers an experimental study consisting of three stages and involving 21 concrete pavements of different formulations divided into two series. Firstly, the different studied pavements are identified. The second stage details the thermophysical characterisation of these pavements. In the third stage, they are simultaneously exposed to the solar radiation for three sunny summer days and their surface temperatures are monitored. The results obtained from this study show a wide range in the properties of the pavements, with an order of magnitude that can reach 2.107 for hydraulic conductivity and 3.7 for thermal effusivity. Furthermore, they reveal that the pavements can be divided into two types according to their ability to drain water, draining or non-draining pavements. The wide range in the results is mainly due to the different formulations that constitute the pavements, which provides importance and novelty to this study. Finally, this latter will constitute an appropriate database for two upcoming works. The first one will investigate the coupling of cool pavement’s properties that controls its cooling effect under outdoor summer conditions. The second work will develop a numerical model of coupled heat and mass transfers that occur in this pavement.

An experimental investigation of <em>wh-</em>dependencies in four island types in Romanian

This paper gauges the acceptability of wh-extraction from four island types in Romanian, an understudied language in this respect. Linguistic theories predict wh-dependencies to be unacceptable when the gap is located inside adjuncts, complex NPs, embedded interrogative clauses, or subjects. After reviewing different theoretical approaches to island phenomena and experimental evidence from other Romance languages, we report on two acceptability judgment experiments, adapted from Sprouse et al.’s (2016) experiments for Italian. In order to test (conditional) adjunct, complex NP, and interrogative (whether) islands, the experiments crossed two factors: distance (between filler and gap, short vs. long) and construction (island vs. non-island). The investigation of subject islands required an alternative design for reasons specific to the structure of Romance languages. To test subject islands, we again followed the design used by Sprouse et al. (2016) and crossed the factors gap site (subject vs. object) and complexity (simple vs. complex). In line with predictions from most linguistic theories and the results from experimental work on Romance languages, we find significant island effects for each construction type. The subject island effect is weaker than the others, which may be an artifact of the alternative research design. Moreover, we discuss how our data from the adjunct and interrogative island item sets pattern in a somewhat unexpected manner. The present study provides initial experimental evidence for island sensitivity in Romanian bare wh-questions, which can serve as an empirical anchor for future investigations.

A Fundamental Study on an SAP Mixed Asphalt Mixture for Reducing the Urban Heat Island Effect

As the average temperature in summer rises and heat waves occur more frequently, the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon is becoming a social problem. Asphalt road pavement stores heat during the day, raising the surface temperature, and releases the stored heat at night, thereby aggravating the UHI phenomenon. Government authorities often spray water to lower the temperature of road pavement for the safety and convenience of citizens. However, the effect is immediate and does not last long. Therefore, in order to reduce the urban heat island phenomenon by spraying water, the recovery time of the surface temperature must be delayed. In this study, Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP), a highly absorbent polymer that absorbs 100 to 500 times its weight in water, was applied to asphalt road pavement. SAP is commonly used in diapers, feminine hygiene products, soil moisturizers, and concrete, and its scope is gradually expanding. The purpose of this study is to reduce the urban heat island phenomenon by mixing the SAP into asphalt and to increase the latent heat flux by evaporating the water absorbed by the SAP, thereby delaying the recovery time of the surface temperature of the road pavement. In this study, the performance of asphalt mixtures mixed with the SAP and the thermal characteristics according to the mixing amount were analyzed. In this study, the physical properties and temperature reduction performance of the asphalt mixture according to the SAP type and content were studied. The results of indoor and outdoor experiments on asphalt mixtures using the SAP showed that they satisfied the mechanical performance criteria as asphalt pavement materials and that the temperature recovery delay effect was improved.

MODELING INFLUENCE OF URBAN SPRAWL ON URBAN HEAT ISLAND (UHI) ACTIVITY IN KOLAKA REGENCY

The expansion of urban areas into rural regions, known as Urban Sprawl, contributes to the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon, where urban areas exhibit higher temperatures than their rural counterparts. Kolaka Regency is an area with significant potential for Urban Sprawl and subsequent UHI activity. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the impact of Urban Sprawl on UHI in the Kolaka region. This study simulates these changes using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, incorporating land cover data from the Geospatial Information Agency (BIG) with four urban schemes: SLUCM, BEM, and the default non-UCM/land cover. The simulation also includes the Kolaka 2042 development map for Urban Sprawl projections. Simulations were conducted over 48 non-rainfall events across 12 months. The results indicated that the WRF BIG-BEM model demonstrated the highest verification accuracy and the lowest errors, with a MAPE of 4.70%, CRMSE of 1.06°C, and a correlation coefficient of 87.62%. Including BIG land cover and the BEM urban scheme enhanced the model's performance, with a MAPE of 17.92%, CRMSE of 10.11%, and a correlation improvement of 3.18%. The UHI effect predominantly ranged from -2.0 to 2.5°C, with the highest values observed in the Pomalaa mining area and central Kolaka Regency. The UHI effect was most pronounced from evening to morning, peaking during the night and early morning hours, with increased intensity during the dry season from July to September. Regression analysis revealed a trend of increasing UHI following Urban Sprawl activity, with a trend rate of 0.91°C. The R-squared value of 96.69% indicates that Urban Sprawl activity accounted for 96.69% of the UHI intensity in Kolaka, while other unexamined variables influenced 3.31%.

Analysis of the urban heat island in Łódź, Poland.

The phenomenon of urban heat island (UHI) is based on the occurrence of elevated air temperature in urban areas, in relation to the surrounding urban, rural and forest areas. The aim of the study was the assessment of the UHI in Łódź in 2014-2019. Łódź is a large city with an area of 293.3 km2, located in the center of Poland. The UHI was defined as the difference of at least 1.5°C in daily minimum temperature at the point representing the commutative conditions (lower temperature) and daily minimum temperature at the point located in the city center (higher temperature). Based on data from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)/CALMET models and the above criterium, the occurrence of UHI cases was analyzed. In summary the phenomenon of urban heat island in 2014-2019 was observed in every studied year, most often in 2018 with the highest UHI index almost 5°C, and increased over the years. The results proved that the highest UHI contrast was seen at night between 11 p.m. and 3 a.m. The study confirms that the UHI phenomenon in Łódź is persistent and has expanded in spatial extent over the years due to urban growth. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2024;37(6):581-90.

Detecting the role of urban green parks in thermal comfort and public health for sustainable urban planning in Delhi

Urbanization has significantly impacted the environment and urban life, with urban green spaces playing a crucial role in enhancing sustainability and public health. Urban Green Spaces (UGS) offer benefits such as temperature regulation, ecological services, and improved thermal comfort, while providing entertainment, culture, disaster avoidance, and ecological services. This study evaluates the cooling effects of UGS in mitigating the Urban Heat Islands (UHIs) phenomenon in Delhi, India, using satellite imagery to assess the Land Surface Temperature (LST) of 24 parks. We calculated the Park Cooling Intensity (PCI) by applying the mono-window algorithm. We found that parks larger than 1.55 hectares with dense vegetation and water bodies significantly reduced surrounding temperatures by up to 8.28 °C. The PCI effect was significantly influenced by park size, vegetation density, and the presence of water bodies, with larger parks and denser vegetation and water bodies demonstrating enhanced cooling capacity. These findings highlight the importance of integrating green spaces into urban planning as vital infrastructure for enhancing urban resilience, reducing heat-related health risks, and ensuring equitable access to public health benefits. The study also highlights the importance of addressing socio-economic disparities in park accessibility, which have significant implications for equitable urban development. This study emphasized the importance of formulating a strategic urban planning approach that focuses on green spaces' growth, conservation, and equitable allocation, thereby fostering eco-friendly, habitable, and robust urban environments.

Thermal Performance Evaluation of PCM-Impregnated Aggregates in Hot Mix Asphalt: Mitigating Urban Heat Island Effects

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon, in which the temperature in urban regions is higher relative to that in surrounding rural areas, is primarily attributed to human activities and urban development. This temperature escalation poses various challenges, impacting energy consumption, human well-being, and the overall urban environment. This study explores the potential of phase change materials (PCMs) as an addition to asphaltic mixes in alleviating the UHI effect. PCMs can store and release thermal energy through phase transition and exhibit valuable thermal properties for temperature management. In the context of UHI, PCMs play a pivotal role in alleviating the surplus heat amassed in urban areas. This study evaluates the effectiveness of shape-stabilized PCM-impregnated aggregates to reduce pavement temperature. The mechanical and thermal performance of the four different bituminous mixes has been evaluated in this study. A decrease in marshall stability while an increase in marshall flow has been observed with the increase in the proportion of PCM-impregnated aggregates in the mix. Based on the thermal analysis of PCM-modified mixes, a temperature drop of 5.03 °C and 2.9 °C in core temperature was observed in the case of 70% and 35% replacement with PCM-impregnated aggregates. The introduction of PCM-impregnated aggregates into the mix lowers the rate of increase and decrease in temperature of the asphaltic mix in direct sunlight. Electrical resistivity increased by around 4% and 8.6% for 35% and 70% replacement as compared to control sample.

Monitoring the Urban Heat Island Phenomenon in Pontianak City, West Kalimantan, using Google Earth Engine

The urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon can cause the land surface temperature (LST) in the city center to be higher than in the surrounding area. The population of Pontianak City increases yearly, resulting in land cover changes and LST distribution. This research aims to monitor the UHI phenomenon by identifying the temporal distribution of LST in Pontianak City. This research analyses the Landsat 8 thermal band, which is converted into LST value based on the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI). The land cover classification was conducted using a random forest algorithm and acquisition of confusion matrix classification accuracy value. This research utilizes the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform because of its ability to process satellite data continuously and has data with a sizeable spatiotemporal dimension. The results show a strong relationship between urban development and LST distribution. Based on the land cover classification in 2014 and 2019, there is a significant change in the composition of the surface, namely, built-up land has increased, while open space and vegetation land have decreased. Time series analysis also shows that the average LST of built-up land, open space, and vegetation are 28.10℃, 22.80℃, and 21.56℃, respectively. The results of monitoring the UHI phenomenon can help in better urban spatial planning, especially in increasing green space, because it is proven effective in reducing land surface temperature.

Cooling potential of cement concrete pavements based on their thermophysical properties

Impermeable paving surfaces constitute one of the main causes of the aggravation of the urban heat island phenomenon. The replacement of such surfaces with cool pavements represents an innovative and promising approach to mitigate this phenomenon. In this study, the investigated cool pavements allow to restrict the rise in the surface temperature by facilitating the evaporation of water through capillary pores. This process occurs from the water-supplied base to the surface exposed to solar radiation. The pavement's cooling potential is quantified by its surface temperature, influenced by various factors, including prevailing weather conditions, thermophysical properties of the pavement, and its initial temperature and saturation state. Within the scope of this research, the pavement’s qualification for its cooling potential is carried out based on the results of an experimental thermophysical characterization. The main objective is to identify the thermophysical properties governing the surface temperature of the pavement under external climatic conditions.To achieve this objective, 21 cement concrete pavements with different formulations are initially identified. These pavements are categorized into two series: the first (denoted as BS) comprises 8 pavements made from recycled sand and containing hydrophilic materials, while the second (denoted as BI) includes 13 pavements made from structural insulating concrete. The methods employed for pavement characterization are outlined, and the corresponding results, encompassing thermophysical properties measurements and surface temperature values, are presented. Analysis of these results reveals new correlations between thermophysical properties and surface temperature. These correlations highlight the coupling between pavement properties, that dictate surface temperature under real summer conditions, contingent on whether the pavement is draining or non-draining. Furthermore, a robust negative linear correlation (R2= 0.92) is identified between surface temperature and evaporation rate under controlled conditions. This underscores the pivotal role of evaporation in substantially regulating the surface temperature of both types of pavements.

A simulation study on building-scale strategies for urban heat island mitigation and building energy consumption: Case study in Japan

The urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon and high building energy consumption are increasingly being associated with urbanization. Various strategies have been proposed for UHI mitigation and energy conservation in buildings. Nonetheless, the combined effects of the multiple strategies must be studied. This study clarifies the individual and combined effects of commonly used building-scale strategies (i.e., replacing ground materials, adding greenery, adjusting window-to-wall ratios, using high-performance glazing, increasing insulation thickness in the building envelope, changing roof surfaces, and adjusting air-conditioning operating temperatures) on UHI mitigation and building energy consumption reduction in both summer and winter. The selected strategies were implemented in a city block in Yokohama, Japan using a surface energy balance (SEB) simulation model. The simulation results demonstrated that planting tall deciduous trees was the most effective individual strategy for mitigating UHI and reducing energy consumption. While the highest UHI mitigation and energy savings were achieved by implementing all tested strategies simultaneously, a combination of water-retaining pavement, adjusting the air-conditioning operating temperature (28 °C in summer and 20 °C in winter), and a 100 mm insulation layer in the building envelope along with a green roof, demonstrated substantial effectiveness with fewer strategies. The interactions among these strategies provided either additive or offset effects. Therefore, selecting strategies with distinct action targets is crucial to maximize the combined effectiveness.

Mitigating urban heat island effects using trees in planters with varied crown shapes

Urban downtown areas are often overheated and contribute to the creation of urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. Implementation of trees is considered an effective way to mitigate UHI and improve outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) in densely built-up areas.This study aims to investigate the potential of applying additional trees in planters to mitigate UHI effects and improve OTC in open urban areas. Simulation of OTC is performed for hot summer days using Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). In this study, we have devised a method to determine favourable locations for a predetermined number of additional trees, with different crown shapes (cylinder, sphere and cone), to improve OTC conditions. In the proposed method, an evolutionary algorithm based on natural selection was used as it is effective for solving problems that have a large number of combinations. The method considers the geometry of the built environment, the geometry, locations and number of additional trees, weather data and UTCI simulation.The method was applied to three different urban morphologies located in the downtown of Novi Sad, Serbia. The results show that, depending on urban geometries and morphologies, different crown shapes lead to different UTCI reduction. Cylinder-shaped and sphere-shaped tree crowns showed to be the most effective in reducing heat stress. The positioning of additional trees reduced the UTCI values at single manikin locations by up to 6.11 °C, indicating that the process of determining their locations is crucial for mitigating the heat and improving OTC conditions during hot summer days.

StyleWe: Towards Style Fusion in Generative Fashion Design with Efficient Federated AI

Collaboration can amalgamate diverse ideas, styles, and visual elements, fostering creativity and innovation among different designers. In collaborative design, sketches play a pivotal role as a means of expressing design creativity. However, designers often tend to not openly share these meticulously crafted sketches. This phenomenon of data island in the design area hinders its digital transformation under the third wave of AI. In this paper, we introduce a Federated Generative Artificial Intelligence Clothing system, namely StyleWe, employing federated learning to aid in sketch design. StyleWe is committed to establishing an ecosystem wherein designers can exchange sketch styles among themselves. Through StyleWe, designers can generate sketches that incorporate various designers' styles from their peers, drawing inspiration from collaboration without the need for data disclosure or upload. Extensive performance evaluations and user studies indicate that our StyleWe system can produce multi-styled sketches of comparable quality to human-designed ones while significantly enhancing efficiency compared to hand-drawn sketches.

A review on outdoor urban environment modelling

Abstract Outdoor environment modelling is crucial for multiple facets of a sustainable urban development, such as mitigating the detrimental environmental impacts (i.e. greenhouse gas emissions), proposing energy-efficient building designs, optimizing the usage of green resources, and improving the overall comfort level of urban residents. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the techniques and models related to the various aspects of an outdoor urban environment modelling, including the microclimate dynamics modelling, solar radiation modelling, wind-flow and air-temperature assessment simulations, urban-canyons and heat island effects modelling, and green-infrastructure planning. Each section covers and compares the traditionally used methods and models in the field with the newer artificial intelligence (AI) based models, aiming to explore their relevant efficiencies and areas of improvement. For instance, microclimate’s traditional models like radiative transfer models are evolving to machine-learning based high-resolution remote sensing methodologies and community-based participatory models. Similarly, wind-flow section encompasses the traditional CFD, and wind-tunnel models modified by machine learning (ML) and data-driven methodologies. Moreover, the paper also discusses the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon and the related models. Overall, the paper aims to provide a comprehensive state of the art on the traditional and cutting-edge methodologies of all the necessary aspects of outdoor environment modelling, to help provide informed decision-making for sustainable urban environments.

Escape from Noun Complement Clauses in Avatime

This paper discusses the status of island phenomena in Avatime, an endangered Kwa language of Ghana. We focus on clausal adjuncts, specifically noun complement clauses (NCCs). We show that while standard adjuncts are strong islands in Avatime, NCCs allow argument extraction. We suggest that this is related to the fact that NCCs in Avatime are not a type of relative clause. Instead, NCCs involve a kind of serial verb construction, which independently allows for extraction.

From urban heat islands to intra-urban heat islands: Role of urban fabric in redefining microclimates of tomorrow’s compact cities

A compact city is a urban area characterized by high density, mixed land use, and limited sprawl, designed to promote sustainable development, reduce urban sprawl, and enhance quality of life. This investigation focuses on the Intra Urban Heat Island (IUHI) effect, an intensified progression of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon, specifically within a compact city transitioning from urban sprawl. The study employed advanced spatial analytics, which employed the concept of “space-time cube”, incorporating Getis Ord Gi*, and per pixel, Mann Kendall tests for the space–time pattern mining on a time series of high-resolution Remote Sensing data spanning from 1999 to 2023. The findings reveal distinctive spatial and temporal patterns in IUHI, identifying a total of 693,900 m2 of intensifying hot-spot areas in the selected compact city characterized by industrial, warehousing, and commercial developments. The detailed examination of urban fabric at a finer resolution (7.5 cm × 7.5 cm) identified rooftops with specific spectral characteristics (red/copper hue) as significant contributors to the IUHI phenomenon, inducing surface temperature increases above 5 °C compared to neighboring cells. Furthermore, high-rise developments emerge as land use forms that create cold spots in the urban fabric, improving the city’s thermal environment. The implications underscore the necessity for future urban planning to consider IUHI as a concentrated development of the UHI effect, urging a holistic understanding of the complex interconnections among various factors influencing microclimates in urban environments.

A comparative study on the optical performance of retro-reflective coatings before and after the aging process

Retro-reflective (RR) materials are largely included among the strategies to mitigate Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon in the urban spaces thanks to their optical directional properties. As materials potentially used in the building exterior envelope, RR materials are subjected to outdoor aging and soiling processes, which could alter their optical behaviour. In this perspective, the investigation focuses on the characterization of the optical performance of several types of RR plaster coatings after outdoor aging and soiling processes. The RR plaster coatings were previously developed and studied, before undergoing the outdoor exposure. The RR samples were developed covering the support with a reflective white paint and glass beads. Five different microsphere diameter ranges and three different microsphere superficial density ranges have been employed. In this paper, the RR plaster coatings were tested in terms of optical properties after outdoor aging and soiling and results were compared with data of the same plaster coatings pre-aging. Generally, all RR aged samples show a lower solar reflectance in the Vis region with respect to the pre-aging conditions. The RR behaviour is qualitatively maintained after aging and soiling. The RR sample made of glass beads of 200–300 μm diameter range could represent the best solution both in pre- and post-conditions and both in terms of solar reflectance and retro-reflective behaviour, regardless of the density of microspheres used.

The That-Trace Effect—A Surface or a Deep Island Phenomenon? Evidence from Resumption and Prolepsis in Igbo

In many languages, a subject/non-subject Ā-extraction asymmetry can be observed: While non-subject extraction is unproblematic, long extraction of the subject requires repair strategies. This phenomenon is known as the that-trace effect. Two broad types of approaches to this effect have been proposed in the literature: (a) structural accounts that prohibit subject extraction in the syntax; (b) surface-oriented PF accounts according to which nothing blocks long subject movement in the syntax, but a surface filter prohibits the output string where a trace follows the complementizer. In this paper, we argue for a syntactic cause of the effect in Igbo (Benue-Congo, Nigeria). The empirical evidence centers around the distribution of resumptive pronouns in the language. We show that Igbo has all the ingredients required for a PF approach to the that-trace effect (viz., long Ā-movement and trace spell-out); nevertheless, it does not apply them to enable long subject extraction but rather resorts to prolepsis (among other strategies). Further evidence against a PF account comes from the impossibility of short subject extraction. Finally, we provide evidence from subextraction from subjects for an antilocality component underlying the subject extraction restriction in Igbo.

Is Zagreb Green Enough? Influence of Urban Green Spaces on Mitigation of Urban Heat Island: A Satellite-Based Study

The urban heat island phenomenon is a climatic condition in which urbanized areas exhibit higher temperature values than their natural surroundings. This occurs due to an unbalanced energy budget caused by the extensive use of synthetic materials. In such a scenario, urban green areas act as stressors to mitigate the intensity of the urban heat island and improve urban well-being. This study analyzes the spatial-temporal characteristics of the urban heat island in Zagreb, Croatia, aiming to examine the role of different types of green infrastructure in mitigating elevated temperature values and facilitating the definition of greener planning strategies. To achieve this, a multitemporal remote sensing- and NDVI-based analysis was conducted for the time series 1984–2014. An urban heat island intensity map was obtained for the selected 30-year period, along with thermal graphs registering land surface temperature values among different city districts. The results reveal significant heterogeneity, displaying variable behavior dependent on the city district. The role of Zagreb’s urban green areas in urban heat island mitigation is evident but largely dependent on urban morphology, construction types, and periods. Urban forests and urban parks play the most significant role in temperature reduction, followed by residential building neighborhoods and extensive neighborhoods consisting of familiar houses with gardens. Continuously built areas, such as the city center and industrial zones, are less prone to registering lower intensity values. Additionally, multitemporal intensity variations based on land use changes are registered in several districts.

Causal inference of urban heat island effect and its spatial heterogeneity: A case study of Wuhan, China

The accelerated urbanization process has exacerbated the urban heat island effect, leading to significant negative impacts on the physical and mental health of urban residents. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the urban heat island phenomenon is essentially beneficial for providing scientific supports towards improving the urban thermal environment. To address the challenge of effectively depicting the complex interactions among urban environment factors, this study employed the Peter-Clark causal discovery algorithm to analyze the causal structure of urban thermal driving factors, and validated the effectiveness of the 6 key factors directly influencing the surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII). In response to the inadequacy of existing big data causal inference tools in assessing the spatial heterogeneity of causal effects, this study proposed a method for evaluating the causal effects on SUHII and their spatial heterogeneity based on local analysis and geospatial causal principle. The result for 4 different intervention scenarios in this study show that there is obvious spatial heterogeneity in the causal effects of different interventions on SUHII in Wuhan, and that increasing greenery and preserving natural environments is an effective way to mitigate the urban heat island (UHI) effect. This approach, provides a new perspective for studying the phenomenon of UHI and insights of potential approaches for mitigating UHI.