Subjective Phenomena Research Articles

Badewo Kayangan in Okura Pekanbaru Community from Treatment Rituals to Aesthetic Dance: Ecotourism

This research aims to explain the form and function of Badewo Kayangan as a healing ritual in the past and present for the people of Tebing Tinggi Okura. This research is qualitative research with a descriptive approach that understands the phenomenon of the research subject. The data in this research is information obtained through various sources, both sources obtained directly through interviews with sources who know about the Badewo Khayangan dance, video recordings, photographs, and data in the form of documentation. Apart from this data, it is also supported by data in the form of notes obtained during observations. The research findings are that Badewo Kayangan was originally a healing ritual used to cure various diseases, including those caused by supernatural forces in the Okura High Cliff area. As time went by, people began to ask Wak Damai to change Badewo Kayangan into the Badewo Kayangan dance. The movements contained in Badewo Kayangan are combined with new elements and realized in the form of a dance performance known as the Badewo Kayangan dance. Badewo Kayangan has two main roles, namely as a traditional healing ritual and as a means of performing arts or entertainment. By considering the potential of the Badewo Kayangan Tebing Tinggi Okura dance as a local cultural asset, this dance has the potential to become part of the tourism industry based on culture.

Approximate Gibbsian structure in strongly correlated point fields and generalized Gaussian zero ensembles

AbstractGibbsian structure in random point fields has been a classical tool for studying their spatial properties. However, exact Gibbs property is available only in a relatively limited class of models, and it does not adequately address many random fields with a strongly dependent spatial structure. In this work, we provide a very general framework for approximate Gibbsian structure for strongly correlated random point fields, including those with a highly singular spatial structure. These include processes that exhibit strong spatial rigidity, in particular, a certain one‐parameter family of analytic Gaussian zero point fields, namely the ‐GAFs, that are known to demonstrate a wide range of such spatial behavior. Our framework entails conditions that may be verified via finite particle approximations to the process, a phenomenon that we call an approximate Gibbs property. We show that these enable one to compare the spatial conditional measures in the infinite volume limit with Gibbs‐type densities supported on appropriate singular manifolds, a phenomenon we refer to as a generalized Gibbs property. Our work provides a general mechanism to rigorously understand the limiting behavior of spatial conditioning in strongly correlated point processes with growing system size. We demonstrate the scope and versatility of our approach by showing that a generalized Gibbs property holds with a logarithmic pair potential for the ‐GAFs for any value of . In this vein, we settle in the affirmative an open question regarding the existence of point processes with any specified level of rigidity. In particular, for the ‐GAF zero process, we establish the level of rigidity to be exactly , a fortiori demonstrating the phenomenon of spatial tolerance subject to the local conservation of moments. For such processes involving complex, many‐body interactions, our results imply that the local behavior of the random points still exhibits 2D Coulomb‐type repulsion in the short range. Our techniques can be leveraged to estimate the relative energies of configurations under local perturbations, with possible implications for dynamics and stochastic geometry on strongly correlated random point fields.

Who am I—Teacher or practitioner? Teacher‐practitioners’ experience of identity in higher education—A phenomenological view

AbstractPractitioners entering academic careers in higher education face many challenges in teacher identity formation. This article is based on ongoing research and aims to understand the phenomenon of experiencing teacher identity in teacher‐practitioners who have interrupted their academic careers in the field of healthcare and social sciences in Estonian higher education institutions. Empirical data was collected using semi‐structured interviews. Data analysis was based on a phenomenological approach and the content analysis method. The experience of the identity of the teacher‐practitioners is contradictory and can be understood as a subjective and collective phenomenon. The findings showed that teacher‐practitioners with a strong specialist identity are not stable in their academic careers. Their identity is characterised by fragility and is associated with decisions to continue or interrupt their academic careers. The study suggests that the efforts of teacher‐practitioners in academic settings need to be professionally supported by the provision of individual, collective and targeted institutional support. The article contributes to studies of professional identity from an interpretative phenomenological perspective.

P99: Mental Health wellbeing among older adults in nursing homes

Background:Loneliness is a subjective phenomenon. It is experienced a lack of satisfying relationship to others, whether because the subject has too few relationships or because their existing relationships do not provide the desired form of closeness (Svenderson, 2017). As defined by Peplou and Perlman (1982), the definitions of loneliness share the same concept: an unpleasant, subjective experience resulting from inadequate social relationships. Loneliness and rumination are remarkable risk factors of depression among the elderly in the both community and nursing homes (Gan at al.,2015). A Norwegian study found that 56% of nursing home residents are feeling lonely (Dragaset et al.,2011). The study from Poland found that depression was observed in 33.8% long term care facility (Horwath, Scerbinska,2017). Furthermore, another study from China shown that 14.9% residents in long term facility reported suicidal ideation (Zhang at al.,2020). Associated with one being depressed in nursing homes include pain, risk of stroke, risk of heart attack, decreased cognitive function and is also linked to increased morbidity in nursing home residents, a relationship it has been also suggested for medical inpatients (Zammit, Fiorini, 2015).Methodology:The scoping review has been selected as the appropriate methodology for this study. The general purpose for conducting scoping reviews is to identify and map the available evidence (Arskley,O’Malley, 2005). Scoping reviews can be useful tools to investigate the design and conduct of research on a particular topic and conducted to review current research an identify knowledge gaps on the topic (Munn at al.,2018). According to Arksey and O’Malley (2005) the scoping review methodology is divided into six steps framework: identifying the research question, searching for relevant studies, selecting studies, charting the data, collecting the data, summarizing and reporting results and consulting with stakeholders to inform or validate study findings.Results:A total of 27 studies were included in the final synthesis, mixed designed studies (n=7) including questionnaires, surveys, Geriatric depression Scales, Satisfaction with life Scale, Loneliness Scale, face to face interviews and observations. Furthermore, were included quantitative studies (n=10) included one longitudinal study with 6 years follow up. Finally, were also included qualitative studies (n=10), the studies used a mixture of approach of interviews an observation. The majority of the participants were from long-term facilities (n=24), medical students and nurses were included (n=1) study and mixture of participants such as residents, family members and staff were included in (n=1) study. The most of the studies are from Norway (n=7), China (n=3), Finland (n=2), Turkey (n=2), Poland (n=2), US (n=2), Belgium (n=1), Sri Lanka (n=1), South Korea and Japan (n=1), Hong Kong (n=1), Malta (n=1), Taiwan (n=1), Iran (n=1), New Zealand (n=1) and Sweden (n=1). In Table 1, we provide a summary of the individual studies.Discussion:This scoping review highlights the importance to continue support residents’ well-being in the long-term care facilities, support their mental health and also to continue educate and support healthcare staff as they have the major impact on resident’s welfare. Previous studies indicated the correlation between loneliness and depression with demographics factors such as being married, unmarried or widowed for that reason it was recommended by Mahammadi et al. (2016) pay more attention on reducing feeling of loneliness and anxiety by increasing their life satisfaction. We found that only one study was focused on resident’s suicidal ideation (Zhang et al., 2020) who concluded from his cross-sectional study with 538 participants, age above 60 years old, from 37 nursing homes in China that 14.9% reported current suicidal ideation but we are worried that this number could be higher and we believe that needs to be done more research for the future to prevent any risk of suicide among elderly. One reason for the lack of information on suicide risk in long term facilities is that prior 2010, universal screening for suicidal ideation in these facilities had not been widely adopted nor recommended as an approach to prevent suicide (Mezuk et al.,2014).

Emotion Recognition with CNN

Abstract: Emotion is a subjective phenomenon, utilizing knowledge and science behind tagged data and extracting the components that comprise it has been a difficult challenge. With the advancement of deep learning in computer vision, emotion identification has become a popular research topic. This Project presents feature extraction of facial expressions using a neural network combination for the recognition of various facial emotions (sad, happy, neutral, angry, surprised, fear). Convolution Neural Network has been used to achieve a accuracy of 75%, which have excellent recognition of image features. Haar-Cascade has been used to find the region that contains the face, so the model has to only work with the region which has face.

Towards a comprehensive pragmatic model of subjectivity: Empirical evidence from French

This paper delves into the phenomenon of subjectivity, with a particular focus on one of its components – perspective taking. It explores two linguistic cues categories: verb tenses in their perspectival usages and Free Indirect Discourse (FID). In this paper, we experimentally test how readers process sentences in which the French Passé Simple is employed in a perspectival manner within two types of subjective contexts: those with FID and those without FID markers. In addition, we consider whether the processing is influenced by the type of emotion expressed in these subjective contexts, whether it is positive or negative. We find a facilitation effect exclusively in FID contexts and only when the emotion expressed is positive. This could suggest that it is not the verb tense itself which is a cue for speaker’s subjectivity, but rather its occurrence in contexts such as FID. To interpret the results, we build on an array of empirical results found on connectives, verb tenses, and FID to put forward a comprehensive pragmatic model of subjectivity.

How well can the clinician appraise the patient's perception of the severity and impact of their back problem?

A main concern of patients with back problems is pain and its impact on function and quality of life. These are subjective phenomena, and should be probed during the clinical consultation so that the physician can ascertain the extent of the problem. This study evaluated the agreement between clinicians' and patients' independent ratings of patient status on the Core Outcome Measures Index (COMI). This was an analysis of the data from 5 spine specialists and 108 patients, in two centres. Prior to the consultation, the patient completed the COMI. After the consultation, the clinician (blind to the patient's version) also completed a COMI. Concordance was assessed by % agreement, Kappa values, Bland-Altman plots, Spearman rank, Intraclass Correlation Coefficients and comparisons of mean values, as appropriate. Agreement regarding the "main problem" (back pain, leg/buttock pain, sensory disturbances, other) was 83%, Kappa = 0.70 (95%CI 0.58-0.81). Moderate/strong correlations were found between the doctors' and patients' COMI-item ratings (0.48-0.74; p < 0.0001), although compared with the patients' ratings the doctors systematically underestimated absolute values for leg pain (p = 0.002) and dissatisfaction with symptom state (p = 0.002), and overestimated how much the patient's function was impaired (p=0.029). The doctors were able to ascertain the location of the main problem and the multidimensional outcome score with good accuracy, but some individual domains were systematically underestimated (pain, symptom-specific well-being) or overestimated (impairment of function). More detailed/direct questioning on these domains during the consultation might deliver a better appreciation of the impact of the back problem on the patient's daily life.

Hyperacusis Assessment Questionnaire-A New Tool Assessing Hyperacusis in Subjects with Tinnitus.

Hyperacusis, a kind of decreased sound tolerance, is difficult to measure objectively. It often co-occurs with tinnitus. There is a need for valid and reliable patient-reported outcome measures to capture this subjective phenomenon. The aim of the study was to create a questionnaire capturing hyperacusis in terms of loudness, fear, and pain and to evaluate its psychometric properties. The study sample consisted of 106 adult patients with hyperacusis and tinnitus with a mean age of 45.2 years. A medical interview, an audiological examination, and several questionnaires (the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, the Hyperacusis Questionnaire, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Visual Analog Scales) were applied. The final 14-item Hyperacusis Assessment Questionnaire showed an appropriate three-factor structure with 70.5% of the variance explained. Convergent and divergent validity were confirmed by correlations with other measures of hyperacusis, anxiety, tinnitus severity, misophonia, and hearing thresholds. The internal consistency assessed with Cronbach's alpha was excellent (α = 0.91), as was reproducibility (intraclass correlation, ICC = 0.96). The new Hyperacusis Assessment Questionnaire is a psychometrically sound and brief tool assessing the severity of hyperacusis in terms of loudness, fear, and pain. It can be used in clinical practice and scientific research for patients with hyperacusis and tinnitus.

Development of a Japanese version of the Awe Experience Scale (AWE-S): A structural topic modeling approach.

Awe, a complex emotion, arises in response to perceptually and conceptually vast stimuli that transcend one's current frames of reference, which is associated with subjective psychological phenomena, such as a sense of self and consciousness. This study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the Awe Experience Scale (AWE-S), a widely used questionnaire that robustly measured the state of awe, and simultaneously investigated how the multiple facets of awe related to the narrative representations of awe experiences. The Japanese AWE-S was created via back-translation and its factor structure and validity was investigated through an online survey in Japan. The results revealed that the Japanese AWE-S consisted of the same six factors as the original (i.e., time, self-loss, connectedness, vastness, physiological, and accommodation) and had sufficient internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, and also Japan-specific characteristics. The structured topic modeling generated seven potential topics of the descriptions of awe experiences, which were differently associated with each factor of the Japanese AWE-S. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of awe and reveal the constructs of awe in Japan through cross-cultural comparisons. Furthermore, this study provides conceptual and methodological implications regarding studies on awe.

The Identity of the Modern Human as a Problem Of Social and Humanitarian Knowledge

The article examines the problem of subjectivity and identity formation, the specifics of individual and collective identity research. It is noted that the study of subjectivity, "I" (self), which is the source of the formation of individual identity, actualizes the study of this problem in many social and humanitarian sciences. It has been established that in a broad interdisciplinary context, it is a search for an effective methodological toolkit for determining the dynamic matrix of subjectivity, which is constantly changing in the modern globalized society. In the context of the study of the phenomenon of subjectivity and identity, the socio-psychological theory - the theory of traits, the theory of roles and the humanistic theory - is briefly considered. It was found that all these theories cannot adequately investigate the subject's identity, the possibility of using E. Erikson's identity theory and the direction of social constructionism, where human subjectivity is constructed here and now in relations with other people using speech practices of discourse, was analyzed . It was determined that the discourse in the understanding of social constructionists is a kind of material basis of the practices of social construction of reality, thanks to which the "I"-construction of subjectivity is constructed.

Diagnostic medical device for stabilized image perception of retinal blood vessels using entoptic phenomena

Abstract A diagnostic medical tool is described that allows patients to non-invasively observe, describe and document their own retinal blood vessels using the Purkinje vascular entoptic test. We envision key applications of the Purkinje retinal image stabilization (PRIS) device in monitoring of diabetic retinopathy and cost-effective assessment of retinal visual acuity. To optimize our PRIS principle, we have developed a benchtop device with interchangeable light modules. The modular design is intended to provide maximum flexibility for determining appropriate PRIS stimulation parameters. In self-tests, we found that a pleasant entoptic perception occurs when a green luminous light spot (approx. 525 nm) moves on a circular path. The challenging part is to derive an objective diagnosis from a subjective phenomenon.

Seeing eye to eye: trustworthy embodiment for task-based conversational agents.

Smart speakers and conversational agents have been accepted into our homes for a number of tasks such as playing music, interfacing with the internet of things, and more recently, general chit-chat. However, they have been less readily accepted in our workplaces. This may be due to data privacy and security concerns that exist with commercially available smart speakers. However, one of the reasons for this may be that a smart speaker is simply too abstract and does not portray the social cues associated with a trustworthy work colleague. Here, we present an in-depth mixed method study, in which we investigate this question of embodiment in a serious task-based work scenario of a first responder team. We explore the concepts of trust, engagement, cognitive load, and human performance using a humanoid head style robot, a commercially available smart speaker, and a specially developed dialogue manager. Studying the effect of embodiment on trust, being a highly subjective and multi-faceted phenomena, is clearly challenging, and our results indicate that potentially, the robot, with its anthropomorphic facial features, expressions, and eye gaze, was trusted more than the smart speaker. In addition, we found that embodying a conversational agent helped increase task engagement and performance compared to the smart speaker. This study indicates that embodiment could potentially be useful for transitioning conversational agents into the workplace, and further in situ, "in the wild" experiments with domain workers could be conducted to confirm this.

An Introduction of Synesthesia’s Psychological Symptoms and its Correlation with Major Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Synesthesia is defined as a subjective phenomenon that a stimulus could spontaneously evoke a concurrent but unrelated sensation. Previous studies have predominantly focused on understanding the phenomenon in isolation, examining various aspects such as different types of synesthesia, their causes, etiology, and heredity. By conducting studies on synesthesia alongside existing investigations, researchers can gain valuable knowledge about how the non-synesthetic mind operates, shedding light on aspects such as awareness and neurological disorders. This literature review aims to examine the psychological symptoms and psychiatric characteristics of synesthesia, focusing on three common types that pertain to color, numerical cognition, and synesthetic-like experiences. Additionally, the review will explore the intersection between synesthesia and major types of neuropsychiatric disorders, highlighting that the occurrence of mental illnesses or neurological impairments among synesthetes aligns with the prevalence in the general population. Thus, synesthesia could serve as an additional tool for studying the human brain and cognition. There are still a lot of limitations in the present research that we need more evidence and data to further support it. The study of synesthesia might provide a promising platform for testing various concepts and theories across diverse realms of cognitive science.

Waiting as institution. Notes for an Institutional Analysis of Human Waiting Processes from a Discontinuous Materialism Perspective

This essay proposes an alternative theory for analysing social and human waiting that breaks with the prevailing temporal approach. I suggest relocating waiting as a subject of study from the area of temporalities to that of social institutions. My approach draws on the theory of institutions offered by Discontinuous Materialism (DM) to analyse waiting processes. I argue that this perspective overcomes the gnoseological problems that current temporal theories of waiting have in the material field of these phenomena. The essay analyses the categories and concepts related to DM, such as ϕ-components and π-totalities, anthropological space, and ceremony. It shows how they can be applied to waiting processes. This work also critiques two theoretical pillars on which current research is based: the idea that waiting is a fundamentally experiential and subjective phenomenon and the view that waiting constitutes ontologically negative (temporal) phenomena. The proposed institutional theory transforms waiting from a nebulous, liminal, and temporal phenomenon to one with materially visible and determinable contours. The essay concludes by demonstrating how the institutional character of waiting can further refine and delimit their specific field while also situating social and human waiting within a broad and diverse gnoseological field.

Detection and Identification of Choking Under Pressure in College Tennis Based Upon Physiological Parameters, Performance Patterns, and Game Statistics

Choking under pressure, or underperformance in pressure situations, is a phenomenon feared by many athletes. Psychology research is heavily invested in studying the phenomenon; however, a universal structural approach to objectively analyze choking is yet to be established. The purpose of this work was to study relationships between choking in college tennis and selected physiological, performance, and game statistic variables in order to design a choking detection model. Choking was identified as a newly introduced variable called the choking moment. The introduced variables were measured with wearable sensors and observed from video recordings of college tennis matches. Swing speed and game statistic variables showed strong relationships to choking, and thus appear practical for the proposed choking detection model. Heartrate and footwork performance variables displayed weaker, but still some, patterns potentially related to choking, and thus could serve as supporting parameters for improvements of the choking detection mechanism. This study suggested unique techniques for identification and detection of choking in college tennis by introducing tennis specific variables, data collection framework, and data analysis procedures. The impact of this study is a contribution to the existing choking research by proposing an objective approach to analyze the subjective phenomenon of choking under pressure.

The problem of individualization of learning in the context of change of paradigm bases

Introduction. The problem of individualization of education is one of the leading problems of modern pedagogy and psychology. The article proposes a new perspective of its comprehension: in the subjective projection and in the context of changing the paradigm bases.Materials and Methods. In the process of scientific research, theoretical research methods were used: logical-subject and comparative analysis, interpretation, generalization, scientific theorization.Results. In the subjective projection, the individualization of learning manifests itself as an opportunity, assimilating the content being studied, to understand its connection with one's own «I», to know oneself, i.e. subjectivization of the content and procedural aspects of learning. The difference between subjectivization and the subjectivized form of the studied content is shown. The measure of individualization of training is defined: 1) a narrow horizon of subjectivation: subjective reality is represented in a non-subjective way as a rationally autonomous subjectivity; 2) the limiting horizon of subjectification: subjective reality is presented in a subjective way; 3) autonomous subjectification or zero horizon of subjectification: subjective phenomena exist autonomously, without expressing the meaning of the content being studied. It is shown that the measure of individualization as a systemic property is determined by the accepted method of structured knowledge, included the content of education (classical, post-non-classical structuring of knowledge). This method is predetermined by the paradigm foundations of the learning system. The measure of individualization of learning in the article is considered in the context of the classical, non-classical, post-non-classical paradigm.Discussion and Conclusions. The conclusions proposed in the article are aimed at solving practical issues related to the design of psychological and pedagogical tools for individualizing learning and evaluating their educational effectiveness.

Association of digital measures and self-reported fatigue: a remote observational study in healthy participants and participants with chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease.

Fatigue is a subjective, complex and multi-faceted phenomenon, commonly experienced as tiredness. However, pathological fatigue is a major debilitating symptom associated with overwhelming feelings of physical and mental exhaustion. It is a well-recognized manifestation in chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases, such as Sjögren's Syndrome and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and an important predictor of patient's health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Patient reported outcome questions are the key instruments to assess fatigue. To date, there is no consensus about reliable quantitative assessments of fatigue. Observational data for a period of one month were collected from 296 participants in the United States. Data comprised continuous multimodal digital data from Fitbit, including heart rate, physical activity and sleep features, and app-based daily and weekly questions covering various HRQoL factors including pain, mood, general physical activity and fatigue. Descriptive statistics and hierarchical clustering of digital data were used to describe behavioural phenotypes. Gradient boosting classifiers were trained to classify participant-reported weekly fatigue and daily tiredness from multi-sensor and other participant-reported data, and extract a set of key predictive features. Cluster analysis of Fitbit parameters highlighted multiple digital phenotypes, including sleep-affected, fatigued and healthy phenotypes. Features from participant-reported data and Fitbit data both contributed as key predictive features of weekly physical and mental fatigue and daily tiredness. Participant answers to pain and depressed mood-related daily questions contributed the most as top features for predicting physical and mental fatigue, respectively. To classify daily tiredness, participant answers to questions on pain, mood and ability to perform daily activities contributed the most. Features related to daily resting heart rate and step counts and bouts were overall the most important Fitbit features for the classification models. These results demonstrate that multimodal digital data can be used to quantitatively and more frequently augment pathological and non-pathological participant-reported fatigue.

Development of a Japanese version of the Awe Experience Scale (AWE-S): A structural topic modeling approach

Background: Awe, a complex emotion, arises in response to perceptually and conceptually vast stimuli that transcend one’s current frames of reference, which is associated with subjective psychological phenomena, such as a sense of self and consciousness. This study aimed to develop a Japanese version of the Awe Experience Scale (AWE-S), a widely used questionnaire that robustly measured the state of awe, and simultaneously investigated how the multiple facets of awe related to the narrative representations of awe experiences. Methods: The Japanese AWE-S was created via back-translation and its factor structure and validity was investigated through an online survey in Japan. Results: The results revealed that the Japanese AWE-S consisted of the same six factors as the original (i.e., time, self-loss, connectedness, vastness, physiological, and accommodation) and had sufficient internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct validity, and also Japan-specific characteristics. The structured topic modeling generated seven potential topics of the descriptions of awe experiences, which were differently associated with each factor of the Japanese AWE-S. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of awe and reveal the constructs of awe in Japan through cross-cultural comparisons. Furthermore, this study provides conceptual and methodological implications regarding studies on awe.

Dynamical origin of the explosive synchronization with partial adaptive coupling

Explosive synchronization underlying many abrupt dynamical phenomena has attracted a great deal of attention in various fields. Here, we untangle the dynamical origin of the explosive synchronization in a system of coupled phase oscillators, incorporating partial adaptation encoded by feedback between the coupling and the global rhythm of the population. We mathematically argue that there exists no a critical adaptive fraction for the synchronization transition converting from the second to first order. Explosive synchronization, which is much easier to achieve than previously deemed, takes place as long as the adaptive fraction is nonzero. In particular, we uncover that an atypical scaling of the order parameter near criticality, manifesting the metastable state in the hysteresis region, is responsible for the emergence of explosive synchronization. Our work thus provides a profound insight into the dynamical nature of the abrupt transitions induced by the adaptation, a dynamical phenomenon of continuous interest and subject to intense investigation.

Clinician and patient perspectives on the ontology of mental disorder: a qualitative study.

Psychiatry may face an "identity crisis" regarding its very foundations. The lack of consensus regarding the theoretical grounds of psychiatry as a discipline has its epicenter in the discussion about the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM). A growing number of academics considers the manual broken and a growing number of patients voice concern. Despite the huge body of critique, 90% of Randomized Trials are based on DSM definitions of mental disorder. Therefore, the question regarding the ontology of mental disorder remains: what is a mental disorder, exactly? We aim to identify ontologies that live among patients and clinicians, evaluate the degree of consistency and coherence between clinician and patient views and contribute to the establishment of a novel ontological paradigm of mental disorder that is aligned with patients' and clinicians' perspectives. Eighty participants (clinicians/patients/clinicians with lived experience) were interviewed using a semi-structured interview, exploring their ideas on the ontology of mental disorder. This question was approached from different angles which led to comprising the interview schedule into different topics: "concept of disorder," "representation by DSM," "what is treated," "what is recovered," and "the right outcome measure." Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using inductive Thematic Analysis. From all subthemes and main themes, a typology was constructed in which six, not necessarily mutually exclusive, ontological domains were identified: mental disorder as (1) disease, (2) functional impairment, (3) loss of adaptation, (4) existential problem, (5) highly subjective phenomenon, and (6) deviation from social norms. Common ground for the sample groups was that mental disorder is about functional impairment. Although about a fourth of sample clinicians holds an ontological concept of disease, only a small percentage of patients and none of the clinicians with lived experience adhered to an ontological concept of disease. The sample clinicians most often understand mental disorder to be a highly subjective phenomenon, and individuals with lived experience (patients and clinicians) most often understand mental (dis)order to be adaptational in nature: an (im)balance of burden in relation to strengths, skills, and recourses. The ontological palette is more diverse than what is taught about mental disorder in dominant scientific and educational discourse. There is a need to diversify the current, dominant ontology and make room for other ontologies. Investment is required in the development, elaboration and coming of age of these alternative ontologies, allowing them to reach their full potential and act as drivers of a landscape of promising novel scientific and clinical approaches.