Damage Phenomena Research Articles

Mechanical Properties and Energy Evolution Laws of Rocks Under Freeze–Thaw

In high-altitude mountainous areas, the phenomenon of rock frost damage under repeated freeze–thaw cycles are pronounced, with the deformation and failure processes of rock often accompanied by energy dissipation. To elucidate the energy evolution mechanism of rocks under freeze–thaw cycles, triaxial compression tests and numerical simulation tests were conducted under different freeze–thaw cycles. Results from indoor tests indicate that successive freeze–thaw cycles deteriorate the mechanical properties of rocks. Compared to conditions without freeze–thaw cycles, after 40 freeze–thaw cycles, the peak stress of the rock decreased by 42.8%, the elastic modulus decreased by 64%, and, with increasing confining pressure, the rate of decrease lessened, indicating that confining pressure can inhibit the decline in the mechanical properties of rocks. As the freeze–thaw cycles increase, the total absorption energy (TAE) of rocks gradually decreases. Meanwhile, with increasing confining pressure, the TAE, elastic strain energy (ESE) and dissipated energy (DE) of rocks all gradually increase. However, as the confining pressure increases, the TAE increases by 781%, the ESE increases by 449%, and the DE increases by 6381%. Numerical simulation results reveal that with an increase in the freeze–thaw cycles, shear failure phenomena gradually decrease while tensile failure phenomena gradually increase. During the compression process, the evolution of internal cracks in rocks demonstrates a trend of slow–steady–rapid development, with the number of cracks produced being positively correlated with the freeze–thaw cycles. The performance can provide valuable insights into the degradation mechanism of the mechanical properties of rocks and failure analysis in high-altitude mountainous areas.

Transmission electron microscopy analysis of Co3O4 degradation induced by electron irradiation.

This study presents an investigation into the electron beam damage phenomenon of Co3O4 under transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that after irradiation at a dose rate of 6.78 × 106 e/nm2s, Co3O4 crystals exhibited surface reconstruction and faceting features. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analysis indicates that the damage process initiates with the desorption of oxygen anions, which subsequently leads to a reduction in the valence state of cobalt cations and corresponding atomic rearrangement. High resolution TEM (HRTEM) reveals that surface faceting, which has an epitaxial relationship with the bulk, could help maintain the crystal lattice of face-centered cubic (fcc) Co3O4 despite Co-O bond breakage upon beam exposure. With a finely focused electron beam, the hole drilling effect was observed. The structural degradation is proposed to arise from inelastic damage that induced partial desorption of oxygen anions and rearrangement of valence-reduced cobalt cations to epitaxially grow on the surface, suggesting an interplay between irradiation damage and material restructuring. The relative phase stability of Co3O4, combined with its interfacial structure developed upon irradiation, are beneficial to magnetic loss and interfacial polarization loss, thereby rendering Co3O4 a promising candidate as an effective EMW absorber.

Characteristics of corpse damage caused by scuds = Charakterystyka uszkodzeń zwłok spowodowanych przez kiełże

The aim of this study was to investigate in which rivers and water bodies the phenomenon of corpse damage caused by scuds occurs, whether it is related to the duration of the body’s immersion in water, and to define the common characteristics of such skin lesions. Furthermore, the frequency of its occurrence was assessed, taking into account air temperature and season. Material and methods: The autopsy reports from the Department of Forensic Medicine at Jagiellonian University in Krakow for the years 2015-2024 were analysed. A total of 285 cases of drowning victims were selected. The occurrence and type of injuries were verified based on documentation and autopsy photographs. Histopathological examinations were performed at the Department of Forensic Medicine to confirm the presence of human proteins in the digestive system of crustaceans. Results and conclusions: A common feature in all the cases was the punctate disruption of the epidermis. In 5 out of 285 cases, small crustaceans were found, along with epidermal lesions on exposed parts of the body. Similar damage, but without the presence of individuals of scuds, was present on 25 bodies. No typical damage caused by D. haemobaphes was found on corpses in an advanced state of decomposition. The phenomenon of scud scavenging on corpses was observed almost exclusively at positive air temperatures, with an increase during the spring-summer period. The characteristic punctate epidermal lesions on corpses retrieved from water are the result of scud scavenging, including D. haemobaphes. Such damage occurred only when the time between the victim’s death due to drowning and their retrieval from the water was short. The largest number of drowning victims with signs of scud scavenging was found in the Vistula River.

An Implicit/Explicit dynamic context for brittle fracture using localized gradient damage model

In this work, an implicit/explicit framework for dynamic brittle fracture using localizing gradient damage model (LGDM) with monolithic and staggered solution schemes is presented. A predictive capability of the present approach is witnessed through accurate predictions of damage phenomena investigating various problems. First, a classical crack branching example is considered where the LGDM is shown to resolve the mesh sensitivity issue along with sharp crack profiles. Additionally, the robustness of different solutions schemes is demonstrated through mesh sensitivity analysis where the staggered explicit scheme is found to be computationally efficient. Next, the performance of the proposed model is investigated through the simulation of compact tension tests under different loading rates, to demonstrate the evolution from mode-I to mixed mode crack branching fracture. These tension tests demonstrate the capability of the model in capturing different failure patterns at different loading rates, which agree with the experimental data well. Finally, we considered a specimen with two dynamically propagating cracks located on opposite edges. These numerical simulations demonstrate the model’s capability in handling multiple crack propagation and effectively capturing the intricate mechanisms of damage growth.

Study on the effect of porosity and aperture on the damage characterization of rock-filled concrete (RFC)

Rock-filled concrete (RFC) construction technology is to construct a force-transferring skeleton with large-size rocks, and to use self-compacting concrete (SCC) as the filling and bonding material. In which the defects with different distributions and sizes contained in SCC are often the key factors determining the mechanical properties and damage behaviors of RFC. In this research, by utilizing the excellent properties of super absorbent polymer (SAP), such as water absorption and expansion and dehydration shrinkage, non-introduction of impurities, and not easy suspension or settlement in concrete, RFC and SCC specimens with different numbers and sizes of defects were precisely prepared and subjected to unconfined uniaxial compression physical tests. The effects of porosity and pore aperture on the compressive strength and damage pattern of the specimens were studied. The mechanical behavior of the defective concrete specimens under compressive loading was analyzed from a mesoscopic perspective by using a combination of physical tests and numerical simulation using the Realistic Failure Process Analysis (RFPA) method to reveal the internal damage phenomenon and damage destabilization mechanism of RFC and SCC. The results show that: SAP material can accurately construct concrete specimens with stable and uniform defects; under the same porosity and aperture, the compressive strength of RFC is greater than that of SCC; the compressive strength of the specimen decreases linearly with the growth of porosity for the same aperture, the compressive strength of the specimen decreases with the increase of aperture for the same porosity and the trend tends to be flat, and the sensitivity of the compressive strength to porosity is higher than that of aperture. In addition, it was found that the internal penetrating shear damage during the fracturing process of SCC was the core cause of the overall damage. For RFC, the tensile fracture that penetrated through the force transmission skeleton of the stacked rock was the key factor causing the overall instability.

Operational Modal Analysis and Safety Assessment of a Historical Masonry Bell Tower

The seismic assessment of historical masonry bell towers is of significant interest, particularly in Italy, due to their widespread presence and inherent vulnerability given by their slenderness. According to technical codes and standard practice, the seismic evaluation of masonry bell towers can be conducted using a range of methodologies that vary in their level of detail. This paper presents a case study of a historical masonry bell tower located in the Caserta Province (Italy). Extensive investigative efforts were undertaken to determine the tower’s key geometric and structural characteristics, as well as to document ongoing damage phenomena. The dynamic behavior of the tower was assessed through ambient vibration testing, which enabled the identification of the principal modal shapes and corresponding frequencies, also highlighting peculiar dynamical characteristics caused by the damage conditions. Subsequently, the seismic assessment was carried out using both Level 1 (simplified mechanical) and Level 2 (kinematic limit analysis) methodologies. This assessment helped identify the most probable collapse mechanisms and laid the foundation for employing more advanced methodologies to design necessary retrofitting interventions. The study emphasizes the importance of Level 2 analyses for structures where out-of-plane failure mechanisms are likely due to pre-existing cracking. Both approaches provide less-than-unity acceleration factors, ranging from 0.45 for Level 1 (assuming non-ductile behavior) to 0.59 for Level 2, in this case specifically using the information available about existing cracking pattern.

Effect of inclusion on contact damage evolution of wind turbine gears based on configurational force theory

The gear box of wind turbine is subjected to the complex environment such as random wind load for a long time, and the gear contact fatigue becomes a key factor limiting the stability and reliability of wind turbine equipment. Therefore, the research on the gear contact damage evolution mechanism is faced with difficulties such as complex stress states, damage anisotropy and failure modeling. However, traditional fracture mechanics and damage mechanics are limited in predicting the failure load of complex defects and evaluating the structural integrity. Material configurational force theory can describe the effect of defect configurational change on the free energy of materials and be used to predict the damage and failure behavior of materials. In this paper, a wind turbine gear contact damage model is constructed based on this theory. The gear contact interface stress field simulation analysis is carried out for the key bearing area of gear contact, and the gear contact damage evolution process under contact load is simulated. For the problem of gear failure caused by metal oxide inclusion, the damage evolution model based on Jk parameters is established. The damage evolution process of gear containing inclusions under contact loading is simulated numerically, and the influence of depth, shape and location of inclusions on the damage evolution behavior is analyzed. The research results have shown that the configurational force theory damage model can effectively simulate the contact damage phenomenon of gear and explain the pitting and spalling of gear surfaces. It has theoretical significance to predict contact fatigue life of gear accurately.

Infrared Thermography of Turbulence Patterns of Operational Wind Turbine Rotor Blades Supported With High‐Resolution Photography: KI‐VISIR Dataset

ABSTRACTWith increasing wind energy capacity and installation of wind turbines, new inspection techniques are being explored to examine wind turbine rotor blades, especially during operation. A common result of surface damage phenomena (such as leading edge erosion) is the premature transition of laminar to turbulent flow on the surface of rotor blades. In the KI‐VISIR (Künstliche Intelligenz Visuell und Infrarot Thermografie—Artificial Intelligence‐Visual and Infrared Thermography) project, infrared thermography is used as an inspection tool to capture so‐called thermal turbulence patterns (TTPs) that result from such surface contamination or damage. To complement the thermographic inspections, high‐resolution photography is performed to visualise, in detail, the sites where these turbulence patterns initiate. A convolutional neural network (CNN) was developed and used to detect and localise turbulence patterns. A unique dataset combining the thermograms and visual images of operational wind turbine rotor blades has been provided, along with the simplified annotations for the turbulence patterns. Additional tools are available to allow users to use the data requiring only basic Python programming skills.

Study of Toned Photographs of the Late 19th and Early 20th Century Using Multispectral Imaging and SEM/EDS Analysis

Abstract Toned photographs became popular in the second half of the 19th and early 20th century, either as stand-alone photographic images or as part of representative cards such as cabinet cards or cartes de visite. Still, further research is desirable to deepen our understanding about materials and techniques that had been used to create toned photographs. This study focusses on toning processes and is based on the analysis of 16 historical photographs from that period. To understand the toning process, information was collected from historical literature, while multispectral techniques and SEM/EDS analysis were applied to the sixteen photographs. Multispectral techniques, both macroscopic and microscopic, provide valuable information on surface and texture, damage phenomena and the photograph’s stratigraphy. SEM/EDS analysis yields information on the elements found in the studied photographs and their stratigraphy. This combination of the evaluation of historical written sources and scientific analysis provided an insight into the materials and techniques used in the toning of photographs.

Plasma neurofilament light chain in fibromyalgia: A case control study exploring correlation with clinical and cognitive features.

Plasma neurofilament light chain (NFL) has been measured as a biomarker of neuronal damage in various neurological disorders. Elevated tau and β-amyloid levels have been found in patients with fibromyalgia (FM). The aim of the present study was to compare plasma neurofilament levels in fibromyalgia patients with normal controls and to investigate the correlation with clinical features and cognitive tests. Plasma NFL levels were assessed in 33 FM patients and compared with 22 age-matched controls. All patients were also assessed with clinical scales examining fibromyalgia disability, sleep quality and duration, fatigue, anxiety, and depression, and a neuropsychological battery examining executive function, verbal short-term memory, and working memory, as well as attentional executive function and selective attention, interference sensitivity, and inhibition of automatic responses. NFL levels were higher in FM patients (controls 6.19± 1.92; FM 17.28± 15.94 pg/mL ANOVA p 0.002). Working memory was the most impaired cognitive function significantly correlated with high NFL scores (Pearson p 0.034). Short sleep times also correlated with higher NFL scores (Pearson p 0.02) and poorer working memory performance (Pearson p 0.02). No correlation was found with indices of disease severity and duration. Plasma NFL levels are elevated in fibromyalgia patients, suggesting neuronal damage and correlating with a slight decrease in working memory and short sleep duration. Plasma neurofilament levels are elevated in patients with fibromyalgia, regardless of disease severity and duration. Neurofilament levels are higher in patients with mild working memory impairment and sleep disorders. Subgroups of patients with primary neuronal damage phenomena could be individualized for prospective evaluation with regard to the possible development of cognitive decline and sleep disturbances, which would justify a tailored therapeutic approach.

Experimental and numerical investigation on cyclic behavior of Q1100 ultra-high strength steel H-section compressive-bending members about strong-axis

Q1100 refers to ultra-high strength steel (UHSS) with a nominal yield strength of 1100 MPa. Hysteretic tests were conducted on seven Q1100 UHSS H-section welded columns to assess their hysteretic performance. The hysteretic performance was evaluated through hysteresis curves, damage phenomena, energy dissipation, ductility, and load-carrying capacity. The impact of the width-to-thickness ratio and axial pressure ratio on the hysteretic behavior was also investigated. A validated finite element model was utilized to analyze the hysteresis behavior, influencing factors, and the applicability of Eurocode 3 width-to-thickness ratio limits, resulting in proposed seismic design recommendations.

MoS2/Ti Co-deposited Coatings and Their Fretting Wear Properties at Elevated Temperatures

Abstract Fretting wear refers to the damage phenomenon experienced by the mechanical components undergoing micro-amplitude relative slip at their contact region due to vibration. Titanium alloys find their extensive application in aerospace industry components such as splines and dovetail joints, where they experience fretting wear phenomenon. This research work investigates the effect of MoS2/Ti co-deposition coatings with varying Ti content, deposited on TC4 titanium alloy substrate using magnetron sputtering. Fretting wear tests were conducted at room temperature, 100 °C, and 200 °C, using a specially designed fretting test fixture with a ball-on-flat contact configuration, mounted on a servo-hydraulic fatigue testing machine. The results indicated that the coating becomes denser with an increase in the Ti content. The coating exhibited the highest hardness and better anti-fretting wear performance at room temperature. However, the effect of Ti content on the fretting wear behaviors changed at elevated temperatures. At the highest Ti content coating, excessive oxide particles were found at the worn surface at elevated temperatures, inducing an abrasive effect and localized cracks. However, coatings with moderate Ti content (9.62 at. %) effectively protected the substrate from significant wear at room temperature and maintained a low coefficient of friction at high temperatures without failure.

Failure analysis and deformation characteristics of shield tunnel obliquely crossing ground fissure under earthquake

In order to study the deformation law and failure characteristics of shield tunnel obliquely crossing ground fissure under earthquake action, taking the shield tunnel of Xi ’an Metro Line 8 crossing f3 ground fissure as the engineering background, the 1: 20 shaking table model test method was used to analyze the strain of shield tunnel, the contact pressure with surrounding rock soil, the dislocation of segment and the axial force of bolt in detail, and the seismic damage mechanism and failure characteristics of shield tunnel obliquely crossing ground fissure were obtained. The test results show that under the action of earthquake, the shield tunnel has complex three-dimensional deformation characteristics, among which the vertical deformation is the most obvious. The deformation is mainly concentrated in the location of the ground fissure. The tensile strain and contact pressure of the hanging wall of the tunnel segment are greater than the strain value and contact pressure of the footwall. Because the vertical deformation of the tunnel is the largest, the bolts at the vault and the arch bottom are most obviously pulled. Excavation after the test, it can be seen that the tunnel appeared the phenomenon of ring joint opening, lining cracking and other damage. Under the action of the earthquake, the shield tunnel across the ground fissure is mainly subjected to tensile failure. The failure area is within 10 m from the ground fissure in the hanging wall and footwall, and the total length is 20 m. The closer to the ground fissure, the more serious the damage. The research results provide a scientific and reasonable reference for the subsequent construction and disaster prevention and mitigation design of Xi ’an Metro.

The effect of stacking sequences on energy absorption in axial crushing of CFRP stanchions for the cargo floor structure of airplanes

One of the remaining challenges for advancing the wide application of composite materials is to further improve the mechanical properties of composites. The fiber/matrix damage phenomenon produced by the composite model under axial loading has been observed through the establishment of a numerical model of composite damage. Axial crush tests have been performed on C-type carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) stanchions for the cargo floor structure of transport category airplanes using a finite element approach. The failure morphology and crashworthiness parameters of the specimens with different fiber layups have been recorded, and the effects of fiber orientation and angle of entrapment on the crashworthiness of the composites have been investigated. The present study demonstrates that the crashworthiness of composites can be effectively improved by fiber orientation design. Appropriate addition of 45° layer and 90° layer can effectively improve the crashworthiness of C-type CFRP laminates, and the performance of the two-angle and spiral laminates design is improved by 26% and 19%, respectively.

Microstructure-mechanical property relationships of polymer nanocomposite reinforced with lyophilized montmorillonite/carbon nanotubes hybrid particles

Abstract Introducing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and montmorillonite (MMT) simultaneously into a polymer can significantly enhance its properties. Meanwhile, choosing the best technique to homogeneously disperse these nanohybrid particles in polymers, without agglomerates, is still a challenge. In this study, a hybrid MMT/MWCNT, prepared by lyophilization process, is introduced in polylactide (PLA). Morphology of the resulting nanocomposites displays synergistic relationships of the MMT/MWCNT, facilitating dispersion in PLA. The analysis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specific particle densities of PLA0.5hyb, PLA1.0hyb, and PLA2.0hyb shows values of 77, 64, and 35 µm⁻2, respectively. This suggests that MMT platelets are significantly more exfoliated in PLA0.5hyb compared to the other nanocomposites. It also indicates that filler aggregation increases as the MMT/MWCNT concentration increases. Compared to neat PLA, elastic modulus of nanocomposites increased by up to 46 %, demonstrating the reinforcing effect of MMT/MWCNT hybrid nanofillers. The nanocomposites exhibit viscosity, plasticity and damage phenomena, which are significantly decreased because of the MMT/MWCNT incorporation, compared to neat PLA. Furthermore, the viscoelastic properties, analyzed by dynamic thermal-mechanical analysis, record about 27 % increase in the storage modulus of the nanocomposites compared to PLA, indicating the effectiveness of the hybrid MMT/MWCNT in increasing the resistance of PLA/MMT/MWCNT nanocomposite against thermomechanical aggression.

Research on Rapid Detection Method of Cavitation State of Water jet Propulsion Pump Based on Multi-source and Multi-feature of Acoustic Emission Signal and Bayesian Network

Abstract Cavitation prevents the conversion of internal dynamic and pressure energy in a water jet propulsion pump and causes erosion of flow passage components. Acoustic emission is a non-destructive test method for instability signals. Based on the incipient mechanism and development process of cavitation, three acoustic emission signal feature parameters (ring counting rate, energy release rate, Hurst index) are proposed to define the cavitation state utilizing the waveform pattern and signal self-similarity. The multi-source and multi-feature cavitation identification model of acoustic emission signals is established through cavitation simulation, multi-monitoring point acoustic emission signal testing, and feature parameter extraction, and a large number of probabilistic trainings are carried out using Bayesian network, resulting in a fast cavitation state identification method based on acoustic emission signals. The research results have important practical engineering application significance for the prediction of cavitation resistance, real-time dynamic monitoring of cavitation phenomenon and prevention of cavitation damage.

The Role of Green Organizational Culture Based on Tri Hita Karana in Increasing Green Innovation and Sustainable Competitive Advantage Small and Medium Enterprises in Denpasar City

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Denpasar City, in addition to having a positive impact on stakeholders and contributing to the national economy, are also often perceived by some people as parties responsible for various environmental damage phenomena including environmental pollution, air pollution and global warming. This study aims to develop and test a theoretical model that empirically examines how green organizational culture based on local wisdom in the Tri Hita Karana perspective influences sustainable competitive advantage in the context of SMEs. In addition, this study also statistically explores the research model and the mediating role of green innovation that has previously received little attention. This study uses a quantitative approach using a survey of 95 respondents. Data were collected from a convenient field survey using a closed questionnaire from SME actors related to the direct responsibility of business activities towards environmental aspects in the city of Denpasar Bali-Indonesia. A structural equation modeling approach was used to achieve the research objectives. The results showed that green organizational culture based on Tri Hita Karana is a significant predictor of sustainable competitive advantage in this study. Furthermore, the findings reveal that green innovation fully mediates the relationship between green organizational culture based on Tri Hita Karana and sustainable competitive advantage.

Assessment of Architectural Heritage and Historic Structures Through Aerial Thermography

Objective: The objective of this study is to verify the applicability of aerial thermography as a complement to common inspections in the heritage field, assessing what it can contribute as a complement to such exclusively visual inspections. Theoretical Framework: The contribution of terrestrial thermography and aerial thermography to the heritage field is briefly presented, justifying the limitations of terrestrial thermography and the advantages of aerial thermography. Method: Within the framework of this research, the inspection was carried out, with a drone with a thermographic camera, on three unique elements of great heritage relevance, previously visually inspected by a drone with a photographic camera: the Roman Bridge of Alcántara, the Aqueduct of Segovia and the Roman Bridge of Alconétar. Results and Discussion: The results obtained in the inspections carried out allow us to draw the first conclusions on the applicability of this technology to architectural heritage: the inspections will demonstrate the usefulness of thermography for the diagnosis of lesions on stone that do not occur at a superficial level. . Implications of the Research: The usefulness of thermography for the diagnosis of lesions on stone that do not occur at a superficial level and that, when they appear on the surface, are already at an advanced stage of development inside the element. Early detection of such lesions can be key when trying to adopt early therapies that are less aggressive and costly, thus avoiding further damage to the constituent elements of the monument to be protected. Originality/Value: This study contributes to verifying the use of microtechnology tools that speed up the control and monitoring processes of damaging phenomena, eliminating the risks to the safety and health of workers and considerably reducing the risks to the architectural monument to be inspected.

Femtosecond Laser Ablation and Delamination of Functional Magnetic Multilayers at the Nanoscale.

Laser nanostructuring of thin films with ultrashort laser pulses is widely used for nanofabrication across various fields. A crucial parameter for optimizing and understanding the processes underlying laser processing is the absorbed laser fluence, which is essential for all damage phenomena such as melting, ablation, spallation, and delamination. While threshold fluences have been extensively studied for single compound thin films, advancements in ultrafast acoustics, magneto-acoustics, and acousto-magneto-plasmonics necessitate understanding the laser nanofabrication processes for functional multilayer films. In this work, we investigated the thickness dependence of ablation and delamination thresholds in Ni/Au bilayers by varying the thickness of the Ni layer. The results were compared with experimental data on Ni thin films. Additionally, we performed femtosecond time-resolved pump-probe measurements of transient reflectivity in Ni to determine the heat penetration depth and evaluate the melting threshold. Delamination thresholds for Ni films were found to exceed the surface melting threshold suggesting the thermal mechanism in a liquid phase. Damage thresholds for Ni/Au bilayers were found to be significantly lower than those for Ni and fingerprint the non-thermal mechanism without Ni melting, which we attribute to the much weaker mechanical adhesion at the Au/glass interface. This finding suggests the potential of femtosecond laser delamination for nondestructive, energy-efficient nanostructuring, enabling the creation of high-quality acoustic resonators and other functional nanostructures for applications in nanosciences.

Shaking-table tests and numerical simulations study of subway stations in loess region

The loess region in China, known for its high seismic activity and the extreme vulnerability of loess to earthquakes, presents a considerable threat to the seismic safety of underground structures, including subway stations. With the Xi'an Aerospace City subway station as the background, a subway station model was designed, and shaking table tests were conducted under various conditions to analyze the seismic damage and dynamic responses in this study. The study reveals the seismic vulnerable areas and dynamic response patterns of the subway station under different spectral earthquake actions. Simultaneously, a three-dimensional numerical modeling analysis accounting for soil-structure interaction, was conducted to explore the displacement response of the structure and soil. Results indicate a noticeable amplification effect on the acceleration of both the structure and the soil under seismic motion. The structure exhibits a suppressive effect on the acceleration amplification of the surrounding soil, diminishing with increasing seismic motion intensity. Different depths show varying differences in acceleration responses between the structure and adjacent soil. Structural strain responses and damage phenomena suggest that the central column is the seismic vulnerable area of the subway station. Additionally, the strain distribution of the structure exhibits a distinct spatial effect. The relative horizontal displacement between the structure and the soil follows certain patterns in the depth direction, with the structure experiencing smaller relative horizontal displacement than the soil under seismic action due to the constraining effect of surrounding soil on its displacement response. The experimental conclusions provide valuable reference points for the seismic design and analysis of subway station structures in loess regions.