Electromagnetic Induction Phenomena Research Articles

Evaluation method of dynamic indentation behavior of glass based on electromagnetic induction phenomena

AbstractContact damage of glass is one of the most crucial issues for glass products. To develop strong and tough glass products and to compare damage resistance among glass compositions, a simple method for evaluating the mechanical response of glass during contact is required not only for glass mechanists but also for glass customers and suppliers. Although it is well known that the quasi‐static Vickers indentation test is one of the simplest and most useful methods to evaluate hardness and brittleness in glass, the indentation response of glass under the indenter at higher impact velocities remains to be quantitively understood because of the difficulty of measurement and limited experimental works. In this study, therefore, the dynamic indentation behavior of soda‐lime glass is evaluated by using a lab‐made free‐drop indentation set‐up with the coils for detecting electromotive forces (EMFs). The cono‐spherical indenter made of tungsten carbide attached with a neodymium magnet was employed to generate the EMFs when the indenter passed through the coils located near the glass sample. The impact load versus indentation depth curve during the impact within a few tens of microseconds was successfully obtained both for an elastic contact and for an inelastic contact. Under an elastic condition, where no residual indent nor any cracks were left on the glass surface after the test, it is confirmed that there is almost no hysteresis in the impact load versus indentation depth curve and that the curve can be reproduced by the Hertzian analytical solution. Under an inelastic condition, on the other hand, it is found that the hysteresis in the impact load versus indentation depth curve stems from inelastic phenomena, such as plastic deformation (shear flow and/or permanent densification) and cracking. These results suggest that the dynamic indentation technique based on electromagnetic induction phenomena is a useful and effective tool for evaluating the mechanical responses of glasses during the impact.

A Study on the Problem of AC Corrosion of Power Umbilical Cables Caused by Electromagnetic Induction Phenomena

During the normal laying and operation of a three-core umbilical cable, AC current can easily lead to AC electrochemical corrosion on the outer surface of the steel tube. To explore the electrochemical corrosion mechanism and the factors affecting the three-core umbilical cable, this paper optimizes the internal induced potential calculation method for three-core umbilical cables. It analyzes the changes in the characteristics of the induced potential and explores the variations in the density of induced current under different conditions. The research results show that by optimizing the calculation method for the induction potential of the umbilical cable’s steel pipe, for the electromagnetic significance of the smallest repeating unit, the induction potential on the steel pipe’s surface exhibited a cyclic change. The peak part of the induction potential is most likely to experience electrochemical corrosion. Additionally, reducing the radius of the outer insulation aperture of the steel pipe and improving the conductivity of seawater will increase the density of the induced current in the insulation aperture, thereby increasing the risk of electrochemical corrosion. As the cable pitch and AC frequency increase, the current density in the steel pipe pores will also rise.

Multistable Memristor Synapse-Based Coupled Bi-Hopfield Neuron Model: Dynamic Analysis, Microcontroller Implementation and Image Encryption

The memristor, a revolutionary electronic component, mimics both neural synapses and electromagnetic induction phenomena. Recent study challenges are the development of effective neural models and discovering their dynamics. In this study, we propose a novel Hopfield neural network model leveraging multistable memristors, showcasing its efficacy in encoding biomedical images. We investigate the equilibrium states and dynamic behaviors of our designed model through comprehensive numerical simulations, revealing a rich array of phenomena including periodic orbits, chaotic dynamics, and homogeneous coexisting attractors. The practical realization of our model is achieved using a microcontroller, with experimental results demonstrating strong agreement with theoretical analyses. Furthermore, harnessing the chaos inherent in the neural network, we develop a robust biomedical image encryption technique, validated through rigorous computational performance tests.

Design of Resonant Converter of Trans cutaneous Energy Transfer System to Power Artificial Heart

Wireless technologies have matured to recharge the batteries of consumer devices efficiently. The benefit of the technology is being used by mobile communication devices, personal computation devices, and wearable entertainment devices. The wireless energy transfer techniques employ the transfer of electrical energy between two-tesla coils in surface contact and not by electrical contact through the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. Many international consortiums have made guidelines for designing and manufacturing these devices. However, for active implantable medical devices such as artificial hearts, a large amount of electrical energy usually in the range of 15W to 30W needs to be transferred across the skin at a depth of 10mm to 30mm. The design needs to be optimized for maximum power transfer with the highest possible efficiency. Any loss in power will be reflected as heat energy and cause burns and tissue death. A transcutaneous energy transfer system is such type of wireless energy transfer mechanism across the skin to power implanted life-saving devices. In this paper, the design of a resonant converter and its performance is investigated to wirelessly transfer electrical power up to a tissue thickness of about 25mm.

Development of novel magnetorheological dampers with low-speed sensitivity for flying car suspensions

As urban traffic environments continue to grow in complexity, there is an urgent need for a versatile mode of transportation that seamlessly transitions between terrestrial and aerial mobility. In conventional magnetorheological damper (CMRD), the magnetorheological fluid flowing through the narrow annular gap between the piston and cylinder in CMRD results in a damping force directly proportional to velocity. As velocity increases, the damping force rises sharply, posing a significant risk to the vehicle’s mechanical structure and passenger safety. This velocity sensitivity restricts their applications primarily to standard commercial vehicle suspension systems. They face significant challenges when it comes to high-speed impact scenarios. To overcome this limitation, enhance the shock-absorbing capacity of flying cars, ensure passenger safety, and improve passenger comfort during the landing phase, this study introduces a novel magnetorheological damper (NMRD) with unique internal channel structure embedded in a circular permanent magnet. In road travel mode, NMRD maintains a wide dynamic range. During high-speed impact landing, when the impact force exceeds the threshold, the pressure relief channel opens, effectively reducing the peak impact force. This feature greatly expands the application range of magnetorheological dampers. The researches included simulations of the electromagnetic induction phenomenon within the piston, The pressure relief damping force inside the NMRD valve was accurately measured by using material testing system, the peak force and peak acceleration experienced by the two dampers during impact were tested using a dedicated drop hammer apparatus. These tests demonstrate that the NMRD exhibits superior impact resistance performance compared to CMRD. This highlights the promising potential for the NMRD’s application within the suspension systems of flying cars.

Problems during the Design and Testing of Instrument, Special and Power Transformers: The Outlook

In 1831, Michael Faraday discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction, which allowed for the construction of previously unknown electrical devices and significantly impacted economic and social development [...]

Memristor-induced hyperchaos, multiscroll and extreme multistability in fractional-order HNN: Image encryption and FPGA implementation

Fractional-order differentiation (FOD) can record information from the past, present, and future. Compared with integer-order systems, FOD systems have higher complexity and more accurate ability to describe the real world. In this paper, two types of fractional-order memristors are proposed and one type is proved to have extreme multistability, local activity, and non-volatility. By using memristors to simulate the autapse of a neuron and to describe the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction caused by electromagnetic radiation, we establish a new 5D FOD memristive HNN (FOMHNN). Through dynamic simulation, rich dynamic behaviors are found, such as hyperchaos, multiscroll, extreme multistability, and “overclocking” behavior caused by order reduction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such rich dynamic behaviors are found in FOMHNN simultaneously. Based on this FOMHNN, a very efficient and secure image encryption scheme is designed. Security analysis shows that the encrypted Lena image has extremely low adjacent pixel correlation and high randomness, with information entropy of 7.9995. Despite discarding diffusion and scrambling, it has excellent plaintext sensitivity, with NCPR = 99.6095% and UACI = 33.4671%. Finally, this paper implements the proposed FOMHNN and image encryption on field programmable gate array (FPGA). To our knowledge, the related work of fully hardware implementation of fractional-order neural networks and image encryption schemes based on this is rare.

Navigation Technology of Unmanned Vehicles Based on Electromagnetic Induction

The article deals with the issues of determining the position of unmanned vehicles (UV) in tunnels in the absence of signals from global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and unfavorable operating conditions, such as low light, high humidity, radioactivity and others. The authors proposes a method for navigating unmanned vehicles based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. On board the unmanned vehicle there is a high-frequency generator, a radio transmitting unit, a radio receiving unit, an information management system, and under the bearing or supporting surface of the unmanned vehicle propulsion unit there is a single-wire radio transmission line coordinated with the environment by means of an active load. The high-frequency generator transmits high-frequency current to the radio transmitting unit, which excites a single-wire radio transmission line, the single-wire radio transmission line emits a high-frequency radio signal supplied to the radio receiving unit for further conversion by the information management system into electrical control signals of an unmanned vehicle. Magnetic loops or electrical vibrators can be used as radiating antenna from the radio transmitting unit, and magnetic loops or ferrite probe excited by the high-frequency magnetic field of the radio transmission line can be used as receiving antenna. The article deals with the influence of the environment on the processes of radiation and reception of radio signals. Computer testing of the developed method was carried out with using three-dimensional electromagnetic modeling. Electrically small loop antennas located orthogonally were used to transmit and receive the radio signal. It was shown that the phase analysis of the transmission gain in both cases can provide ample information about the direction and deviation rate from the path which is set using the radio transmission line. The results of the study can be useful for the development of navigation systems for unmanned vehicles in conditions of limited availability of signals from GNSS.

Towards Electricity from the Combustion of Agricultural Waste in Boilers with Low CO2 Emissions

To meet the growing energy needs of the world’s population, international governments have turned to biomass energy from agricultural waste as a form of renewable energy. To this end, this study is based on the experimental and practical determination of certain physicochemical properties of three agricultural residues (cocoa cortex, oil palm fibres and sugar cane bagasse) using approximate and structural analysis methods. Then, using a METERK electronic detector, the small quantities of CO2 emitted during combustion in 0.5 g boilers of each of these waste products used to produce energy (heat and/or electricity) were determined. The gross and net calorific values of these biomasses were also determined. Here are some of the results obtained for these three agricultural residues: variable moisture content (from 3.6% to 43.12%), variable organic matter content (from 76.12% to 90.31%), cellulose content (from 32.74% to 55.91%), lignin content (from 8.26% to 27.05%), variable net calorific values (from 6.581 kWh/kg to 10.461 kWh/kg) and low CO2 gas emissions (from 439 ppm to 447 ppm). This proves that these three agricultural residues are very good potential sources of energy that can be used as fuel in boilers to produce large quantities of heat that can be converted into electricity by turbines connected to alternators using electromagnetic induction phenomena. Finally, this work provides credible information for public and private decision-makers in the field of electricity production from the combustion of these agricultural residues in boilers.

Electrical Power Transformer Damage on the Power Grid in Benin: Causes, Consequences and Solution Approaches

The transformer exploits the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction of wound conductors. One of its important properties is that it can act as an impedance matcher. Faults on the electrical network often affect the grounding resistances of power transformers and eventually damage them. Benin's electricity network, like those of other countries in the world, is frequently tested by electrical transformer damage. Through this work, from the static data obtained from the SBEE (Beninese Electric Energy Company), the state of the transformers installed on the electricity network, from 2016 to 2022, is realized. The analysis of their different operating conditions and their installation and protection methods has made it possible to identify the main causes of their damage. Their consequences on the transport and distribution of electrical energy in Benin are highlighted. It appears from this work that most of the faults are due to overvoltage due to discharges, overloads and short circuits. The poles most affected are those on poles (H61) followed by those on frames. Finally, a series of recommendations are proposed to minimize the number of defective transformers.

Wireless Power Transfer—A Review

This paper presents the current state of knowledge in the field of wireless power transfer. The concept of such a transfer and the basic methods of its implementation are described, together with block diagrams of the necessary devices. The technologies of electrical power transfer over short and long distances are characterized. The most popular electrical power transfer technology based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction is discussed in great detail. The analysis of the influences of such factors as the coupling factor, the shape of the coils, the type of ferromagnetic material from which the core of the coils is made, and the mutual position of the transmitting and receiving coils are analyzed on the properties of the wireless power transfer system. The advantages and disadvantages of the used technologies are shown. Furthermore, a wireless power transfer system is presented for charging the batteries of electric vehicles. The standards of wireless power transfer are also presented, and development trends are outlined.

Study on the effect of changing stator structure on wind permanent magnet eddy current heating device

With the development of new energy, the proportion of wind power in the global power production structure is increasing year by year, and it has broad development prospects. This article discusses a new type of wind-powered permanent magnet eddy current heating device, which converts excess wind energy into heat energy and stores it in a heat storage medium, so as to achieve the function of storing heat energy. Thermal energy can be directly supplied to users and can also be used for thermal power generation when the power supply is insufficient, which is of practical significance to alleviating the problems of energy shortage and large amount of wind curtailment. Based on the law of electromagnetic induction and eddy current phenomenon, this paper establishes a model of permanent magnet eddy current heating device, and then simulates and analyzes the permanent magnet eddy current heating device to improve the heating power and material utilization of the device. The focus is on the influence of stator groove type, the number of stator slots and the thickness of the stator on the heating power. Finally, the simulation analysis of the permanent magnet eddy current heating device before and after the optimization is carried out in MATLAB. The simulation results prove the effectiveness of the optimization.

Atwood’s Machine and Electromagnetic Induction: A Real Quantitative Experiment to Analyze Students’ Ways of Reasoning

We report a research-based proposal on electromagnetic induction within the theoretical framework of the Model of Educational Reconstruction. The proposal is based on a sequence of inquiry-based experimental activities centered on hands-on materials and Real-Time quantitative experiments, through which students explore the phenomenology of electromagnetic induction. The sequence was planned to address Faraday-Neumann-Lenz law analyzing the involved physics quantities and constructing quantitative relationships between them. Our hypothesis was based on the idea that phenomenological explorations performed through online sensors promote a functional understanding of electromagnetic induction and help students to face the conceptual knots highlighted by international literature about these phenomena. The educational sequence was proposed to a sample of 87 high school students with the aim of analyzing the evolution of the educational processes employing a set of inquiry-based tutorials. The qualitative analysis of students’ answers demonstrates that students increased their knowledges in the analysis of electromagnetic induction phenomena recognizing the fundamental role of time-variation of the magnetic field flux in the Faraday-Neumann-Lenz law.

The unusual phenomenon of electromagnetic induction

This paper describes the unusual phenomenon of electromagnetic induction that occurs when a Nd–Fe–B magnet is passed through a hollow paramagnetic aluminum tube and conduction of eddy current happens. It was observed that the time taken by the Nd–Fe–B magnet to pass through a 1 m aluminum tube is longer than that through a 2 m tube. A tentative theory for this phenomenon is that due to the paramagnetism of the aluminum tube, the 2 m tube induces a more potent induction to pull the Nd–Fe–B magnet downward than that present in the 1 m tube. This scientific effect, which is coined herein as a length-boost effect, can create a situation that contradicts the conventional thinking that it should take a longer time to fall through a longer tube. One application of this is in controlling the velocity of a falling Nd–Fe–B magnet by changing the length of the aluminum pipe. The other is using aluminum as braking fins in free-fall chairs at amusement parks to reduce heat dissipation. However, diamagnetic tubes, such as those composed of copper and brass, do not possess this effect. A magnet falling through longer tubes of these metals takes a longer time than through shorter tubes.

Operation of the Prototype Device for Induction Heating of Railway Turnouts at Various Operating Frequencies

Devices for electric heating of railroad turnouts are elements of the railway infrastructure protecting railroad turnouts against blocking them by snow and ice in winter. They often operate based on the principle of resistance heating but other solutions are also emerging. In this paper, one of such new solutions using the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction was presented and tested under various conditions. In comparison with traditional resistive heaters, the inductive ones offer heat distribution directly to ice and snow without intermediation of rails. Moreover, they can use a wide range spectrum of frequency to shorten the melting time. The resistive and inductive devices were tested with respect to melting time, temperatures and energy consumption. It follows that the induction-based device offers much lower energy consumption at a level of 30%–60% of that by resistive heater. The details depend on frequency used, initial temperature and number of induction devices of action assumed equivalent to the resistive one. Inductive heating of turnouts also offers shorter times of operation, which are obtained for frequencies in the range 40–70 kHz. The inductive device was also tested with respect to magnetic field levels around it to assess its possible influence on nearby infrastructure.

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: an innovative medical therapy.

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is an innovative, non-invasive and well tolerated method that could be used as a treatment option for a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. A large number of studies, for more than 30 years, have demonstrated that is a powerful neuroscience tool for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. rTMS is based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic mutual induction, that firstly reported by Michael Faraday in 1831. Later, in 1985, Anthony Barker and his colleagues developed the first modern transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) device. rTMS uses brief electromagnetic pulses generated by an insulated coil, placed over the scalp. This technique has the ability to modulate the cortical activity of the brain. Daily rTMS stimulation for several weeks has been shown to be effective in reducing symptoms of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Moreover, studies have shown that dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has a crucial role in improving cognitive performance and, as a result, is a commonly used target area for the treatment of many neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. 2008 was a significant year for TMS history, as FDA approved for first time a TMS therapy device for the clinical treatment of depression. This approval as well as the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommendation on TMS for the treatment of depression in 2015 lead to the establishment of rTMS as a first-line treatment for patients that failed in at least one prior antidepressant medication, followed by FDA approvals for the treatment of migraines and OCD. This paper aims to enhance further some of the clinical usefulness of rTMS.

Application of electromagnetic induction for impact load measurement

In this paper, a small impact testing machine was developed as an application of the method for measuring impact load based on electromagnetic induction phenomena. The experimental results were shown to determine the effectiveness of the method. The electromotive forces generated in two coils near a specimen were measured when a small impactor containing a neodymium magnet, having a mass of 0.36 g, was dropped freely onto a 1.2-mm-thick glass plate. The histories of the impact load and the relation between the impact load and specimen deflection were evaluated from the measured electromotive forces because the electromotive force per impactor velocity is dependent on only the position of the impactor. The method and developed machine with the measurement system were determined to be effective by considering the experimental impact test results for the glass plates.

Appraisal of magnetotelluric galvanic electric distortion by optimizing amplitude and phase tensor relations

The introduction of the phase tensor marked a major breakthrough in the analysis and treatment of electric field galvanic distortion in the magnetotellurics method. Recently, the phase tensor formulation has been extended to a complete impedance tensor decomposition by introducing the complementary amplitude tensor, and both tensors can be further parameterized to represent geometric properties such as dimensionality, strike angle, and macroscopic anisotropy. Both tensors are characteristic for the electromagnetic induction phenomenon in the conductive subsurface with its specific geometric structure. The central hypothesis is that this coupling should result in similarities in both tensor’s geometric parameters, skew, strike, and anisotropy. A synthetic example illustrates that the undistorted amplitude tensor parameters are more similar to the phase tensor than increasingly distorted ones and provides empiric evidence for the predictability of the proposed hypothesis. Conclusions drawn are reverse engineered to produce an objective function that minimizes when amplitude and phase tensor parameter dissimilarity is, along with any present distortion, minimal. A genetic algorithm with such an objective function is used to systematically seek the distortion parameters necessary to correct any affected amplitude tensor and, thus, impedance data. The successful correction of a large synthetic impedance data set with random distortion further supports the central hypothesis and serves as comparison to the state-of-the-art. The classic BC87 data set sites lit007/ lit008 and lit901/ lit902 have been noted by various authors to contain significant distortion and a 3D regional response, thus invalidating current distortion analysis methods and eluding geologic interpretation. Correction of the BC87 responses based on the present hypothesis conforms to the regional geology.

Essence of the Magnetism

In this paper, it is proposed that the magnetic field is an electric field that contracts in the direction of motion. This viewpoint is taken as the basic principle of analyzing the magnetic phenomena. The law of Lorentz force is proved by deduction, and any necessary correction is made. The law of electromagnetic induction is also proved by deduction, and the specific physical process of electromagnetic induction is clarified. The displacement current and Ampere circuit law is also proved by deduction. It is considered that the contraction of electric field in the direction of motion is the source of generation of magnetism, while the contraction of electric field in the direction of motion is fundamentally derived from the principle of constancy of light velocity. Since the magnetism has contributed the modern science and technology to the human beings, so it is convinced that the principle of constancy of light velocity is the most precious gift which the God has given to mankind. The motion with variable velocity of the electric field is also analyzed. It is pointed out that the generation of electric wave is essentially resulted from the distortion and contraction of the electric field caused by the propagation of the motion with variable velocity of the electron of the wave source at the velocity of light in its electric field. The electric field energy of the electric wave is propagated by the distortion of the electric field, while the magnetic field energy of the electric wave is propagated by the contraction of the electric field. The electric field energy is identically equal to the magnetic field energy. The electric field signal and the magnetic field signal are always in the same phase. The law of electromagnetic induction is derived from a distorted electric field. The common electromagnetic induction phenomenon is essentially a transmission and reception effect of electric waves. It is proved that the Ampere circuit law is derived from the displacement current, and that the displacement current is derived from the magnetic field, which is the electric field in motion. The propagation of electric wave is analyzed. It is pointed out that, if the propagation velocity of electric wave is greater than the velocity of light, the propagation effect of electric wave will be rapidly weakened. If the propagation velocity of electric wave is less than the velocity of light, the electromagnetic interference and radiation will be increased rapidly. Therefore, it is firmly believed that the actual velocity of light of about /s is the best propagation velocity of electric wave for mankind. It is considered that the actual velocity of light is another precious gift which the God has given to mankind.

Non-Selective Magnetoelectric Thermal Radiation Receiver Based on Cadmium Antimonide

The ways of increasing the sensitivity of a non-selective thermal radiation receiver based on cadmium antimony using the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction are considered and investiga­ted. It has been shown that the application of ani­sotropic NdFeB anisotropic magnet increases the volt-watt sensitivity of the thermal radiation recei­ver by 30 %. When a more powerful magnet is used, an additional increase in sensitivity is observed, but not in proportion to the magnitude of the additio­nal magnetic induction. The dynamic range of the created thermal radiation receiver, which is from 10 to 200000 W/m-2, is investigated.