Change Phenomena Research Articles

Bug priority change: An empirical study on Apache projects

In issue tracking systems, each bug is assigned a priority level (e.g., Blocker, Critical, Major, Minor, or Trivial in JIRA from highest to lowest), which indicates the urgency level of the bug. In this sense, understanding bug priority changes helps to arrange the work schedule of participants reasonably, and facilitates a better analysis and resolution of bugs. According to the data extracted from JIRA deployed by Apache, a proportion of bugs in each project underwent priority changes after such bugs were reported, which brings uncertainty to the bug fixing process. However, there is a lack of in-depth investigation on the phenomenon of bug priority changes, which may negatively impact the bug fixing process. Thus, we conducted a quantitative empirical study on bugs with priority changes through analyzing 32 non-trivial Apache open source software projects. The results show that: (1) 8.3% of the bugs in the selected projects underwent priority changes; (2) the median priority change time interval is merely a few days for most (28 out of 32) projects, and half (50. 7%) of bug priority changes occurred before bugs were handled; (3) for all selected projects, 87.9% of the bugs with priority changes underwent only one priority change, most priority changes tend to shift the priority to its adjacent priority, and a higher priority has a greater probability to undergo priority change; (4) bugs that require bug-fixing changes of higher complexity or that have more comments are likely to undergo priority changes; and (5) priorities of bugs reported or allocated by a few specific participants are more likely to be modified, and maximally only one participant in each project tends to modify priorities.

Applied insight: studying reducing the carbon footprint of the drying process and its environmental impact and financial return.

Harnessing solar energy is one of the most important practical insights highlighted to mitigate the severe climate change (CC) phenomenon. Therefore, this study aims to focus on the use of hybrid solar dryers (HSDs) within an environmentally friendly framework, which is one of the promising applications of solar thermal technology to replace traditional thermal technology that contributes to increasing the severity of the CC phenomenon. The HSD, based on a traditional electrical energy source (HSTEE) and electrical energy from photovoltaic panels (HSPVSE), was evaluated compared to a traditional electrical (TE) dryer for drying some medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). This is done by evaluating some of the drying outputs, energy consumed, carbon footprint, and financial return at 30, 40, and 50°C. The best quality of dried MAP samples in terms of essential oil (EO, %) and microbial load was achieved at 40°C. The HSTEE dryer has reduced energy consumption compared to the TE dryer by a percentage ranging from 37% to 54%. The highest CO2 mitigated ratio using the HSTEE dryer was recorded in thyme, marjoram, and lemongrass samples, with values ranging from 45% to 54% at 30, 40, and 50°C. The highest financial return obtained from energy consumption reduction and carbon credit footprint was achieved at 50°C, with values ranging from 5,313.69 to 6,763.03 EGP/year (EGP ≈ 0.0352 USD) when coal was used as a fuel source for the generation of electricity. Moreover, the HSPVSE dryer achieved a 100% reduction in traditional energy consumption and then reduced CO2 emissions by 100%, which led to a 100% financial return from both energy reduction and carbon credit. The highest financial returns were observed at 50°C, with values ranging from 13,872.56 to 15,007.02, 12,927.28 to 13,984.43, and 11,981.99 to 12,961.85 EGP/year (EGP ≈ 0.0352 USD) for coal, oil, and natural gas, respectively. The HS dryers show potential for environmental conservation contribution; furthermore, earning money from energy savings and carbon credit could help improve the living standards and maximize benefits for stakeholders.

Prediction of groundwater level using GMDH artificial neural network based on climate change scenarios

One of the main challenges regarding the prediction of groundwater resource changes is the climate change phenomenon and its impacts on quantitative variations of such resources. Groundwater resources are treated as one of the main strategic resources of any region. Given the climate change phenomenon and its impacts on hydrological parameters, it is necessary to evaluate and predict future changes to achieve an appropriate plan to maintain and preserve water resources. In this regard, the present study is put forward by utilizing the Statistical Down-Scaling Model (SDSM) to forecast the main climate variables (i.e., temperature and precipitation) based on new Rcp scenarios for greenhouse gas emissions within a period from 2020 to 2060. The results obtained from the prediction of climate parameters indicate different values in each emission scenario, so the limit, minimum and maximum values occur in the Rcp8.5, Rcp2.6 and Rcp4.5 scenarios, respectively. Also, a model is developed by utilizing the GMDH artificial neural network technique. The developed model predicts the average groundwater level based on the climate variables in such a way that by implementing the climate parameters forecasted by the SDSM model, the groundwater level within a time period from 2020 to 2060 is predicted. The results obtained from the verification and validation of the model imply its proper performance and reasonable accuracy in predicating groundwater level based on the climate variables. The findings derived from the present paper indicate that compared to the years prior to the prediction period, the groundwater level of the Sahneh Plain has dramatically dropped so that based on the Rcp scenarios, the groundwater level values are in their lowest state within the period from 2046 to 2056. The findings of this paper can be used by managers and decision makers as a layout for evaluating climate change effects in the Sahneh Plain.

The Application of Textile Materials in Interfacial Solar Steam Generation for Water Purification and Desalination.

The global increase in population, the phenomenon of climate change, the issue of water pollution and contamination, and the inadequate management of water resources all exert heightened strain on freshwater reserves. The potential utilization of the interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG) system, which utilizes photothermal conversion to generate heat on material surfaces for wastewater purification and desalination purposes, has been successfully demonstrated. Textile-material-based ISSG devices, including (woven, nonwoven, and knitted) fabrics and electrospinning membranes, exhibit distinct properties such as a rough surface texture, high porosity, significant surface area, exceptional flexibility, and robust mechanical strength. These characteristics, combined with their affordability, accessibility, and economic viability for widespread implementation, make them extremely attractive for applications in SSG. In this review, a comprehensive analysis of the emerging concepts, advancements, and applications of textile materials, such as woven, nonwoven, and knitted fabrics and electrospun membranes, in ISSG for wastewater purification and desalination is presented. We also emphasize significant obstacles and potential prospects in both theoretical investigations and real-world implementations, aiming to contribute to future advancements in the domain of textile-material-based interfacial evaporation in wastewater purification and desalination. Furthermore, the drawbacks and the challenges of ISSG systems are also highlighted.

Agential Cuts for Justice: Honoring Complexity in Educational Research through Intersectional Design Dimensions

This article explores the complexity and challenges of making decisions regarding which theories and social categories (e.g. race, class) should be emphasized in justice-centered research that includes participants’ identities as key variables in the design. Drawing on theories of intersectionality, agential realism, and complexity, the author proposes four intersectional design dimensions to help justice-centered researchers honor complexity: reflection on self and purpose; making agential cuts; complexifying social categories; and intersectional and collaborative re-view. Each dimension is illustrated with theory and empirical examples, mostly drawing from the field of educational research. By attending to and continually revisiting agential cuts related to social categories in conversation with community members, researchers can better represent layered, complex, and changing phenomena.

Consequences of Climate Change at World Level: a Theoretical Review

IPCC defines climate change as any “change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. It refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or because of human activity” (IPCC, 2007a, p. 30). Climate change phenomena is very threating which impacts the lifeforms and our livelihoods on this earth. The world has been experiencing frequent extreme environmental conditions. This phenomenon is not a frequent/instant event, it is a consolidated outcome of so many years due to anthropogenic and natural causes. The present paper reported the various causes and consequences of climate change at the world level. In fact, many organisation/committees/conferences were established to overcome the adverse effects of climate change and for the survival of the living organisms, respectively. Secondary data is used to identify variability of climatic features and the same information from various reports, research articles, and other sources. This review is an assessment of climate change phenomena at the worldwide level. It is found that the government participation is necessary for the development processes. There should be some rules and regulations for developed and developing countries to overcome the variability of climate change. To sum up, mitigating the impacts of climate change must be of the utmost importance, and hence, this global threat requires global pledge to report its horrible consequences to safeguard global sustenance.

Analyzing land use changes in Grogol District, Sukoharjo, Indonesia: A study from 2013 to 2019

The phenomenon of land use change in Grogol District, Sukoharjo Regency, between 2013 and 2019. The district, which was previously primarily an agricultural area with rice fields, has experienced a shift in land use towards settlements and shopping/industrial centers. Grogol District is a crucial access road connecting Surakarta City with Wonogiri Regency, making it a strategic location for industrial development. The study aims to analyze the changes in land use in Grogol District during the specified time frame and identify the factors influencing these changes. The research utilizes the comparison and overlay methods, using data on land use from 2013 and 2019. The findings indicate that the dominant change in land use is the conversion of paddy fields into industrial land, covering an area of 127.96 hectares. Several factors contribute to these changes, including the growth of economic facilities, population, and population density. Additionally, the district’s adjacency to Surakarta City plays a role in the land use transformation. As Surakarta City faces limitations in available land for development, the economic infrastructure development has been redirected to Grogol District.

On interaction between a bubble with evaporation and heated pillar block in microchannel

As demand for managing high heat flux in specialized applications grows, flow boiling in microchannels has received escalating attention for its high efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The complex interaction between an evaporating bubble and a heated pillar in a microchannel is governed by a confluence of transport mechanisms, including bubble morphology, fluid convection, heat transfer, and phase change phenomena. This study develops a three-dimensional mathematical model, employing the saturated-interface-volume approach to simulate the complex interaction process effectively. The results indicate that the liquid film thickness between the bubble and the heated surface is the primary factor affecting heat transfer. A reduction in the Reynolds number as well as an increase in the initial bubble diameter lead to a decrease in the liquid film thickness and an increase in the temperature gradient within the thin liquid film, which enhance both the evaporation rate and heat transfer efficiency. The temperature of the surrounding fluid is also decreased. The bubble passage disrupts the flow structure, particularly impacting the boundary layer and vortex structure. These perturbations in temperature and flow structure constitute a secondary factor influencing heat transfer. The efficiency of heat transfer varies significantly across different surfaces; surfaces with a larger thin liquid film region exhibit the most significant improvement, followed by the downstream surface where the flow and temperature fields are most affected. This study advances the fundamental comprehension of the complex interaction between an evaporating bubble and a heated pillar in a microchannel, integrating a detailed analysis of the relevant transport mechanisms.

A bibliometric analysis of tourism gentrification

The increase in global tourist activities triggers the emergence of physical change phenomena known as tourism gentrification. This phenomenon is famous for its negative impact, especially on low-income people, until this process is considered a cascading hazard from disaster. Unfortunately, researchers find difficulties when trying to start research on this topic due to the absence of an overview of research trends in bibliometric studies. This research uses bibliometric analysis to analyse the effect and significance of the nations, publications, organizations, and authors that have contributed the most to this subject matter. The Scopus database was used to collect bibliographic information on pertinent studies. The selection process resulted in choosing a total of 220 articles that were published between 1990 and 2023. A bibliometric study of these publications was carried out using VOSviewer version 1.6.19 as the primary software application. Regarding tourism gentrification, the most prolific institution was located in Portugal, Universidade de Lisboa, while the most productive journal is Sustainability (Switzerland). The most prosperous nation in terms of production and cooperation was Spain. The effects of tourism gentrification, including over-tourism and touristification, have been the primary focus of research published in recent years. The link between tourism development or planning and the tourism gentrification process needs to be examined.

Systematic Literature Review: Criminal Law Reform in Indonesia

Technological developments have triggered the phenomenon of change in society. The law as a tool for enforcing justice also adapts along with the development of crime in society. Currently, Indonesia is entering a polemic between the old criminal law and the new criminal law, because the old criminal law is considered irrelevant and not in accordance with the rules of the Indonesian nation. This is reflected, coupled with the Republican government wanting legal instruments and systems that are completely independent from the previous system created by the Dutch. The purpose of this article is to examine criminal law reform in Indonesia, so that this can answer existing problem phenomena. The method used in this research is the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method with a qualitative approach.

Sociological genealogy of a non-teleological concept of evolution.

The aim of this article is to carry out a sociological-conceptual genealogy of the evolutionist perspective (non-teleological) of approaching social reality. While during the first phases of modernity, a teleological and progressive conception of evolution was imposed, clearly manifested in the proposals of Auguste Comte or Herbert Spencer, in the last decades important bifurcations, processes, and developments have emerged that question the linearity and the finalist character of these positions. We consider that these approaches are closer to the nature of change and social phenomena, so it seems important to us to analyze some of the most outstanding contributions-in the form of sociological genealogy, as we have already mentioned-that have developed this perspective. In order to carry out our task, we have organized four sections: In the first, we make a critique of the sociological evolutionism represented by Comte, Spencer, and Parsons, focusing on the limits of their proposals and the blind spots associated with them. Second, we will analyze the anti-teleological cognitive approaches of Donald and the importance they attach to cultural transmission as a key element for understanding the evolution of both cognition and human societies. In a third moment, we will analyze the coexistence in Weber's work between the dynamics of 'disenchantment' and 're-enchantment' of the world in modern societies, understood as the two sides of the same coin that are in constant dynamic tension and that break with the evolutionary vision that goes from magic through religion to science, or from belief to knowledge. In a fourth moment, we analyze the relevance of approaches focused on what we have called 'multiple evolutions' (plural) that collide with each other-the conflicting simultaneity of the non-simultaneous-of their rhythms and directions, inspired by the works of Knöbl, Koselleck, Luhmann, Rosa, Eisenstadt, Abbott, and Zerubavel, which pave the way for the construction of a non-teleological approach to evolution.

Production of fuel-based carbon footprint distribution map using spatial interpolation methods based on GIS

The Earth is a complex system where living and non-living elements coexist in a delicate balance. Climate change is the primary factor responsible for the degradation of this system over time. The far-reaching consequences of climate change impact various aspects of our lives, including the physical environment, urban settings, human activities, economy, technology, agriculture, food production, access to clean water, and public health, all of which are widely acknowledged. Human-induced greenhouse gas emissions in these areas significantly trigger global climate change. Hence, addressing and mitigating the environmental damage from these emissions and the interconnected climate change phenomena is imperative. This situation is where the concept of "carbon footprint" gains prominence in assessing the extent of this damage. Carbon footprint serves as an essential measure in managing and curbing climate change. This study focused on controlling and mitigating carbon emissions, one of the primary greenhouse gasses responsible for climate change, by implementing spatial interpolation techniques based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The investigation targeted the Beşirli neighborhood in the Ortahisar district of Trabzon province. Data concerning electricity and natural gas usage were acquired from relevant institutions to perform carbon footprint calculations. Subsequently, carbon footprint calculations were conducted utilizing the acquired data within the specified region. The resulting outputs were systematically organized, integrated into the GIS environment, and linked to their respective geographical locations. Eventually, region-specific carbon footprint distribution maps were generated using selected spatial interpolation methods. These maps enabled a spatial observation of points exhibiting variability in terms of carbon emissions, thereby highlighting the carbon footprints evident in the region. The ultimate goal of this endeavor is to propose practical measures for minimizing the adverse environmental impacts by suggesting strategies to reduce and prevent carbon footprints associated with carbon emissions in the relevant areas.

POTENSI KETERSEDIAAN AIR DAS LOGAWA DENGAN MEMPERHITUNGKAN PERUBAHAN IKLIM

Water is one of the non-biological natural resources which can be renewed through the hydrological cycle. As the human population increases and the phenomenon of climate change, the availability of water tends to decrease both in terms of space, time, quality and quantity resulting in an imbalance between demand and availability. In addition to the increase in human population, climate change and the distribution of rain that is not always evenly distributed, the availability of groundwater is always different at any given time and place. The Logawa sub- watershed is one of the most influential watersheds in Banyumas Regency. Therefore, an analysis is needed regarding the impact of changes in rainfall on the condition of water availability in this watershed. One of the analyzes that can be done is to use the HEC-HMS software and a scenario neutral approach. The aims of this study were (i) to know the parameters of the Logawa watershed using the HEC-HMS model; (ii) Applying the HEC-HMS software to determine water availability in the Logawa watershed; (iii) Knowing the HEC-HMS model calibration process); and (iv) know how to calculate climate change using a scenario-neutral approach. The research method used is quantitative using secondary data. The data used are watershed geospatial data and watershed biogeophysical characteristics data. The HEC-HMS simulation method used is the User Hyetograph Model, Soil Moisture Accounting, Clark's Unit Hydrograph, Recession Baseflow. The results are (i) a hydrological model with a PBIAS value of -2.474% and an NSE of 0.153 is obtained; (ii) results of 130 rainfall scenarios; and (iii) reliable debit from the GPCC satellite rain data input and scenario-neutral approach rainfall data.

HIGH FLOW AND LOW FLOW FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF CIKAPUNDUNG RIVER

Climate change that occurs in Indonesia, especially in the upstream and middle Citarum areas is marked by changes in rainfall. In addition to the phenomenon of climate change, an increase in the number of people that occur in an area will have an impact on land cover changes that will affect river flow, so the dominant parameters that cause changes in the flow between changes in rainfall and land cover changes need to be reviewed. This study aims to determine the effect of changes in rainfall and land cover changes on flood discharge and the shift of flow duration curve. The author chose 4 SUH methods, namely SUH Nakayasu, SUH Soil Conservation Service (SCS), SUH ITB-1 and SUH Snyder-Alexejev to analyze high flow, and 2 methods, namely the F.J. Mock and NRECA methods to analyze low flow. The results of the research analysis are land changes that occur does not have a major impact on changes in the value of runoff coefficient, flood discharge analysis for Cikapundung-Pasirluyu sub-watersheds found that changes in flood discharge are dominated by changes in rainfall.

Towards sustainable transportation: A case study analysis of climate-responsive strategies in a developing nation

According to the Global Climate Risk Index, Pakistan is the fifth most vulnerable nation in the world to climate change. The growing phenomena of climate change and global warming have increased on a worldwide level. To combat the effects of climate change, a transition to a sustainable transportation system is essential. Developed countries have evaluated the costs and benefits of such a transition. However, developing countries like Pakistan have rarely investigated this matter thoroughly. So, in this context, this paper is a case study analyzing the transport sector of Punjab-Pakistan to achieve some targets for sustainable transportation. The analysis is carried out by using the energy model of the Low Emission Analysis Platform (LEAP) from 2019 to 2050. Three scenarios are made, i.e., Business as Usual Scenario (BAUS) following the current policies, Efficient Combustion Scenario (ECS), and Electrical Vehicle Scenario (EVS) to figure out environmental and social costs. It concluded that by 2050, the ECS and EVS will reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 21.6 and 18.5 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent, compared to the Business-as-Usual Scenario. These savings in terms of social cost will be $ 157.1 million in the Efficient Combustion Scenario and $ 134.6 million in the Electric Vehicle Scenario. This research may help find suitable policy decisions at the provincial level to enhance sustainability for increasing the share of electric vehicles in Punjab, and the research results may be replicated for the whole country and South Asia.

Manifestations of Climate Change in Qur’an and Sunnah

‌Climate change arises from a combination of natural factors, such as solar radiation and volcanic activity, and human activities like industrial emissions and deforestation. These factors contribute to increased levels of carbon dioxide and methane, resulting in global warming and the occurrence of extreme weather events. Interestingly, references to various climate change phenomena, including rainfall, wind, earthquakes, and floods, can be found in the Qur'an and Sunnah. The main objective of this study is to strengthen the confidence of believers by highlighting the scientific wonders contained within these religious texts and how they relate to today's society. To achieve this, the study adopts a descriptive, analytical, and inductive approach, drawing upon a range of sources such as previous research, classical scientific literature, electronic resources, and online databases. Ultimately, the study confirms the existence of evidence regarding climate change within the Qur'an and Sunnah, and recommends further investigation in this area. The aim is to foster scientific inquiry and demonstrate the ongoing relevance of these religious texts in addressing contemporary challenges, specifically climate change. By delving into this subject, the study aims to bridge the gap between religious teachings and our current scientific understanding. It has the potential to significantly influence future discussions and research on climate change that integrate both faith and science.

Soiling impact and cleaning techniques for optimizing photovoltaic and concentrated solar power power production: A state-of-the-art review

Nowadays, renewable energies are capturing the world's attention, particularly in light of the phenomenon of climate change and carbon dioxide emissions, which have caused major environmental damage. As a result, many investors have recently focused on developing investments in renewable energy projects worldwide, specifically photovoltaic and concentrated solar power plant projects. These solar technologies are considered among the most profitable solutions for generating power from a natural, free, and unlimited energy source. This review paper discusses one of the most significant issues affecting the performance of these solar systems, which is known as soiling. It has been supported by several studies in various nations with different climatic conditions, which offered accurate empirical data on the degradation rate of photovoltaic and concentrated solar power systems’ production due to the soiling effect. Furthermore, it provides various mitigating soiling ways, including manual and autonomous cleaning methods for both solar technologies. Ultimately, it summarizes each cleaning technique's main advantages and drawbacks, specifying its applicability according to the location characteristics and climatic conditions. Additionally, the review results reported in this work are intriguing enough to warrant further development of concentrated solar power and photovoltaic technologies.

Bedding Slope Destabilization under Rainfall: A Case Study of Zhuquedong Slope in Hunan Province, China

The soft interlayer and rock structure play a significant role in controlling the deformation of the bedding slope, and it is necessary to consider the phenomenon of the sudden change of local response in these key parts under rainfall conditions, and then to clarify the mechanism of rainfall infiltration and damage mechanism of such slopes. In this paper, a large red-layered flat-dipping bedding landslide was selected as the research object, and numerical calculations based on the Van Genuchten model for saturated–unsaturated flow were performed in order to investigate the hydrological response and distribution patterns of water within the slope during rainfall. Moreover, stability analysis was performed based on the seepage field results and secondary development of FLAC3D, and the landslide evolution process was simulated and reproduced using the constitutive model of double-variables and the strength reduction method (SRM). The results showed that the effects of heavy rainfall on the water distribution and stability of the highway slope are significant, while the effects on the natural slope are not significant. There are three phases of the slope destabilization: flexure and uplift state, deformation exacerbation state and shear failure state. The slope destabilization mechanism is a typical “sliding-bending-shearing” type. The results of the study can provide a theoretical basis for the study of the seepage, stability analysis and destabilization mechanism of bedding slopes.

Understanding the contemporary history of urban economic change: The case of entrepreneurial innovation

AbstractIn the opening decades of the twenty‐first century certain cities around the world emerged as hubs of entrepreneurial innovation. This paper explores this urban economic change phenomenon through in‐depth and comparative qualitative analysis. It focuses on the recent contemporary history of New York, Los Angeles, London, Berlin, Tokyo and Shanghai prior to the global COVID pandemic. Based on an analysis of the drivers, mechanisms and processes of change, it is found that these cities acted as places of possibility for many individuals who previously may have been unlikely to engage in entrepreneurship. The cities were found to have established new development paths through entrepreneurial innovation stemming from co‐creation network dynamics, with key human agents playing pivotal roles. Common elements include the rise of venture capital, the growth of entrepreneurial cultures, and institutional policy changes. Notably, entrepreneurial innovation was found to be closely tied to changes in large corporates. This innovation evolved through the proliferation of new infrastructure such as co‐working spaces and innovation incubators, with each city being utilised as a test‐bed for new ideas. Finally, the emergence of a darker side to entrepreneurial innovation is found in terms of growing urban inequality.

SPATIOTEMPORAL PATTERNS ON THE APPEARANCE OF THE FIRST TRAPEZE INDUSTRIES IN THE LATE MESOLITHIC OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA

ABSTRACTThe spread of trapeze industries (the creation of trapeze-shaped flint tips) during Late Mesolithic is one of the most disruptive phenomena of technological change documented in the European Prehistory. Understanding the chronological patterns of this process requires (i) a critical evaluation of stratigraphic relationship between trapeze assemblages and radiocarbon samples, and (ii) considering different levels of chronological uncertainty according to the inbuilt age of the samples and the calibration process. In this paper, we critically evaluate and analyze the radiocarbon record of the first trapeze industries in the Iberian Peninsula. A dataset of 181 radiocarbon dates from 67 sites dated to 8800–8200 cal BP was collected and evaluated following a strict data quality control protocol, from which 135 dates of 53 sites were retained and classified according to a reliability index. Then, three different phase Bayesian chronological models were created to estimate the duration of the first spread of trapezes across Iberia, considering different levels of chrono-stratigraphic resolution. We find that trapeze industries appeared in the eastern half of Iberia, over an area of 330,000 km2 between 8505–8390 and 8425–8338 cal BP, spanning 0–85 yr (95.4% CI). When the oldest evidence of trapezes from Portugal are considered, the probability distribution expands (8943–8457 and 8686–7688 cal BP), due to the chronological uncertainty of human samples with marine diet and regional ΔR values applied. For the eastern half of Iberia, the current evidence indicates a very rapid spread of trapeze industries initiated in the Central-Western Pyrenees, suggesting cultural diffusion within Mesolithic social networks as the main driving mechanism.