Inflation Phenomenon Research Articles

Scalar potentials with multi-scalar fields from quantum cosmology and supersymmetric quantum mechanics

The multi-scalar field cosmology of the anisotropic Bianchi type-I model is used in order to construct a family of potentials that are the best suited to model the inflation phenomenon. We employ the quantum potential approach to quantum mechanics due to Bohm in order to solve the corresponding Wheeler-DeWitt equation; which in turn enables us to restrict sensibly the aforementioned family of potentials. Supersymmetric Quantum Mechanics (SUSYQM) is also employed in order to constrain the superpotential function, at the same time the tools from SUSY Quantum Mechanics are used to test the family of potentials in order to infer which is the most convenient for the inflation epoch. For completeness solutions to the wave function of the universe are also presented.

Inflacja ratingów kredytowych banków

Celem pracy była weryfikacja występowania zjawiska inflacji ratingów kredytowych. Przygotowano przegląd literatury. Postawiono następujące hipotezy: "istnieje inflacja ratingów kredytowych banków"; "obserwuje się różnice między wpływem poszczególnych wskaźników finansowych na ratingi kredytowe banków, które są nadawane przez jedną lub więcej agencji ratingowych temu samemu podmiotowi". Do weryfikacji hipotez zastosowano probitowe modele panelowe. Dane zebrano z bazy Thomson Reuters. Zmienną zależną wykorzystaną do badania były długoterminowe ratingi kredytowe emitenta proponowane przez S&P, Fitch i Moody. Jako zmienne niezależne zastosowano wskaźniki finansowe poszczególnych banków i zmienne makroekonomiczne wpływające na sytuację i stabilność finansową banku. Porównanie not ratingowych nadawanych przez agencje sugeruje, że ratingi są podobne. Te same wnioski otrzymano po porównaniu ratingów dwóch agencji. Różnice występują tylko w przypadku not nadawanych przez jedną agencję. Jeżeli agencja jest większa, proponowane noty są wyższe. Lista zmiennych wykorzystywanych przez poszczególne agencje zależy od tego, czy noty są proponowane przez jeden podmiot czy kilka podmiotów. Siła wpływu opisanych czynników jest zróżnicowana. (abstrakt oryginalny)

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND THE EMERGENCE OF CERTAIN TYPES OF MENTAL DISTURBANCES AMONG THE POPULATION OF THE SLUMS IN THE CITY OF CAIRO

There is no doubt that poverty as one of the environmental problems of the most important role to play roles in the reality of contemporary Egyptian life. And poverty converts between man and the achievement of economic and social level desirable and acceptable. Developing countries experiencing the phenomenon of inflation and growth of urban growing in a continuous and increasing population density and the approach of the population in many urban environments, to the point of saturation The result was the emergence of many environmental problems that afflict these environments, the most important problem of housing, transportation and non-availability of facilities and basic services in these cities There are areas in the city of Cairo is the environments in which the deprivation of basic needs of life and health, social and psychological comfort and low economic level, which are impeding the adjustment to achieve a psychological sense and appropriate behavior and the formation of positive attitudes towards society and towards the other These areas have several pictures are in the graves population, slum dwellers and the margins are here to point out the need to provide adequate housing for the upbringing of children as provided by the housing of the safety, comfort and relaxation and a sense of humanity to enjoy mental health. These areas lack basic services to utilities such as water, sanitation and electricity. Has made various research in these areas that 35% of the buildings do not reach them with drinking water and that 55% of the buildings do not have waste water as well as deprivation of cleaning services.And lacking in these areas are also to recreational services, whether in the form of open recreational areas such as gardens, parks or sports fields. Or recreational areas such as the cinema closed. So we find that there is no outlet for residents of the center of this massive accumulation of buildings and population in addition to the lack of reserves to face the problems that occur in the region like wildfire and the various incidents The quality of life in this slum areas is very low in many districts the standard of living for a human in terms of essential goods and basic services needed by the individual and which should not be this low level for a certain extent, a reduction which remains on the human life The underdevelopment states witness currently the phenomenon of urban inflation, being continuously increasing in addition to the phenomenon of over population. Research Objective: the current study drives at identifying one of the critical problems the Egyptian society is suffering from, namely, identifying the quality of life residents in poor quarters in Cairo (slums), and identifying the behavioral patterns of these areas’ dwellers such as aspects of psychological disorders. Method: this research uses the descriptive (qualitative) method. Research Sample: the study sample consists of (180) families dwellers in Cairo city quarters, divided into (90) poor families and (90) middle-level families. Research tools: the researcher uses several scales to achieve the study targets as follows: 1- Scale of Psychological disorders (depression – anxiety) – by researcher. 2- Questionnaire of quality of Life (analysis of the social environment and the physical environment) – by researcher. The most important results: the study comes to these results: 1- There is a correlation between the environment’s physical variables of the lodging and emergence of psychological disorders. 2- There is a correlation between the environment’s social variables of the housing and emergence of psychological disorders. 3- There is a correlation between the environment’s physical variables and gratification of life. Recommendations: 1- Consider providing the appropriate house for those people for a healthy life and feeling human, a house that should have services and utility. 2- Providing the appropriate income to make individuals satisfied for their lives and reduce the possibility of having psychological disorders.

Characterization of Admissible Marking Sets in Petri Nets With Conflicts and Synchronizations

In this paper we study the problem of constraint transformation for Petri nets with uncontrollable transitions and containing both conflicts and synchronizations. We show that given an arbitrary net and a set of legal markings, the admissible marking set cannot always be represented by a finite number of disjunctions of GMECs. Moreover, we characterize the GMEC inflation phenomenon, that is, the case in which the representation of the admissible marking set may be too complex to be efficiently implemented in a closed-loop net. To rule out the possibility of GMEC inflation we consider a subclass of constraints called singular GMECs with an acyclic backward-conflict-free uncontrollable subnet. By these assumptions we propose an algorithm to transform a given singular GMEC into a controllable OR-GMEC which precisely characterizes its admissible marking set.

Threshold Effects on the Relationship Between Inflation Rate and Economic Growth in Tunisia

ABSTRACTUsing an econometric technique suggested by Hansen [(2001). The new econometrics of structural change: Dating breaks in U.S. Labor productivity. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15, 117–128], this paper studies the inflation–economic growth nexus in the case of Tunisia for the 1993-01–2012-11 period. The results show that there is one inflation threshold value that does exist for Tunisia. This evidence strongly sustains the view that the relationship between inflation rate and economic growth is non-linear. The estimated threshold regression model suggests that a threshold value of inflation rate below 3.48% fosters economic growth. In addition, above this threshold level, there is a statistically significant negative relationship between inflation rate and economic growth. These results have important implications to policy-makers who should pay attention to the inflation phenomena. Therefore, a new policy that takes into account such a threshold should be set up.

The Theory of Inflation and the Critique of Monetary Theory

Friedman’s monetary theory suggests that the supply of money is constantly equal to the demand of money. Therefore, it cannot justify that inflation is indeed caused by over issuance of money. The root cause of inflation should be the short supply of a basket of goods. The weight of each goods in this basket is based on their scarcity in the actual supply and demand environment. The over issuance of money by the government is only one of the many reasons behind the short supply of a basket of goods. Since more money has been pumped into the circulation, the amount of goods in the basket becomes smaller in relative terms, hence the short supply. Actually, over issuance of money, as well as short supply of raw materials, labor, and products all contribute to the potential occurrence of inflation. One should not simply attribute all inflation phenomenon to the over issuance of money. The nature of money is credit. Therefore, as long as the reserve and trading part of the money’s creditworthiness is acceptable by the market, there should be no directly linkage between inflation and amount of money in the circulation.

Exploring the sources of Spanish macroeconomic fluctuations: An estimation of a small open economy DSGE model

This paper analyzes the role of a variety of shocks as determinants of Spanish macroeconomic fluctuations before the international financial and economic crisis (1970–2008). To do this we estimate a small open economy stochastic model using Kalman Filter techniques. The set of estimated parameters allows the replication with remarkable accuracy of the time path for the major macroeconomic aggregates. In particular, the model reproduces the so-called dual inflation phenomenon which burdens the competitiveness of the Spanish economy.

Scalar field as an intrinsic time measure in coupled dynamical matter-geometry systems. II. Electrically charged gravitational collapse

Investigating the dynamics of gravitational systems, especially in the regime of quantum gravity, poses a problem of measuring time during the evolution. One of the approaches to this issue is using one of the internal degrees of freedom as a time variable. The objective of our research was to check whether a scalar field or any other dynamical quantity being a part of a coupled multi-component matter-geometry system can be treated as a `clock' during its evolution. We investigated a collapse of a self-gravitating electrically charged scalar field in the Einstein and Brans-Dicke theories using the 2+2 formalism. Our findings concentrated on the spacetime region of high curvature existing in the vicinity of the emerging singularity, which is essential for the quantum gravity applications. We investigated several values of the Brans-Dicke coupling constant and the coupling between the Brans-Dicke and the electrically charged scalar fields. It turned out that both evolving scalar fields and a function which measures the amount of electric charge within a sphere of a given radius can be used to quantify time nearby the singularity in the dynamical spacetime part, in which the apparent horizon surrounding the singularity is spacelike. Using them in this respect in the asymptotic spacetime region is possible only when both fields are present in the system and, moreover, they are coupled to each other. The only nonzero component of the Maxwell field four-potential cannot be used to quantify time during the considered process in the neighborhood of the whole central singularity. None of the investigated dynamical quantities is a good candidate for measuring time nearby the Cauchy horizon, which is also singular due to the mass inflation phenomenon.

Stochastic eternal inflation in a Bianchi type I universe

The phenomenon of stochastic eternal inflation is studied for a chaotic inflation potential in a Bianchi Type I spacetime background. After deriving the appropriate stochastic Klein-Gordon equation, we give details on the conditions for eternal inflation. It is shown that for eternal inflation to occur, the amount of anisotropy must be small. In fact, it is shown that eternal inflation will only take place if the shear anisotropy variables take on values within a small region of the interior of the Kasner circle. We then calculate the probability of eternal inflation occurring based on techniques from stochastic calculus.

A DYNAMICS ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANTS OF FOOD PRICE IN IRAN

In this study, main determinants of food inflation in Iran over the period 2002-2015 are investigated and the interaction between this factors and food price impulse response will be analyzed by using Vector Error Correction (VEC) Model. Augmented Dickey-Fuller with lag length on Schwarz Info Criterion and Phillips-Perron with Newey West Bandwidth used to test the stationarity of the data. Johansen-Juselius system co-integration test applied to find the stationary linear combination of the non-stationary variables. The Long run relationship between dependent and independent variables estimated on Vector Error Correction (VEC) model. The results show that there is a relationship within the dependent variable and its independent variables. On the long run, the oil price, money supply and exchange rate are significantly positively related to the food price in Iran. Motivation of the study is to understand driving factors behind the food inflation phenomenon during the high inflation period that followed the subsidies reform plan in December 2010 and 2011 oil shock. The results presented in this paper indicate that oil price and money supply are main determinants of food inflation in Iran. The findings have important implications for understanding the volatility of food price in Iran and able to conclude the effectiveness of the monetary policy.

On the verification and validation of a spring fabric for modeling parachute inflation

A mesoscale spring–mass model is used to mimic fabric surface motion. Through coupling with an incompressible fluid solver, the spring–mass model is applied to the simulation of the dynamic phenomenon of parachute inflation. A presentation of a verification and validation efforts is included. The present model is shown to be numerically convergent under the constraints that the summation of point masses is constant and that both the tensile stiffness and the angular stiffness of the spring conform with the material׳s Young modulus and Poisson ratio. Complex validation simulations conclude the effort via drag force comparisons with experiments.

Mass inflation inside black holes revisited

The mass inflation phenomenon implies that black hole interiors are unstable due to a back-reaction divergence of the perturbed black hole mass function at the Cauchy horizon. The mass inflation was initially derived by using the generalized Dray–’t Hooft–Redmount (DTR) relation in the linear approximation of the Einstein equations near the perturbed Cauchy horizon of the Reissner–Nordström black hole. However, this linear approximation for the DTR relation is improper for the highly nonlinear behavior of back-reaction perturbations at the black hole horizons. An additional weak point in the standard mass inflation calculations is in a fallacious using of the global Cauchy horizon as a place for the maximal growth of the back-reaction perturbations instead of the local inner apparent horizon. It is derived the new spherically symmetric back-reaction solution for two counter-streaming light-like fluxes near the inner apparent horizon of the charged black hole by taking into account its separation from the Cauchy horizon. In this solution the back-reaction perturbations of the background metric are truly the largest at the inner apparent horizon, but, nevertheless, remain small. The back reaction, additionally, removes the infinite blue-shift singularity at the inner apparent horizon and at the Cauchy horizon.

The constancy of ζ in single-clock Inflation at all loops

Abstract Studying loop corrections to inflationary perturbations, with particular emphasis on infrared factors, is important to understand the consistency of the inflationary theory, its predictivity and to establish the existence of the slow-roll eternal inflation phenomena and its recently found volume bound. In this paper we show that ζ-correlators are time-independent at large distances at all-loop level in single clock inflation. We write the n-th order correlators of ζ as the time-integral of Green’s functions times the correlators of local sources that are function of the lower order fluctuations. The Green’s functions are such that only non-vanishing correlators of the sources at late times can lead to non- vanishing correlators for ζ at long distances. When the sources are connected by high wavenumber modes, the correlator is peaked at short distances, and these diagrams cannot lead to a time-dependence by simple diff. invariance arguments. When the sources are connected by long wavenumber modes one can use similar arguments once the constancy of ζ at lower orders was established. Therefore the conservation of ζ at a given order follows from the conservation of ζ at the lower orders. Since at tree-level ζ is constant, this implies constancy at all-loops by induction.

AN EFFECTIVE THEORY OF ACCELERATED EXPANSION

We work out an effective theory of accelerated expansion for the background to describe general phenomena of inflation and acceleration (dark energy) in the universe. Our aim is to determine from theoretical grounds, in a physically motivated and model-independent way, which and how many (free) parameters are needed to broadly capture the physics of a theory describing the background of cosmic acceleration. Our goal is to make as much transparent as possible the physical interpretation of the parameters describing the expansion. We show that, at leading order, there are five independent parameters, of which one can be constrained via general relativity tests. The other four parameters need to be determined by observing and measuring the cosmic expansion rate only, H(z). Therefore, we suggest that future cosmology surveys focus on obtaining an accurate value as possible measurement of H(z) to constrain the nature of accelerated expansion.

HUBUNGAN ANTARA BI RATE DAN INFLASI PERIODE JULI 2005 – DESEMBER 2011 : UJI KAUSALITAS TODA – YAMAMOTO

BI Rate and inflation have a graphic phenomenon that is almost moving in the same direction, but the direction and relationship are still uncertain. The phenomenon of real inflation in majority which is not reached in accordance with the inflation target in the period of policy framework of Inflation Targeting Framework (ITF) makes the relationship between these two macroeconomic variables become more questionable remember the importance of effectiveness and efficiency of monetary policy which is implemented. Therefore, this study aims to analyze whether there is a causal relationship between BI Rate and inflation in the implementation period of ITF working framework. The data analysis method used in this study was Toda-Yamamoto Causality Test along with the prerequisite tests; the stationarity test and lag length criteria test.Based on the results of data stationarity test conducted, the BI Rate and inflation variables were at the first difference. Meanwhile, the lag length criteria test resulted that lag 2 was the optimal lag selected to perform Toda-Yamamoto Causality Test. The results showed that the BI rate caused the changes of inflation rate in the two-month period indicated by Wald test p-value of 0.0000 in which the value was smaller than the confidence level of 1%, 5% and 10%. Vice versa, the inflation caused the change of BI Rate level at the same period of time indicated by Wald test p-value of 0.0001 in which the value was smaller than the confidence level used. In line with the results of study, it can be concluded that BI Rate is an instrument that can be used to control inflation to be maintained in accordance with the inflation target. Furthermore, when inflation has been in a low and stable level, BI Rate can be set at a low level in order to increase economic activities in the real sector.

On loops in inflation III: time independence of ζ in single clock inflation

Abstract Studying loop corrections to inflationary perturbations, with particular emphasis on infrared factors, is important to understand the consistency of the inflationary theory, its predictivity and to establish the existence of the slow-roll eternal inflation phenomena and its recently found volume bound. In this paper we prove that the ζ correlation function is time-independent at one-loop level in single clock inflation. While many of the one-loop diagrams lead to a time-dependence when considered individually, the time-dependence beautifully cancels out in the overall sum. We identify two subsets of diagrams that cancel separately due to different physical reasons. The first cancellation is related to the change of the background cosmology due to the renormalization of the stress tensor. It results in a cancellation between the non-1PI diagrams and some of the diagrams made with quartic vertices. The second subset of diagrams that cancel is made up of cubic operators, plus the remaining quartic ones. We are able to write the sum of these diagrams as the integral over a specific three-point function between two very short wavelengths and one very long one. We then apply the consistency condition for this three-point function in the squeezed limit to show that the sum of these diagrams cannot give rise to a time dependence. This second cancellation is thus a consequence of the fact that in single clock inflation the attractor nature of the solution implies that a long wavelength ζ perturbation is indistinguishable from a trivial rescaling of the background, and so results in no physical effect on short wavelength modes.

Private consumption and sector price behaviour in the Spanish economy: a business cycle approach

In this article we examine the consequences of introducing tradable, nontradable and investment goods in a small open economy business cycle model in the case of Spain. The stochastic simulation of the model and its comparison to the Spanish economic data show that the model is able to mimic two prominent features of the Spanish cycle: (1) the dual inflation phenomenon, that is, the cyclical properties of the divergent behaviour between nontradable and tradable prices; and (2) the high volatility of private consumption relative to the volatility of output, a feature known as the Dolado et al. puzzle.

Systematic review of grading practice: Is there evidence of grade inflation?

Systematic Review of Grading Practice: Is there evidence of grade inflation? This paper describes the outcomes of a systematic review of literature pertaining to the grading of practice within nursing, midwifery, medicine and allied health professions. From a total of 215 papers, 147 were included and data were extracted using a systematic data extraction tool. The focus of this paper relates to one of the emerging themes: the issue of grade inflation. The paper examines the grade inflation phenomenon: it discusses the reasons for grade inflation from a variety of perspectives. The paper reports on the suggestions made within the literature on how to control grade inflation, but these, the authors conclude, are not fully evaluated and should be adopted only where rigorous evaluation can carried out. It is imperative that evaluations include the usefulness, reliability and validity testing of rubrics or any other solutions to grade inflation that are adopted by clinicians and educators.

Cosmological Neutrino Background and Connected Problems

Abstract Applying the formulae derived by us (A. Sapar 1964) for the Universe filled with baryonic matter and decoupled particles (photons and massive neutrinos), a scenario of evolution of the Universe is studied. The dark energy can be treated as the kinetic energy excess over the potential energy of all particles in the hyperbolic Universe which is going to its new, kinetic energy dominated epoch of evolution. The dark mass can be due to slowly moving rest-mass neutrinos, crossing the galaxies where they form wide iso-potential (constant orbital velocity) shells. The real Big Bang is assumed to precede the Planck unit time and this removes necessity of the later inflation phenomenon. The possibility to modify the equations of cosmology into the non-local ones by gravitational potential of the Universe is shortly discussed.

On the dynamics of relativistic multi-layer spherical shell systems

The relativistic time evolution of multi-layer spherically symmetric shell systems—consisting of infinitely thin shells separated by vacuum regions—is examined. Whenever two shells collide the evolution is continued with the assumption that the collision is totally transparent. The time evolution of various multi-layer shell systems—comprising large number of shells thereby mimicking the behavior of a thick shell making it possible to study the formation of acoustic singularities—is analyzed numerically and compared in certain cases to the corresponding Newtonian time evolution. The analytic setup is chosen such that the developed code is capable of following the evolution even inside the black hole region. This, in particular, allowed us to investigate the mass inflation phenomenon in the chosen framework.